巴州抓住“三个五” 治理成效实现“五化”

巴州区位于四川盆地东北部边缘,属老、边、穷、山区,1997年被列入“长治”重点治理项目区。该区依托“长治”基建水保项目和国债水保项目,先后治理了白花溪、新拱桥河、司城河、自库河等17条小流域,治理水土流失面积293 km2,涌现了白花溪小流域的观音堂、司城河小流域的柏梓山、自库河小流域的七星寨等水保示范基地15处。该区探索的治理机制的“五抓”、治理方法的“五结合”、建后管理的“五模式”,实现了“五化”治理效果。     

绿肥对于麦田硝酸氮含量之影响

华北土壤普遍缺乏氮肥及有机质。豆科绿肥为补充土壤氮素及有机质方法之一。但华北旱田鲜有实行绿肥者。同时中央农业实验所在陕西关中区举行之绿肥肥料试验及绿肥示范,其结果并未充分表现绿肥之效能,有时绿肥完全无效,有时绿肥尚能增加作物之产量,但其增加之产量远逊于南方绿肥之效果。华北绿肥效果不大之原因何在,颇值研究。中央农业实验所北平农事试验场于民国卅五年至卅六年间曾举行小麦绿肥试验,于卅元年夏播种绿豆,八月下旬压青,十月初播种小麦。于绿肥压青前后及小麦生长期间,定期测定土壤水分及硝酸氮含量,比较夏闲区与绿肥压青区之硝酸氮含量,研究绿肥压青对于硝酸氮含量之影响。兹将所得结果略述于后。     

重庆市江津区复兴河流域水资源保护研究

水是生命之源,水资源支撑着人类的生产生活和经济社会的可持续发展,目前水污染严重和水资源短缺已成为世界所面临的共同问题。基于此,以重庆市复兴河(江津区段)流域水资源保护为例,分析研究复兴河水资源及开发治理与保护现状、水功能区划与水环境现状及其存在的问题,并提出复兴河流域水资源保护措施建议,以期实现复兴河水生态系统的可持续健康发展,保障流域经济社会发展。     

科尔沁沙地西部响水河悬移质泥沙粒度分析

[目的]对科尔沁沙地西部响水河的悬移质泥沙粒度特征进行研究,以便更好地认识该河流泥沙特征及侵蚀产沙规律,为沙漠区河流—沙丘相互作用研究提供基础素材与例证。[方法]通过野外实地考察,选择科尔沁沙地西部响水河3个典型河段对河水中的悬移质进行采样,然后进行室内激光粒度仪测试与分析。[结果](1)在上游河段Ⅰ和下游河段Ⅲ处,河水侧蚀弯道凹岸流动沙丘基部,由其上游断面至下游断面泥沙粒径变细,分选变差。(2)河段Ⅱ河水侧蚀由Q_3河湖相地层构成的陡坡,弯道环流对凹岸的冲刷作用较明显,泥沙粒径由其上游断面向下游断面变粗,分选变好。(3)悬移质泥沙粒度呈现从上游至下游粒径显著变粗,分选变好的趋势。[结论]该河的水源主要是其南侧石质残丘区泉水和河谷沿线流动沙丘或Q_3河湖相地层的侧向渗出水,随着沿途流动沙丘数量增加,集水面积扩大,流速和流量显著增加,河水的挟沙和冲刷能力随之增强;河流上、下游河段的悬移质主要来自被侵蚀的沙丘基部,中游河段的悬移质主要来自凹岸坍塌的Q_3地层砂。     

神府─东胜煤田大柳塔矿区水质及其污染评价

本文在野外考察和水质分析的基础上,对神府煤田大柳塔地区水质进行评价,结果表明,乌兰木伦河两岸支沟泉水水质良好,是生活用水的主要水源.活鸡兔沟矿坑水为强矿化度硬水,水化学性质差,这些矿坑水排入河道,是污染河水的因素之一.目前,乌兰木伦河和活鸡兔沟河水污染尚不严重,但河水水质由上游至下游交差.最后,对河水水质污染趋势作了分析和定性预测,并提出控制污染的建议和措施.     

