宁夏河东沙区浅层风沙土土壤含水量季节变化及空间分布特征

为探讨宁夏河东沙区典型沙漠化治理区风沙土土壤含水量的变化规律,选取了研究区表层及30cm深度的风沙土,采用烘干法及TDR300对土壤含水量进行监测,研究结果显示:1)表层土壤含水量4月底、5月底、6月底平均值较高,7月底土壤含水量最低,8月底和9月底逐渐开始增加.30cm的土壤含水量平均值4月底、8月底及9月底较高,5-7月相对较低.10cm和30cm的土壤含水量均属中等变异,且前者变异系数大于后者.2)不同时间的表层土壤含水量及30cm深处的土壤含水量均表现出强烈的空间自相关.30cm的空间变异程度低于10cm的.而表层土壤含水量空间自相关性较强.3)不同时间的表层土壤含水量的空间分布明显不同.不同季节的30cm的土壤含水量空间异质性较相似,6月底、7月底、8月底和9月底空间分布图相似,4月底和5月底,研究区北部土壤含水量空间分布有差异,其它区域空间分布斑块也很相似.30cm处的土壤含水量空间分布基本表现为南部低地与西部坡中部土壤含水量较高,坡中部偏东区域及坡上部土壤含水量较低.     

灌溉前后沙质裸地表层土壤蒸发量的时空变异性

利用野外实测数据建立的表层土壤日蒸发量和含水率间的函数关系,估算了灌溉前后3个时段的土壤日蒸发量,并以多种数学方法对其空间特征进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)灌溉后前期(1周)与后期(3周)的土壤蒸发量呈显著的负相关关系,其余各时段蒸发量的相关性不显著;(2)灌溉前土壤蒸发量的总体差异较大,空间关联性很弱,呈随机的斑块状分布,灌溉后总体差异明显减小,空间关联性增强,分布类型转为区域化分布;(3)由随机因素引起的空间异质性在灌溉后则更多地受空间自相关控制;(4)由于林带、芦苇丛和微地形的影响,灌后1周时采样区西边的土壤蒸发量大于东面,其余两个时段东西向无明显差异;灌溉前南部区域土壤蒸发量较北部区域大,灌后1周时该种情形被逆转,灌后3周时又转为向灌溉前回归。     

河西畦田春小麦不同生育期灌水对土壤水氮空间分布的影响

试验采用规格为30m×3m条田,分别沿畦长中心位置布设了5个测点(每个测点距畦首依次为3、9、15、21、27 m)用于定点测定不同生育期春小麦0~100 cm土层深度内灌前2 d和灌后2 d土壤含水量和硝态氮的含量,评价了土壤水氮空间分布的变异性、土壤水氮贮存效率和土壤水氮沿畦长空间分布均匀性。结果表明:不同生育期内不同处理间灌前2 d和灌后2 d土壤水分空间分布均为中等变异性,灌后2 d的变差系数小于灌前2 d的变差系数;土壤硝态氮空间分布状况除拔节期灌前2 d灌水量90mm和灌水量60mm为强变异性外其余均为中等变异性;不同生育期灌水对不同处理间的土壤水贮存效率无显著影响,成熟期春小麦不灌水处理的土壤水贮存率明显低于灌水处理;不同生育期灌水对不同处理间土壤硝态氮贮存率有显著影响,其中成熟期不灌水处理能使土壤硝态氮的贮存率增加,灌水减少了根系层内土壤硝态氮的贮存率;不同生育期灌水对不同处理间土壤水分和土壤硝态氮含量沿畦长的空间分布均匀性均无显著影响,其中成熟期不灌水处理对土壤水分沿畦长的空间分布均匀性的影响显著小于成熟期灌水处理,而对土壤硝态氮的空间分布均匀性无显著影响。     

