枝梢环剥对荔枝新梢生长和叶片矿质营养的影响

环剥处理中断韧皮部光合产物向下运输及抑制枝梢生长的效应已经明确,但对不同矿质营养运输的影响则有待进一步揭示。研究以妃子笑荔枝为试材,揭示了枝梢环剥处理对新梢生长和叶片矿质营养的影响。结果表明,枝梢环剥处理可强烈抑制枝梢上的新梢发生;环剥17 d后,叶片叶绿素指数明显下降;同时,环剥口上端的叶片不同的矿质营养发生不同的变化。其中对钾和镁影响微弱,而氮、磷、钙、铁、锰、铜、锌等矿质营养含量发生不同程度降低,其中微量元素铁、铜、锰的含量下降较为明显,这表明,中断韧皮部运输也会导致叶片摄取这些矿质元素的减少。     

遮荫和环剥对荔枝枝梢生长和光合生理的影响

 以12年生‘黑叶’荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.‘Heiye’）为研究材料,进行遮荫、环剥及遮荫 + 环剥处理,观测这些处理对新梢生长,以及叶片净光合速率、叶片光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光量子效率（F_v/F_m）和淀粉含量的影响。结果表明：遮荫处理和环剥处理均能显著抑制枝梢生长,降低叶片的净光合速率,但两种处理抑制光合作用的机制各异。其中,环剥处理导致叶绿素含量降低,产生永久性光抑制,显示光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）受到破坏,因此,环剥处理导致光合作用的降低与光反应系统的破坏有关;遮荫下叶片最大光化学效率F_v/F_m维持正常,淀粉含量降低,但即使在相同的人工光源下,光合作用速率同样低于对照,可能主要与暗反应系统活性减弱有关;而遮荫可显著缓解环剥对光反应系统的破坏效应。     

青霉素对板栗花性别分化和生理特性的影响

研究不同浓度青霉素对板粟花性别分化及其部分形态特征和生理特性的调节效应，结果表明，100mgL’青霉索处理可显著促迸板栗雌花分化和新梢加粗生长，抑制雄花分化和新梢伸长生长，调整雄花雌花数比，提高树体氮代谢水平和光合作用强度。而300和500mgL’青霉素处理虽也具促雌抑雄效应，但同时也刺激新梢伸长生长，对提高树体氮代谢 水平、光合作用强度和新梢加粗生长效应不明显。6—BA和CCC对青霉索有一定的协同或抑制作用。     

水分胁迫对荔枝幼树根系与梢生长的影响

以盆栽沙培1年生荔枝空中压条苗为试材,研究了水分胁迫对荔枝幼树根系和梢生长的影响以及二者的相互关系。3个处理为:沙体积含水量为7.5%(严重缺水),15.0%(一般缺水),22.5%(充分供水)。结果表明:水分胁迫严重抑制荔枝幼树地上部分和各级侧根的生长,使地上部枝梢生长严重受阻,叶片数量、平均叶面积、叶片厚度均显著变小;根总干重、侧根长度、根表面积显著减少。水分胁迫下促进须根的生长,须根的长度、根表面积比水分充足时显著增加。水分胁迫时叶片淀粉含量下降,而根系积累更多的淀粉。比较不同处理的根梢比发现,干旱对根系生长的抑制作用比枝梢更显著。     

着色系富士苹果夏季修剪技术

着色系富士苹果的整形修剪技术,根据其生长结果习性和果实品质发育对植株本身及环境因素要求的特点,应以“轻剪疏枝、开角”为中心。按照这样一个修剪原则,就必须切实做到“冬、夏剪结合”。否则,在整形修剪方面,很难达到理想的结果。本文介绍几种常用夏剪方法及其技术反应。 1.环状剥皮夏、秋季环剥,能够阻止树体养分向下运输,增加环剥以上部位营养积累,有利于促进花芽分化和提高座果率。春季环剥,能阻碍树体养分向上运输,增加环剥口以下部位营养物质积累,具有抑制环剥以上部位的生长势力,促进以下部位生长和花芽分化的作用。以抑制旺长为…     

