半番鸭白色羽毛遗传机制的研究（摘要）

正交用１４只白羽公鸭混合精液，给四种不同基因型母家鸭输精，在父本遗传性相同条件下，测定其Ｆ１的白色羽毛频率；反交以不同基因型公家鸭与相同母番鸭杂交，在母本遗传基础相同条件下，测定其Ｆ１的白色羽毛频率；轮交，以相同的母家鸭与不同白羽公番鸭轮流交配，测定母家鸭个体间的Ｆ１的白色羽毛频率。结果正交不同基因型母家鸭的半番鸭白色羽毛出现频率明显差异，符合１—３级羽色标准的，蛋用型母鸭的Ｆ１为２．８８％和３８．８９％；兼用型母家鸭为６５．５５％，肉用型为７３．６３％；反交的半番鸭符合１—３级羽色，蛋用型的Ｆ１为４８．４８％，肉用型为６９．７１％；轮交的母本个体间的Ｆ１出现白色羽毛频率显著差异，发现产生白色羽毛频率高的个体，交换公番鸭后，其Ｆ１的白色羽毛频率仍然是高的。从正交、反交和轮交的结果，揭示产生半番鸭白羽起主导作用是家鸭；不同基因型家鸭产生白羽半番频率是不同的，含有肉鸭血统家鸭所产生的半番鸭的白羽率高于蛋用型品种，肉鸭血统愈高其Ｆ１的白色羽率也愈高：同一品种母家鸭个体间产生白羽半番鸭，亦不同，生产白羽率高的个体．交换公番鸭交配后，其Ｆ１仍然是高的，可以选用这种个体纯繁，建立生产白羽半番鸭的专门化品系。     

番鸭与家鸭属间杂交F_1半番鸭羽色遗传分析

用白羽番鸭 (M)与 4个品种家鸭 (A、B、C、D)进行正、反交和轮交 ,分析其F1 半番鸭羽色遗传。结果表明 :后裔半番鸭白羽率依家鸭品种不同而异 ,同品种家鸭的后裔半番鸭白羽率则相对稳定在C品种内 ,后裔半番鸭白羽率依母家鸭个体不同而异 ,同个体的后裔半番鸭白羽率则相对稳定 ;半番鸭的白羽率性状表现了连续性变异特征。探讨了白羽半番鸭亲本品系的选育方法。     

白色羽毛半番鸭选育的研究（续）

3讨论羽色受环境影响小，应属于质量性状，有显隐性的特点。笔者早期设想从家鸭品种中分离、选育出一种隐性白羽蛋鸭，纯繁，作为生产白羽半番鸭的亲本，结果用白羽公番鸭的精液，给隐性白羽蛋鸭输精，杂交后代仍然以黑褐羽毛为主，少数有黑白相间的个体，这种现象说明产生白羽半番鸭的亲本，不仅仅是表现型为白色羽毛就可以产生白羽半番鸭。据报道纯种鸭的羽色受主要基因控制，但半番鸭为属间杂交的后代，其亲本的家鸭和番鸭，染色体上基因配对不似纯种鸭那么单纯，隐性白羽蛋鸭与白羽公番鸭杂交，其F；黑褐色居多，这主要是控制黑色羽毛…     

半番鸭生产中的人工授精技术

采用番鸭为终端父本生产的半番鸭在肉鸭市场上逐步呈现优势，随着白羽半番鸭生产的发展，半番鸭成为肉鸭市场的主力军已是大势所趋。半番鸭生产中应用人工授精效益显著，是必不可少的配套技术。一、人工授精效益分析半番鸭又称骡鸭，是用栖鸭属的公番鸭与河鸭属的母家鸭杂交产生的后代。由于是属间杂交，存在着自然交配障碍问题，人工辅助交配受精率低、工作量大。采用人工授精技     

白羽半番鸭的饲养效益分析

一、养殖白羽半番鸭的技术要点及注意事项 1．种鸭的品质要优良。种鸭质量的优良与否是生产优质白羽半番鸭的先决条件。一方面羽色是家禽的一个经济性状，白羽半番鸭因白绒毛而大大提高了饲养效益。半番鸭是无繁殖能力的属间杂种，其羽色遗传相当复杂，选择白羽必须回归到亲本，因此，要提高白羽率，其种鸭的选择显得尤为重要。另一方面，优良的种鸭其免疫力、抗病力、     