沙棘柔性坝影响下砒砂岩沟道土壤水分空间变异分析

根据典型砒砂岩区内蒙古鄂尔多斯准格尔旗境内植有沙棘柔性坝的东一支沟道与无任何植物的对比沟道的表层(0-30cm)土壤含水量数据,运用地统计学方法分析与探讨了沙棘对砒砂岩区小流域沟道土壤水分小尺度空间变异的影响。结果表明:沙棘可明显提高砒砂岩区小流域沟道土壤含水量;沙棘柔性坝沟道与对比沟道土壤含水量具有明显的空间变异特征,沙棘柔性坝沟道土壤含水量在1-6m变程内具有中等程度的空间自相关性,对比沟土壤含水量在1-5m变程内具有较高的空间自相关性;土壤含水量分数维值表明,沙棘柔性坝沟道土壤含水量的空间依赖性比对比沟的要弱些;沙棘对小尺度土壤水分空间分布格局及其异质性有显著影响。应当指出的是,虽然降雨是土壤含水量空间自相关与分布格局影响的主要因素,但干旱条件也不容忽视,在长时间地表蒸发及植物蒸腾作用下,沟床表层土壤含水量空间变异性会进一步加强,且在一定程度上会影响沟床表层短根系及一年生草本植物的生长与分布。     

甘肃省灌漠土土壤养分空间变异特征

结合传统统计与地质统计学方法对甘肃省河西地区武威灌漠土有机质、NH4 -N、有效P及K的空间变异性进行了分析。结果表明:所测定的四种土壤养分含量具有较大的空间变异,变异系数在20.299%～53.812%之间,土壤NH4 -N及有效P含量的变异较大,变异系数分别为53.812%及51.347%;土壤K和有机质的变异系数分别为43.155%和20.299%。地质统计学分析表明该区域土壤P、K有效含量具有强烈的空间相关性,其块金值/基台值[C0/(C0 C)]分别为8.031%和0.560%;土壤NH4 -N及有机质具有中等程度的空间相关性,[C0/(C0 C)]分别为39.111%和32.351%。土壤有机质、NH4 -N、速效P及K等含量的最大相关距在129～2354m之间,其中土壤有效N含量的最大相关距最长(2354m),有机质含量次之(981m),K含量最短(129m)。土壤OM及NH4 -N的分形维数分别为1.891和1.912,土壤有效P及K的分形维数均为1.984。随机因素如种植制度、施肥方式等耕作措施对土壤有机质及氮的影响较大,而对土壤磷、钾的影响较小。该土壤性质的克立格插值结果显示出一定的空间相似性,显示地质统计学方法可用于分析土壤肥力在空间上的变异。     

玛河灌区膜下滴灌棉田表层土壤盐分空间变异性

应用区域采样点数据,结合地统计学与空间简单克里金插值等分析方法,分析了玛纳斯河流域中游平原灌区膜下滴灌棉田表层土壤盐分的空间变异性。结果表明:棉花采收后表层土壤含盐量变异系数为35.617%,表现为中等强度变异性,服从正态分布;具有强二阶趋势效应,灌区中部趋势影响力变化剧烈;块金系数小于25%,具有很强的空间相关性,其变异主要受空间结构性因素的影响;沿等高线方向表现为各向异性,垂直等高线方向表现为各向同性;棉花采收后表层土壤含盐量具有明显的连续变化,灌区内不存在盐土、重度盐化土和中度盐化土,轻度盐化土在整个灌区占主导地位并广泛分布于各子灌区,非盐化土主要分布在南部山前地区和东北局部地区。     

