Reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis is amplified by aluminum exposure in a model of type 2 diabetes

In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic aluminum (Al) exposure for 10 weeks on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic rats. Six-week-old Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats were selected and randomly divided into Al- and non-Al-groups. Al was administered via drinking water for 10 weeks, after which the animals were sacrificed at 16 weeks of age. ZDF rats in both Al- and non-Al-groups showed increases in body weight and blood glucose levels compared to ZLC rats. Al exposure did not significantly affect body weight, blood glucose levels or pancreatic β-cells and morphology of the pancreas in either ZLC or ZDF rats. However, exposure to Al reduced cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in both ZLC and ZDF rats. Exposure to Al resulted in poor development of the dendritic processes of neuroblasts in both ZLC and ZDF rats. Furthermore, onset and continuation of diabetes reduced cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation, and Al exposure amplified reduction of these parameters. These results suggest that Al exposure via drinking water aggravates the impairment in hippocampal neurogenesis that is typically observed in type 2 diabetic animals.     

Treadmill exercise prevents diabetes-induced increases in lipid peroxidation and decreases in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase levels in the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty rats

In the present study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on lipid peroxidation and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) levels in the hippocampus of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and lean control rats (ZLC) during the onset of diabetes. At 7 weeks of age, ZLC and ZDF rats were either placed on a stationary treadmill or made to run for 1 h/day for 5 consecutive days at 16~22 m/min for 5 weeks. At 12 weeks of age, the ZDF rats had significantly higher blood glucose levels and body weight than the ZLC rats. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the hippocampus of the ZDF rats were significantly higher than those of the ZLC rats whereas SOD1 levels in the hippocampus of the ZDF rats were moderately decreased. Notably, treadmill exercise prevented the increase of blood glucose levels in ZDF rats. In addition, treadmill exercise significantly ameliorated changes in MDA and SOD1 levels in the hippocampus although SOD activity was not altered. These findings suggest that diabetes increases lipid peroxidation and decreases SOD1 levels, and treadmill exercise can mitigate diabetes-induced oxidative damage in the hippocampus.     

Differential effects of treadmill exercise on calretinin immunoreactivity in type 2 diabetic rats in early and chronic diabetic stages

In this study, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on calretinin (CR), a marker of early postmitotic neurons, immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus (DG) of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, before or after diabetes onset, and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats. For this study, 6-week-old ZLC and prediabetic ZDF rats, and 22-week-old ZLC and ZDF rats were exercised on the treadmill. Sedentary ZLC and ZDF rats of the same age were used as exercise experiment controls. The exercised prediabetic ZDF rats did not show diabetes onset, while the sedentary prediabetic ZDF rats showed significantly increased blood glucose levels. The exercised diabetic ZDF rats exhibited a decrease in their blood glucose levels compared to the sedentary diabetic ZDF rats, but the levels were still above 20 mmol/l. ZLC rats of both ages were in the normoglycemic range. CR immunoreactivity was detected throughout the DG, including the subgranular zone and the polymorphic layer. Diabetic rats exhibited a significant decrease in the number of CR-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the DG. Exercise in the prediabetic ZDF rats significantly increased the number of CR-immunoreactive cells and fibers in the subgranular zone of the DG. In the ZLC and ZDF rats of chronic diabetic phase, exercise increased CR-immunoreactive neurons in the hilar region. These results suggest that diabetes significantly reduces the number of postmitotic CR-immunoreactive neurons and the intensity of immunoreactivity and that exercise increases these CR-related parameters in a diabetic stage-dependent manner.     

N-acetylserotonin increases cell proliferation and differentiating neuroblasts with tertiary dendrites through upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the mouse dentate gyrus

In this study, we investigated the effects of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse dentate gyrus using anti-Ki67 and anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibodies. Ki67 is expressed in the nucleus or on the surface of chromosomes during all of the active phases of the cell cycle, and DCX is expressed in neuronal precursor cells as well as in immature neurons. At 17 weeks of age, 20 mg/kg of NAS or the same volume of vehicle was intraperitoneally administered once a day for 3 weeks. The animals were sacrificed 2 hr after the last vehicle or NAS treatment. NAS treatment significantly increased the number of Ki67-positive nuclei and DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts with well-developed dendrites (tertiary dendrites) compared to the vehicle-treated group. However, the number of DCX-immunoreactive neuroblasts without tertiary dendrites was not changed. The administration of NAS also significantly increased the protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the dentate gyrus. This result suggests that NAS significantly promotes cell proliferation and the number of differentiating neuroblasts with tertiary dendrites through an increase in BDNF levels in the mouse dentate gyrus.     

Enhanced Urinary Bladder, Liver and Colon Carcinogenesis in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats in a Multiorgan Carcinogenesis Bioassay: Evidence for Mechanisms Involving Activation of PI3K Signaling and Impairment of p53 on Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis

In the present study, modifying effects of diabetes on carcinogenesis induced in type 2 diabetes mellitus model Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were investigated using a multiorgan carcinogenesis bioassay. Our re sults demonstrated enhancement of urinary bladder, colon and liver carcinogenesis in ZDF rats treated with five types of carcinogens (DMBDD). Elevated insulin and leptin and decreased adiponectin levels in the serum may be responsible for the high susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus model rats to carcinogenesis in these organs. Possible mechanisms of increased susceptibility of diabetic rats to bladder carcinogenesis could be activation of the PI3K pathway and suppression of p53 in the urothelium in consequence of the above serum protein alterations.     