骡鸭养殖前景诱人

骡鸭又称半番鸭，是用栖鸭属的公番鸭与河鸭属的母家鸭杂交产生的后代（属间杂种）。骡鸭克服了纯番鸭公母体形悬殊大、生长周期长的缺陷，表现出较强的杂交优势。具有耐粗易养、生长快、体形大、肉质好等特点。近年来，为适应不同市场需求，骡鸭在羽色选育上已形成了花羽、白羽为主的各类型品种。骡鸭在国内外的市场空间很大。     

何谓骡鸭

骡鸭又称半番鸭，是用栖鸭属的公番鸭与河鸭属的母家鸭杂交产生的后代（属间杂种）。由于骡鸭克服了纯番鸭公母体型悬殊大，生长周期长的特点，表现出较强的杂交优势，具有耐粗易养、生活力强、生长快、体型大、肉质好、营养价值高，适合于填肥生产肥肝等特点，近年来在羽色选育上，为适应不同市场需求，骡鸭已形成了花羽、白羽为主或纯白羽等各类型品种。骡鸭在国内外的市场已逐步呈现优势，骡鸭已成为世界普遍受到重视的优质肉用型鸭。据专家预测，骡鸭的生产很有发展潜力，是有希望占据市场主体的第三种肉鸭。我国台湾省的骡鸭生产起步最…     

提高半番鸭种蛋受精率的综合技术措施

半番鸭又称骡鸭,是用栖鸭属的公番鸭与河鸭属的母家鸭杂交生产的后代,属于属间杂交。随着白羽半番鸭生产的发展,半番鸭生产呈现一定的优势。半番鸭生产过程中种鸭受精率高低对经济效益有直接影响。笔者一直着力于本项研究,在实践中摸索,不断总结经验,由开始不足70%的受精率提高     

简谈人工授精技术在骡鸭生产中的应用

骡鸭又称半番鸭，是由栖鸭属的公番鸭与河鸭属的母家鸭之间进行属间杂交产生的肉用型杂交鸭，因其一般不具有繁殖后代的能力，故称为“骡鸭”。骡鸭具有生长快、体重大(体重超过双亲，杂种优势率达25．4％)、胸肌丰满、胸肌率占全净膛重的15％-16％、瘦肉率高、肉质细嫩等特点。     

骡鸭养殖前景诱人

骡鸭又称半番鸭,是用栖鸭属的公番鸭与河鸭属的母家鸭杂交产生的后代（属间杂种）。骡鸭克服了纯番鸭公母体形悬殊大、生长周期长的缺陷,表现出较强的杂交优势,具有耐粗易养、生长快、体形大、肉质好等特点。近年来,为适应不同市场需求,骡鸭在羽色选育上已形成了花羽、白羽为主的各类型品种。骡鸭在国内外的市场空间很大。     

基于主成分分析法建立鸭一般抗病力的评估模型

研究对家鸭(金定鸭、樱桃谷鸭、苏牧麻鸭)、番鸭、半番鸭的白蛋白(X1)、球蛋白(X2)、总蛋白(X3)、IgA(X4)、IgM(X5)、IgG(X6)和AI抗体HI效价(X7)等7个免疫指标进行测定,并对这7个免疫指标进行主成分分析。结果表明:选取前2个特征值作为2个主成分(累计贡献率达到90.70%),基本上反映了原所有免疫指标包含的全部信息;通过建立主成分综合评价模型,比较5个群体主成分综合得分,金定鸭得分最高,其次分别为樱桃谷鸭、番鸭,苏牧麻鸭、半番鸭表现较低。     

番鸭细小病毒病病原的血清学检测与PCR鉴定

为了解安徽省番鸭细小病毒病的流行情况,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对该省内部分番鸭群进行鹅细小病毒的血清抗体检测,同时对疑似病鸭进行了病原的PCR检测。结果发现,在被检测的44份血清样本中鹅细小病毒血清抗体阳性率高达34.1%;PCR检测结果显示,所检测的样品中,有2份为鹅细小病毒阳性,1份为番鸭细小病毒阳性,且3份被检样品均来自雏番鸭。该研究结果表明,该省番鸭群中存在鹅细小病毒和番鸭细小病毒感染,应采取有效的预防控制措施。     