柿幼旺树环剥促花

柿树是我市主栽果树之一,近几年,结合山地综合 治理,在梯田堰边上又栽植了大量柿树。为促使柿树早 结果,我们于1991年6月对3年生幼旺柿树进行了主 枝环剥处理,环剥宽度掌握在枝径的1/15。 1992年5月上旬(即初花期)调查结果表明:(1) 主枝环剥树花株率为100%,株均(5株)有花183个; 而未行主枝环剥的树皆无花;(2)主枝环剥树新梢平均 长9.6cm,未环剥树新消长31.4cm,说明环剥控制生长 效果显著;(3)主枝环剥口以上枝段表皮明显变粗糙, 但对生长结果无明显影响。因此认为柿幼旺树可利用 主枝环剥抑制生长促进花芽形成。柿幼旺树环剥促花@刘继先$山东…     

主枝创伤处理对翠冠梨控梢促花保叶效果的影响

以10年生翠冠梨为供试品种,进行倒贴皮、环剥、环割等处理,探讨翠冠梨主枝创伤处理控梢、促花、保叶等效应。结果表明,翠冠梨主枝创伤处理,能有效抑制枝梢生长,缓和营养生长,促进花芽分化,提高着果率,增产效应明显;叶部真菌性病害发生较轻,病毒性病害却呈加重发生趋势;对梨叶早衰脱落具有一定减轻发生程度与延缓发生过程作用。     

红富士苹果轮纹病发生趋重的原因及对策

1轮纹病发生趋重的原因 1．1连年过度环剥 由于受“红富士不剥不结果”错误认识的影响，某些果农片面看重环剥的促花保果作用，主要表现为：一是环剥口太宽，超过枝径的1／4，环剥口1a（年）内不能愈合良好。二是1a（年）内多次、多处环剥，主干、侧枝同时环剥，导致生长衰弱，严重削弱了树势。据调查，连续4a（年）在5月下旬、7月上旬对主干和侧枝进行环剥情况下，树冠外围新梢平均长度只有10cm左右，枝干轮纹病株率则高达92％。而连续4a（年）严格按照操作标准和要求环剥的树，外围新梢平均长27cm，枝干轮纹病株率只有15％。     

葡萄环剥可促花保果

通过给葡萄环剥，可阻止枝条或树干上部的营养向下输送，增加环剥口以上的同化养分和植物内源激素的积累，加强其上部的器官，特别是花序和果穗果粒的营养，达到减缓环剥枝蔓的生长、促进坐果、增大果粒、增加含糖量和提高成熟度的效果。     

秋季枝干环剥对龙眼冬梢抽发及产量的效应初探

近几年来 ,由于全球气候变暖 ,加上果农栽培管理不当 ,龙眼大面积抽发冬梢 ,冬梢生长质量差 ,未充分老熟 ,无法成为良好的结果母枝。为此 ,笔者对乌龙岭龙眼进行了主干和主枝秋季环剥试验 ,探索其对控制冬梢抽发、促进龙眼成花及产量的效应。1　材料与方法试验于 1998年在莆田市科技开发中心龙眼园进行。选择立地条件相同、植株生长势相对一致的9年生乌龙岭龙眼树。试验 10月 2 3日在龙眼秋梢老熟后进行。设处理 1:主干螺旋环剥 ,螺旋环剥螺距 4～ 5cm ,上、下环剥口之间互相交叉约半圈 ;处理 2 :主枝环状环剥 ;处理 3:不环剥为对照。 3次重…     

Girdling and the reduction in shoot xylem sap concentrations of cytokinins and gibberellins in peach

The effects of girdling at the beginning of pit hardening on peach shoot xylem sap cytoki- nin and gibberellin concentrations were studied. Girdling at the beginning of growth stage II of fruit development significantly reduced xylem sap concentration of zeatin-type cytokinins, gibberellin A, and/or gibberellin A3. Girdling also reduced shoot growth, both internodal length and node number, for about eight weeks after girdling until the girdle had healed over. The results support the hypothesis that reduced shoot growth is caused by reduced xylem transported, root supplied, promotive growth substances.     