托木尔峰自然保护区喀拉玉尔滚河上游河谷土壤理化性状特征

通过野外调查、样品采集及实验室分析,对托木尔峰自然保护区喀拉玉尔滚河上游河谷土壤理化性状空间特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)研究区棕漠土、山地棕钙土、山地栗钙土粒径0.01 mm的土壤含量占比分别为23.75%、49.83%、60.95%,粒径0.001 mm的占比分别为12.50%、18.79%、22.39%,随着海拔的升高,托木尔峰地区南坡土壤颗粒度趋于细化;不同类型土壤的含水量存在较明显的差异,土壤含水率与海拔之间存在极显著的正相关。(2)研究区不同海拔高度表层土壤全盐、Cl-、SO_2~(-4)、Mg~(2+)及K~++Na~+含量的变异系数大于1.0,属强变异;pH值、HCO~-_3及Ca~(2+)含量的变异系数小于1.0,pH值的变异系数极小,仅为0.02,属弱变异;土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐及偏硫酸盐渍土为主,土壤盐渍化程度以极轻或轻度为主;(3)研究区表层土壤各养分指标中,除全P外,有机质、全N、C/N均属中等变异,有机质的变异系数最高,为0.54,全P的变异系数仅为0.09,变异性最小;海拔、有机质、全N、全P、C/N之间皆呈极显著正相关(P0.01),都与pH值之间呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。     

民勤绿洲灌区表层土壤盐分空间变异性研究

土壤盐渍化是干旱半干旱区土地退化的主要原因之一,揭示土壤盐渍化程度与空间分布特征是区域盐渍化防治与治理的重要依据。文中以民勤灌区表层土壤盐分数据为基础,结合经典统计学与地统计学方法,研究该区土壤全盐及盐基离子的空间变异特征和分布规律。结果表明:该区表层土壤总体上偏碱性,阳离子以Na~+为主,阴离子以SO_4~(2-)为主,Cl~-和HCO_3~-离子呈中等变异性,而全盐和K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)离子则呈强变异性。全盐和各盐分离子均表现出强烈的空间相关性,空间自相关距离为4.62-11.13km,表明全盐及各离子在空间自相关范围内具有很大的相似性。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和Cl~-离子与全盐的空间分布具有较高的一致性,低值区集中在灌区西南部和北部中心地区,高值区主要分布于灌区中部、北部偏东和偏西的一些区域。     

黄河三角洲农田灌溉前后土壤盐分时空变异特征研究

分别采用传统统计学和地统计学方法,定量分析了灌溉前、后黄河三角洲田块尺度下不同深度土层含盐量的空间变异性并分析空间分布特征。结果表明:除灌溉前0～10cm土层土壤含盐量呈强变异性外,其余各土层含盐量均表现为中等变异强度;灌溉前土壤盐分主要积聚在0～ 10 cm和40～60cm土层,灌溉后主要积聚在40～60 cm土层;灌溉使得0～10 cm和10 ～ 20 cm土层土壤含盐量降低,脱盐效果较好;除灌溉后0～10 cm土层的土壤盐分含量呈现弱空间相关性之外,其它土层均呈现强空间相关性;灌溉后与灌溉前相比,除40～60cm层土壤含盐量外,其余各土层土壤含盐量明显降低、土壤含盐量的等值线密集程度减弱、空间分布趋势明显变平缓;灌溉前各土层土壤含盐量高值区均分布在试验区中部偏北,而低值区则分布在试验区西北角,灌溉后除0～ 10cm土层土壤含盐量高值中心分布在试验区中北部外,其余各土层均分布在试验田块的中南部或中部,而低值中心的空间分布规律相似,主要分布在试验田的北部。     

基于ArcGIS地统计学的黄土高原村级尺度下土壤有机质空间格局研究

在网格法采集土样的基础上,以ArcGIS Geostatistics模块为工具,从地统计学角度研究了陕西黄土高原地区村级尺度下土壤有机质的空间变异性和空间分布格局。结果表明,研究区360个土样的有机质平均含量为3.37 g/kg,处于较低水平,其数据符合正态分布。有机质含量可用一阶曲线拟合,其最佳半方差函数符合球状模型,且具有明显的各向异性特征,长轴方向和短轴方向的变程分别为965.7 m和440.3 m,具有中等程度的空间相关性。普通Kriging插值结果显示,研究区有机质含量分布表现出较明显的北高南低、中间高四周低的阶梯状分布趋势。研究区土壤有机质的空间分布格局是结构性因素(地势)和随机性因素(土地利用类型)共同作用的结果。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.