2016—2021年黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征及其成因

[目的] 分析黄土高原马莲河干流水质时空变化特征,揭示水质污染状况及成因,为该流域内生态文明建设和水环境治理提供科学依据。[方法] 基于黄土高原马莲河干流2016—2021年甘肃省庆阳市境内5个断面水质逐月监测数据,结合单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法对水质进行评价,利用线性趋势法对水质演变趋势进行分析。[结果] ①2016—2021年庆阳市境内马莲河水质整体较差,属于Ⅴ类水范畴,综合污染指数较高,主要污染因子为高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量(COD)、5日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、总磷、氟化物及六价铬,下游水质优于上游。②庆阳市境内马莲河干流水质季节变化特征显著,综合表现为夏、秋季优于春、冬季。具体表现为秋季最优,冬季最差。[结论] 2016年以来,庆阳市境内马莲河水质趋势稳定向好,尤其是2017年以后,向好趋势表现明显;受入境水质及流域地质条件影响,马莲河水污染治理任务依然任重而道远。     

微咸水滴灌对绿洲棉田水盐运移特征及棉花产量的影响

在南疆绿洲棉田,以河水为对照(CK),利用咸水与河水混合方式,设置矿化度为3,5g/L的微咸水,研究微咸水滴灌对棉田水盐运移特征及棉花产量的影响。结果表明:矿化度为3,5g/L处理的土壤含水量、含盐量在整个生育期呈上升趋势,且随矿化度增加而增大,盛花期(7月21日)前土壤含水量差异不显著,CK的土壤含盐量最高,盛花期后土壤含盐量5g/L3g/LCK,差异显著(p0.05)。垂直方向,土壤深度增加土壤含水量增大,且随着微咸水矿化度增加土壤含水量呈增大趋势,不同处理在盛花期以后差异显著;随土壤深度的增加土壤含盐量呈下降趋势,滴灌次数越多处理间差异越大,至盛铃期(8月4日)达显著水平。水平方向,距离滴头越远土壤含水量越小,且随着矿化度增加土壤含水量逐渐增大;3,5g/L土壤含盐量在盛花期前低于CK,盛花期后距离滴头越远土壤含盐量下降越小,且与矿化度呈正相关。与CK相比,3g/L皮棉产量下降2.1%,差异不显著,5g/L则下降9.6%,差异显著,产量下降主要原因是单株结铃数和单铃重显著下降,而对衣分影响不显著。因此,棉花盛花期前可利用微咸水进行滴灌,且微咸水矿化度不宜超过3g/L。     

窟野河流域不同水体同位素及水化学特征分析

通过野外调查取样和室内测试分析,应用水化学和同位素技术,分析了窟野河流域不同水体的水化学和氢氧同位素特征,探讨了不同水体的关系。结果表明:(1)河水的水化学类型由上游的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-HCO_3~--SO_4~(2-)演变为下游的Na~+-Ca~(2+)-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-。上游矿井水水化学类型与上游河水一致;上游矿区生活用水距离河道1 000m以内,井深180m的水样点,水化学类型与河水一致;距离河道1 000m,井深180m的水样点,水化学类型与河水有一定的差距。下游灌溉用水水化学类型为Ca~(2+)-Na~+-SO_4~(2-)-HCO_3~-,与河水一致。(2)流域大气降水线斜率和截距都小于全球大气降水线和中国大气降水线,表现出氢氧同位素大陆效应的影响。从上游向下游,河水的氢氧同位素组成有逐渐富集的趋势。上游乌兰木伦河矿井水氢氧同位素与河水氢氧同位素组成相近,说明河水与矿井水水力联系密切。生活用水由于取样井深的不同和距离河道远近的不同导致各样点氢氧同位素含量具有一定的差距。下游灌溉用水的氢氧同位素组成与河水相似。     

海河流域水土保持生态用水研究

 为确定海河流域不同类型区水土保持综合治理的减水减沙作用,并为估算生态用水提供依据,采用定性与定量相结合的方法,划分海河流域生态环境建设区;在分区的基础上,根据多年来小流域治理减水减沙作用的观测成果,分析、计算黄土丘陵沟壑区、土石山区、石质山区的减水减沙定额;以各分区水土流失综合治理的保存面积及规划治理面积为依据,计算出海河流域现状、2010年及2030年的水土保持生态用水分别为26.06亿、42.92亿及71.53亿m3。     