利用微卫星DNA多态性预测半番鸭的杂种优势

为探究微卫星DNA多态性与鸭肉用性能杂种优势的相关关系,选取10对微卫星标记对金定鸭、樱桃谷鸭、F1(樱桃谷鸭×金定鸭)和番鸭进行遗传多样性检测。利用ONEDscan、GENEPOP、Mstools软件对目的基因进行分型,计算遗传多样性参数以及群体间标准遗传距离,并测定半番鸭各杂交组合F1代体重杂种优势。结果表明:在4个鸭群体共检测到52个等位基因,金定鸭、F1(樱桃谷鸭×金定鸭)、樱桃谷鸭与番鸭群体间标准遗传距离分别为0.57678、0.52220、0.46356,樱桃谷鸭与金定鸭遗传距离为0.38949。并根据遗传距离,采用对数曲线模型对半番鸭体重杂种优势进行了预测,χ2检验结果显示,预测结果与实验测定结果无显著性差异,表明本研究建立的根据微卫星DNA多态性预测半番鸭部分生长阶段体重杂种优势是可行的。     

不同羽色和性别番鸭屠宰性能及肌肉成分比较研究

研究旨在比较不同羽色及性别番鸭在屠宰性能及肌肉成分上的差别,为选育优良番鸭品种提供依据。试验选取1日龄黑羽番鸭、白羽番鸭及黑白花番鸭公、母共324羽,按羽色、性别分为6个处理,每处理设6个重复,每重复9只鸭,各处理饲喂相同日粮,试验期90d。结果表明：雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰率、全净膛率显著高于雄性白羽及黑白花羽番鸭（P〈0．05）,而雌性黑白花番鸭及白羽番鸭的胸肌率和瘦肉率相近且均显著高于雌性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各处理番鸭肌肉中汞、镉、砷、铅含量无显著差异（P〉0．05）,且均很微量;各同羽色雄性番鸭肌肉水分、无氮浸出物和粗蛋白质含量均基本略高于其同羽色雌性番鸭,而各处理雌性番鸭肌肉粗脂肪、粗灰分含量则高于其同羽色的雄性番鸭;雄性白羽番鸭和黑白花番鸭肌肉粗蛋白质含量相近且均显著高于雄性黑羽番鸭（P〈0．05）;各同羽色番鸭中基本上肌肉氨基酸含量均以雄性高于雌性,而同性别的番鸭比较,雄性白羽番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸的含量显著高于雄性黑羽及雄性黑白花羽番鸭（P〉0．05）;同时雌性各羽色番鸭肌肉中多种氨基酸含量呈现出：黑白花番鸭〉黑羽番鸭〉白羽番鸭,但该趋势不显著（P〉0．05）。试验结果表明,雄性黑羽番鸭屠宰性能有一定优势,白羽番鸭肌肉养分和氨基酸含量优势明显。     

Effect of species,breed and route of virus inoculation on the pathogenicity of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in domestic ducks

H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to be a threat to poultry in many regions of the world. Domestic ducks have been recognized as one of the primary factors in the spread of H5N1 HPAI. In this study we examined the pathogenicity of H5N1 HPAI viruses in different species and breeds of domestic ducks and the effect of route of virus inoculation on the outcome of infection. We determined that the pathogenicity of H5N1 HPAI viruses varies between the two common farmed duck species, with Muscovy ducks (Cairina moschata) presenting more severe disease than various breeds of Anas platyrhynchos var. domestica ducks including Pekin, Mallard-type, Black Runners, Rouen, and Khaki Campbell ducks. We also found that Pekin and Muscovy ducks inoculated with two H5N1 HPAI viruses of different virulence, given by any one of three routes (intranasal, intracloacal, or intraocular), became infected with the viruses. Regardless of the route of inoculation, the outcome of infection was similar for each species but depended on the virulence of the virus used. Muscovy ducks showed more severe clinical signs and higher mortality than the Pekin ducks. In conclusion, domestic ducks are susceptible to H5N1 HPAI virus infection by different routes of exposure, but the presentation of the disease varied by virus strain and duck species. This information helps support the planning and implementation of H5N1 HPAI surveillance and control measures in countries with large domestic duck populations.     

Testosterone concentrations,testes weight and morphology of mule drakes (Muscovy drake X Khaki Campbell)

1. Mule ducks were produced by naturally mating Muscovy drakes and Khaki Campbell ducks. 2. Semen was collected from 6-month-old mule drakes via an artificial vagina. The fluid was clear without any spermatozoa or spermatids. 3. Testes from 27-week-old mule drakes were smaller in size than those of Khaki Campbell drakes but heavier than Muscovy males of the same age. Histological sections of these testes revealed that spermatogenesis was not complete. 4. Testosterone concentration in the mule drakes was higher than in Muscovy males but similar to Khaki Campbell drakes. 5. Mule drakes have strong sexual drives as a result of high concentrations of testosterone, but, because spermatogenesis is incomplete, their semen had no sperm.     