Influence of shoot age on floral development and early fruit set in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass

Floral bud development, early fruit set, bud size, leaf nitrogen and shoot starch content were recorded in spring, summer and autumn shoots of ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Floral initiation occurred in late autumn, but only in buds on terminal shoots (the last-formed shoot module on a terminal or axillary growth axis). In branching systems with three growth flushes, more flowers were produced and more fruit set on autumn and summer, than on spring flush terminal shoots. Floral development and leaf nitrogen accumulation occurred later in autumn than in summer shoots, but leaf numbers, dry and fresh weights, starch content of wood, mean floral status at anthesis and anthesis date were similar. The results suggest that nitrogen and starch were present in excess during floral development, and that shoot age did not influence the ability of a shoot to flower and set fruit, provided the shoot had sufficient vigour to produce new shoot growth in spring.     

A role for carbohydrate levels in the control of flowering in citrus

Girdling in October of small or large fruitless branches increased 2–3-fold both starch content of leaves and flower numbers as compared with ungirdled ‘Murcott’ mandarin trees. Autumn girdling and GA₃ treatments were both effective and additive in increasing starch contents of leaves and twigs of ‘Shamouti’ orange trees. GA₃, however, had the expected effect of depressing the reproductive inflorescences in both girdled and ungirdled branches, while girdling had the opposite effect. Girdling and fruit removal in October also additively and dramatically increased flower production in ‘Murcott’. Lowtemperature regimes in a phytotron caused young ‘Minneola’ budlings to flower earlier in the season and more profusely, while having no effect on starch content of leaves and twigs. The interactions of increased carbohydrate content and gibberellin in the control of flower formation in citrus are discussed.     

Effect of different girdling dates on tree growth,fruit characteristics and reserve accumulation in a late-maturing persimmon

Trunks of 8-year-old vigorous ‘Fuyu’ persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) were girdled to a 1 cm width on April 20 and June 10 2004. Tree growth and fruit characteristics were monitored for two years, with special emphasis on the carry-over effect in 2005. Girdling reduced trunk and shoot growth especially of April-girdled trees over two consecutive years. However, the most significant effect of girdling was in the occurrence of water sprouts: a control tree had 29.5 in 2004 and 27.3 in 2005, whereas the April-girdled trees had only 0.3 and 5.3, respectively. Girdling increased fruit set by nearly 50% and enhanced fruit colour in 2004 only. Girdling date did not significantly affect fruit size and soluble solids for two years. Fruit flesh of girdled trees in 2004, especially in the April-girdled trees, had lower N and P concentrations. The levels of starch, soluble sugars, and inorganic elements in flower-bearing distal buds measured just before new growth in 2005 were not significantly altered by the girdling in 2004.     

Changes in carotenoids and ABA content in Citrus leaves in response to girdling

The effect of girdling on abscisic acid, carotenoids content, xanthophylls cycle and non-photoquemical quenching was studied in leaves from different shoot types of containerized two-year-old ‘Loretina’ mandarin during spring flush period. Girdling increased abscisic acid in young leaves and decreased it in mature leaves. These changes were accompanied by a significant increase in leaf carotenoids, carotenoids:chlorophylls ratio, xanthophylls and xanthophylls cycle pool size and its de-epoxidation state in vegetative and multiflowered young leafy shoots. However, changes in de-epoxidation state did not correlate with the energy-dependent non-photochemical quenching. The role of carotenoids and abscisic acid as photoprotecting agents during the oxidative stress caused by girdling is discussed. In conclusion, this study provides evidence linking carotenoids-based photoprotecting mechanisms in the response to the stress induced by girdling in Citrus trees.     