海河流域降水径流对种植业非点源污染的影响分析

建立种植业非点源污染负荷函数,确定了种植业非点源污染负荷量的主要决定因素为降水径流,在此基础上,分析了海河流域降水径流的时空分布特征。自20世纪50年代至21世纪前8年,海河流域降水量呈现明显的逐年代下降趋势,累计下降16.5%;受降水量下降和人类活动的影响,径流量的下降幅度更大,累计下降64%。从地区分布来看,降水径流由太行山、燕山迎风坡分别向西北和东南减少。由于降水径流逐年减少,海河流域种植业非点源污染对水体污染的影响也将逐年下降。在一般的年份(除丰水年以外的年份),种植业非点源污染对水体污染的影响微乎其微;如果发生全流域洪涝灾害,种植业非点源污染对水体污染构成威胁。海河流域汛期易发生暴雨,在发生暴雨的局部地区,种植业非点源污染对水体污染构成局部威胁。徒骇马颊河平原是海河流域最重要的农作物种植区,单日降水量可达100 mm,为平原区最高,因而发生种植业非点源污染的可能性最大。     

海岛地区小流域暴雨洪涝灾害模拟研究

[目的] 对海岛地区小流域暴雨洪涝灾害进行模拟研究，为该类地区后续开发建设以及防洪排涝治理工作的顺利开展提供技术支撑。[方法] 选取浙江省舟山市朱家尖岛为研究对象，根据设计暴雨及设计和校核潮位资料，运用MIKE构建了一维河网模型、二维水动力模型以及MIKE FLOOD耦合计算模型，对比分析两种方案的淹没面积和水深、典型河道断面水位以及重点区域洪水演进过程。[结果] 相对于设计暴雨及设计潮位条件下的方案1（94降雨+实测潮位），设计暴雨及校核潮位条件下的方案2（94降雨+极限潮位）在相对高水位时刻淹没面积更大，最大淹没深度更深。[结论] 朱家尖流域内河流比降大，汇流时间短，流域调蓄能力差，抵抗暴雨产生的洪涝灾害的能力较弱。特别是暴雨遭受天文大潮时，研究区域受灾程度更重。     

太湖流域农村地区典型村镇土壤养分和水体污染现状调查

为了了解和评价当前太湖流域农村地区典型村镇土壤养分和水体污染现状,本文以宜兴市周铁镇和万石镇农村地区为研究区域,分别采集土壤样品60个,水体样品79个,分析其土壤中氮磷的含量以及水体中化学需氧量和氮磷的含量。结果表明:宜兴市农村地区菜地和果园土壤中氮和磷含量过高,养分流失风险最大;其次为麦地土壤;而林地土壤样品中氮和磷含量较低,养分流失风险最小。当地农户在设施蔬菜大棚、果园和麦地中施用大量化肥是导致菜地、果园和麦地土壤氮、磷累积的主要原因。采集的水体样品中,地表河流水、养殖废水和田间沟渠水的污染物浓度变化较大。其中地表河流水的化学需氧量、铵态氮、总氮和总磷的平均含量分别为57、1.7、3.8、0.27 mg/L。55个地表河流水样品中有10个处于V类水的标准,其余45个样品均为劣V类。     

新疆玛河流域绿洲土壤特性空间分异与合理开发模式

水土资源是干旱区内陆河流域地域分异及绿洲发育的主要物质基础。以玛纳斯河流域为案例,重点分析沿流域纬度梯度土壤特性的变化。研究表明:从山地到沙漠,土壤养分表现为由高到低,具有波动性,其中有机质含量呈现明显下降趋势。土壤盐分空间变化规律明显:在前山区地带,土壤含盐量低;在冲积扇、冲积扇缘及冲积平原上部绿洲区,土壤耕层总盐高、表聚性强;从冲积平原中下部到干三角洲绿洲,耕层盐分含量依次降低,但剖面盐分含量呈现依次增加趋势,形成盐分聚集的漏斗效应,尤其进入沙漠边缘区,这种趋势更加明显。农业开发应该遵循这种分异规律,并进一步提出绿洲土壤资源合理开发利用对策与建议。     

Mining Impacts on Trace Metal Content of Water,Soil, and Stream Sediments in the Hei River Basin,China