Genetic parameters of product quality and hepatic metabolism in fattened mule ducks

Genetic parameters of traits related to hepatic lipid metabolism, carcass composition, and product quality of overfed mule ducks were estimated on both parental lines of this hybrid: the common duck line for the maternal side and the Muscovy line for the paternal side. The originality of the statistical model was to include simultaneously the additive genetic effect of the common ducks and that of the Muscovy ducks, revealing a greater genetic determinism in common than in Muscovy. Plasma metabolic indicators (glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol contents) were heritable, in particular at the end of the overfeeding period, and heritabilities increased with the overfeeding stage. Carcass composition traits were highly heritable in the common line, with values ranging from 0.15 for liver weight, 0.21 for carcass weight, and 0.25 for abdominal fat weight to 0.32 for breast muscle weight. Heritabilities of technological outputs were greater for the fatty liver (0.19 and 0.08, respectively, on common and Muscovy sides for liver melting rate) than for the pectoralis major muscle (between 0.02 and 0.05 on both parental sides for cooking losses). Fortunately, the processing industry is mainly facing problems in liver quality, such as too high of a melting rate, than in meat quality. The meat quality appraisal criteria (such as texture and cooking losses), usually dependent on pH and the rate of decline of pH, were also very lowly heritable. This study demonstrated that genetic determinism of meat quality and ability of overfeeding is not similar in the common population and in the Muscovy population; traits related to fattening, muscle development, and BW have heritability values from 2 to 4 times greater on the common line than on the Muscovy line, which is relevant for considering different selection strategies.     

3个品种鸭的屠宰性能及肌肉营养成分比较

将番鸭、樱桃谷鸭、高邮鸭饲养到70日龄屠宰。测定屠宰性能,同时取胸肉和腿肉测定营养成分。结果表明:樱桃谷鸭早期生长速度最快;番鸭是3个鸭品种中肉用性能最好的优质肉鸭,樱桃谷鸭的腿肉比例偏小,高邮鸭的胸、腿肌率均未达到优质肉鸭的要求。番鸭鸭肉中水分含量较高,樱桃谷鸭与高邮鸭鸭肉中脂肪含量较高。     

Comparative Staging of Embryo Development in Chicken,Turkey, Duck,Goose, Guinea Fowl,and Japanese Quail Assessed from Five Hours After Fertilization Through Seventy-Two Hours of Incubation

Normal tables of chicken embryo development are used to define specific stages of morphogenetic progression from the first cleavage divisions through hatching. Although established for the turkey and Pekin duck, the application of the normal tables of chicken embryo development to other birds of commercial and research importance needs be examined. Chicken, turkey, Japanese quail, and Pekin duck blastoderms from oviductal eggs showed differences in the rate of development that were inversely correlated with egg size. Oviposited eggs from these and additional species (goose, Muscovy and mule ducks, and Guinea fowl) were examined after 24 to 72 h of storage and at 6-h intervals up to 72 h of incubation. There was variation in the developmental stages of the blastoderm at the time of oviposition between and within the species and strains examined. Although it is recognized that the temporal rate of development will differ between different species and strains, the external features of any embryo in any given stage will be nearly identical.     

半番鸭及其亲本生长曲线拟合与杂种优势分析

实验测定了樱桃谷鸭、白羽番鸭、苏牧麻鸭、白羽番鸭♂×樱桃谷鸭♀(樱番鸭)、白羽番鸭♂×苏牧麻鸭♀(苏番鸭)早期体重数据,发现樱番鸭杂种优势率为12.8%,苏番鸭为22.04%。用Logistic、Von Bertalanffy和Gompertz3种非线性生长模型拟合其生长曲线,通过比较拟合优度、复相关指数和进行适合性χ2检验,发现Gompertz模型拟合效果最好。比较5组鸭Gompertz模型拟合参数,结果表明:在亲本鸭组中白羽番鸭初始重较樱桃谷鸭和苏牧麻鸭高,初始生长速度、最大周增重较这2个亲本组低,拐点时间也比其晚。2个杂交组最大周增重、成熟速度、极限体重、拐点体重、初始重和拐点时间都有很大提高,存在明显的杂种优势。