Girdling of early season ‘Mayfire’ nectarine trees

The effect of four times of limb girdling on fruit and tree response was examined on ‘Mayfire’ nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch). Girdling prior to Stage II of fruit growth reduced the lag phase associated with Stage II, and caused peak fruit growth rates to occur earlier in the season than on later girdled or ungirdled trees. Optimum response was obtained by girdling prior to Stage II, when fruit seed length was approximately 10 mm. Girdling at this time increased fruit weight by 22.5% and more than doubled the percentage of fruit in the largest three size categories. Maturity, measured as soluble solids concentration, was increased by 42%. Shoot extension growth was reduced only by early girdling. Leaf weight per unit area was increased, and leaf nutrient concentrations were decreased by all girdling treatments. Leaf conductance to water vapour (g,) was not affected when measured 8 days prior to and 78 days after harvest. Fifteen days after harvest, g, was decreased in all girdling treatments.     

大棚栽培台湾青枣促果试验研究

以大棚栽培的5个台湾青枣品种为材料,分别研究喷施赤霉素和环剥对促进坐果的影响.结果表明:喷施一定浓度的赤霉素能够促进台湾青枣提高坐果率,品种之间没有显著差异;浓度为15 mg/L的赤霉素能够显著提高坐果数,但赤霉素浓度过高,则会造成大量落花,反而对坐果不利;环剥能够极有效地促进坐果,各品种台湾青枣环剥后坐果率都增长在45%以上.     

Nitrogen storage and mobilisation for spring growth in Ligustrum cultivated in container

In soilless cultures, fertiliser leaching is particularly large in spring, when fertilisation is applied during rainy periods. Therefore, a better knowledge of the N uptake periods and of the amount of N mobilised from the storage organs could improve fertilisation management during spring growth. Nitrogen allocation was studied for two consecutive years in Ligustrum ovalifolium L. These shrubs were cultivated in containers, fertilised (with or without ¹⁵N) in spring and autumn of the first year, and received either fertilisation or only tap water on the subsequent spring growth. Nitrogen assimilated in spring was preferentially allocated to the leaves whereas a large part of N assimilated in autumn was directly stored in the perennial organs, mainly in roots. During the subsequent spring period, N was mobilised from all perennial organs, with a proximity gradient, to sustain bud break and shoot growth. Nitrogen assimilated in autumn was preferentially used to sustain shoot growth, with a rate of 68% of its winter N content against 55% for N assimilated the previous spring. When plants were subjected to spring fertilisation, growth was initially sustained by N mobilisation before N assimilation resumption, but N mobilisation was 15% lower than in unfertilised plants. Overall results are discussed in terms of the improvement of the N-fertilisation efficiency relative to spring growth of ornamental shrubs cultivated in container.     

Stärkeeinlagerung in die Blütenorgane beim Apfel vom Beginn der Blütenknospendifferenzierung bis zur Aufblüte

Starch as an important reserve carbohydrate plays in deciduous fruit species an important role in frost resistance of the wood during winter as well as of flowers during spring frosts. Also during development of flowers the deposition of starch, e.g. in the conducting tissue of the style and in pollen grains is evident. This starch accumulation in the reproductive flower parts seems to be important for fertilization and thus fruit set. The investigations presented should contribute to elucidate the dynamic of starch accumulation in the different organs of a flower bud in apple, from the beginning of bud differentiation until anthesis. The sampled buds were sectioned after embedding in plastic material. Starch accumulation was determined by image analysis. In the four apple cultivars ‘Boskoop’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Pinova’ starch deposition could be observed already shortly after beginning of flower bud differentiation in July/August in the calyx, corolla, anthers and ovary. Until autumn, starch content increased considerably, it showed during winter some fluctuations according to flower organ, and decreased again towards the flowering season, presumately by conversion to sucrose, as shown in the wood in relation to frost resistance. This decrease seems to be related to the energy demand which is needed for flower development, fertilization and early fruit development.