The impacts of mining to watersheds are highly variabledepending on the type of mining, processing of ores, andenvironmental factors. This study examined the Hei River incentral China, for impacts of gold and iron mining onconcentrations of metals in river water, river sediments andstream-channel soils. No production processing of ores occurson-site at either mine. Total metal content and extractablemetals using DTPA were determined. Total concentrations of Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn were high in some stream sediments and soils nearthe mine sites; metal concentrations ranged from 4–24, 11–100,11–380, and 33–1600 μg g^-1 for Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn,respectively, in soil. Total cadmium was high in all soilsand sediments. Extractable metals were low, with the exceptionof Pb and Cu. At the gold mine, extractable Pb ranged from 8 to33%; extractable Cu ranged from 3 to 21% of total metalconcentration. Chromium and Ni were not above typicalconcentrations in either soils or river sediments. An abundance of carbonates, high river water pH, and high water flow rates all appear to contribute to limiting quantities of metals in the river water. If mining activities are not changed, impacts of mining on downstream metal concentrations in river water should be nominal.     

基于MODTRAN 4的贵阳市Landsat热红外波段大气透过率估计

大气水汽含量对热红外波段大气透过率的干扰是遥感影像反演地面温度的主要影响因素之一,贵阳市夏半年气温低、水汽含量高的气候特点增加了大气水汽的干扰作用。为实现Landsat卫星资料在贵阳市地面温度反演中的应用,完善大气校正,提高反演精度,本文通过MODTRAN 4模拟了22℃时Landsat ETM+影像热红外波段的大气透过率随水汽含量的变化规律,拟合了利用水汽含量计算该波段大气透过率的分段式计算方程。经模拟演算和地温反演应用,结果表明:估计方程的演算误差在0.9～1.3℃,满足贵阳市地表温度反演的误差要求;实际应用中贵阳市地温反演结果与台站资料计算的地温值存在2.7℃的误差,还存在其它参数误差,反演精度有待进一步提高。     

Factors controlling sediment trapping in two freshwater tidal wetlands in the Biesbosch area,The Netherlands

Purpose

A thorough understanding of mechanisms controlling sedimentation and erosion is vital for a proper assessment of the effectiveness of delta restoration. Only few field-based studies have been undertaken in freshwater tidal wetlands. Furthermore, studies that measured sediment deposition in newly created wetlands are also sparse. This paper aims to identify the factors controlling the sediment trapping of two newly created freshwater tidal wetlands.

Materials and methods

Two recently re-opened polder areas in the Biesbosch, The Netherlands are used as study area. Field measurements of water levels, flow velocities, and turbidity at both the in- and outlet of the areas were carried out to determine the sediment budgets and trapping efficiencies under varying conditions of river discharge, tide, and wind in the period 2014–2016.

Results and discussion

Short-term sediment fluxes of the two study areas varied due to river discharge, tide, and wind. A positive sediment budget and trapping efficiency was found for the first study area, which has a continuing supply of river water and sediment. Sediment was lost from the second study area which lies further from the river and had a lower sediment supply. The daily sediment budget is positively related to upstream river discharge, and in general, export takes place during ebb and import during flood. However, strong wind events overrule this pattern, and trapping efficiencies decrease for increasing wind strengths at mid-range river discharges and for the highest river discharges due to increased shear stress.

Conclusions

Delta restoration, based on sedimentation to compensate for sea-level rise and soil subsidence, could only be effective when there is a sufficient supply of water and sediment. Management to enhance the trapping efficiency of the incoming sediment should focus on directing sufficient river flow into the wetland, ensuring the supply of water and sediment within the system during a tidal cycle, creating sufficiently large residence time of water within the polder areas for sediment settling, and decreasing wave shear stress by the establishment of vegetation or topographic irregularities.

     

城镇圩区排涝泵站群日常运行方案优化

为降低城镇圩区排涝泵站群日常运行能耗,提出排涝站群总能耗最小的多方案试验选优、圩外河道水位控制去劣的优化运行调度方法。将圩区泵站群分组作为试验因素、每组泵站的开机方案为试验水平,以泵站群总能耗为试验结果开展正交试验,对试验结果应用正交分析得到泵站群若干种优化运行方案序列,选择总能耗最小且满足圩外河道的水位控制要求的方案为最优运行调度方案。以上海市城区某区域为实例,应用优化方法编制了2种潮水过程、4种降水条件下的优化调度预案;在不能利用潮水自排的最不利水文工况下,应用优化调度方案与现行调度方案相比,总电功耗最大可节省12%。通过开展优化调度方案与现行方案的节能效益比较,验证了现行方案的合理性并对现行方案提出了优化建议。一方面可为城镇圩区水行政主管部门优化日常调水预案提供参考,另一方面也为丰富和完善排泵站群优化调度方法的理论研究作了有益尝试。     

Silica availability in soils and river water in two watersheds on Java Island,Indonesia

Abstract

Silicon is a beneficial element for rice plants and is one of the major factors affecting the sustainability of rice production. We investigated silica (Si) availability and dynamics in soils of sawah, other land uses, and also in river and canal water in two watersheds in Citarum and Kaligarang, Java Island, Indonesia. The term sawah refers to a leveled and bounded rice field with an inlet and an outlet for irrigation and drainage, respectively. In the present study, we examined Si content in soils, plants and river water in relation to factors influencing the Si content, such as parent material and land use. The available Si content in sawah was found to be deficient at two sites and low at 10 sites out of 16 sites investigated in the Citarum watershed. In the Kaligarang watershed, no sawah site was classified as deficient and nine out of the 15 sawah sites were determined to be low for rice plant growth. A survey of Si content in rice flag leaves in some selected rice fields showed that seven out of 12 samples had contents less than 125 g SiO₂ kg^?1; these rice samples with low Si contents were those in sawah classified as low in Si contents. In the Citarum watershed, sawah soils developed from the accumulation of lake and clay sediment contained relatively little available Si, while sawah soils in the Kaligarang watershed that were mainly developed from tuff and volcanic ash contained relatively more available Si. In the Citarum watershed, the type of land use influenced Si availability in the soils via a large amount of litter accumulation of pine trees in the case of pine plantations, and acidification in the soils in the case of tea plantations and maize fields. In general, the Si content in river and canal water was higher in the Kaligarang watershed than in the Citarum watershed, and this appears to be affected by the type of parent material. In addition to the type of parent material, Si depletion occurring in dams might also influence Si content in the lower stream of river or canal water in the Citarum watershed.     

Evaluation of some chemical extractants for determination of exchangeable ammonium in tropical rice soils

Abstract

Seven rice soils varying in texture, pH, organic matter and total nitrogen content were extracted with 1N and 2N KCl, 1N and 2N Nacl, 10% Nacl at pH 2.5, N CH₃ CooNa at pH 3.0, and Morgan's reagent using a soil: solution ratio of 1:10. The ammonium in the extracts was determined by steam distillation with MgO.

The normality of KCl or Nacl had no significant effect on the amount of NH₄ ⁺ ‐N extracted but KCl proved a better extractant than Nacl. However, Nacl at pH 2.5 generally extracted significantly higher amounts of NH₄ ⁺ ‐N as compared to the neutral salt solution. N CH₃ CooNa at pH 3.0 did not extract more NH₄ ⁺ than Morgan's reagent. Overall, KCl appeared to be better than Nacl; Nacl at pH 2.5 N CH₃ CooNa and Morgan's reagent were either equally effective or better for some of the soils as compared to KCl. However, when recovery of the known amount of NH₄ ⁺‐N applied to soils was used as a criterion, the efficiency of these chemicals were in the following descending order: KCl > NaCl, pH 2.5 > NaCl > CH₃CooNa, pH 3.0 > Morgan's reagent.     

黄土高原苦水地区水化学特性及苦水的合理利用

本文主要讨论黄土高原苦水地区地下水及地面水的化学特性和灌溉水质评价等问题。根据当地灌溉实践经验,通过水的矿化度和灌溉系数间的相关分析。说明在清水河、祖厉河、渭河等流域内,矿化度小于7g/l 的苦水,可作灌溉用水;而在泾河及洛河流域内,矿化度小于6g/l 的苦水才能作为灌溉用水。苦水水质低劣,只能在气候干旱、淡水极缺、排水良好的土壤上灌溉和种植耐盐作物。