Changes in orexin-A and neuropeptide y expression in the hypothalamus of obese and lean Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of orexin-A (OXA) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the hypothalamus of the obese and lean Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats which have a missense mutation in the leptin receptor gene. The mean body weights (MBW) between the obese and lean ZDF rats were significantly different at 28 and 70 postnatal days. However, at 14 postnatal day, there was no significant difference in the MBW between the obese and lean ZDF rats in both male and female. The OXA immunoreactivities were not significantly different between the obese and lean ZDF rats in both sexes at 14, 28, and 70 postnatal days, respectively. The NPY immunoreactivity was higher in the obese than in the lean ZDF rats in both male and female at 28 and 70 postnatal days, whereas there was no significant difference between the obese and lean ZDF rats at 14 postnatal day. These results indicate that both OXA and NPY might halt their roles for food intake in the obese phenotype of the male and female ZDF rats in the preweaning period of 14 postnatal day, whereas NPY might play a main role in the obesity of these rats in the weaning period of 28 and 70 postnatal days.     

Comparison of effects of uncomplicated canine babesiosis and canine normovolaemic anaemia on abdominal splanchnic Doppler characteristics--a preliminary investigation

A preliminary study was conducted to compare uncomplicated canine babesiosis (CB) and experimentally induced normovolaemic anaemia (EA) using Doppler ultrasonography of abdominal splanchnic vessels. Fourteen dogs with uncomplicated CB were investigated together with 11 healthy Beagles during severe EA, moderate EA and the physiological state as a control group. Canine babesiosis was compared with severe EA, moderate EA and the physiological state using Doppler variables of the abdominal aorta, cranial mesenteric artery (CMA), coeliac, left renal and interlobar, and hilar splenic arteries, and the main portal vein. Patterns of haemodynamic changes during CB and EA were broadly similar and were characterised by elevations in velocities and reductions in resistance indices in all vessels except the renal arteries when compared with the physiological state. Aortic and CMA peak systolic velocities and CMA end diastolic and time-averaged mean velocities in CB were significantly lower (P < 0.023) than those in severe EA. Patterns of renal haemodynamic changes during CB and EA were similar. However, the renal patterns differed from those of aortic and gastrointestinal arteries, having elevations in vascular resistance indices, a reduction in end diastolic velocity and unchanged time-averaged mean velocity. The left renal artery resistive index in CB was significantly higher (P < 0.025) than those in EA and the physiological state. Renal interlobar artery resistive and pulsatility indices in CB were significantly higher (P < 0.016) than those of moderate EA and the physiological state. The similar haemodynamic patterns in CB and EA are attributable to anaemia, while significant differences may additionally be attributed to pathophysiological factors peculiar to CB.     

Cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the dentate gyrus of high-fat diet-fed mice are increased after rosiglitazone treatment

In this study, we determined how rosiglitazone (RSG) differentially affected hippocampal neurogenesis in mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD; 60% fat). LFD and HFD were given to the mice for 8 weeks. Four weeks after initiating the LFD and HFD feeding, vehicle or RSG was administered orally once a day to both groups of mice. We measured cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus using Ki67 and doublecortin (DCX), respectively, as markers. In addition, we monitored the effects of RSG on the levels of DCX and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampal homogenates. At 8 weeks after the LFD feeding, the numbers of Ki67- and DCX-positive cells as well as hippocampal levels of DCX and BDNF were significantly decreased in the RSG-treated group compared to the vehicle-treated animals. In contrast, the numbers of Ki67- and DCX-positive cells along with hippocampal levels of DCX and BDNF in the HFD fed mice were significantly increased in the RSG-treated mice compared to the vehicle-treated group. Our data demonstrate that RSG can modulate the levels of BDNF, which could play a pivotal role in cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.     

Pancreatic function following partial pancreatectomy and anastomosis of the pancreatic duct to the stomach or duodenum in dogs.

The effects of pancreatic duct anastomosis to stomach (stomach group) or duodenum (duodenal group) on pancreatic function were examined in dogs following two thirds pancreatectomy. Normal fasting blood glucose concentrations were maintained in both groups despite significant reductions in glucose tolerance in the stomach group, and reductions in fasting insulin and insulin peak response in both groups. Pancreatic exocrine function was significantly decreased in both groups, though plasma p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) concentrations were generally higher in the duodenal group. A correlation was found between plasma trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI) and pancreatic weight. These results indicate that anastomosis of the pancreas to bowel can be undertaken with minimal postoperative complications and that the site of the anastomosis influences pancreatic function. They suggest that preservation of more than one third of the pancreas is required for optimal function. The complementary information provided by the PABA and TLI tests suggests their dual application will be clinically useful for the detection and characterisation of naturally occurring pancreatic diseases.     

Vitrification of fully grown and growing porcine oocytes using germinal vesicle transfer

The survival rate of vitrified germinal vesicle (GV) stage porcine oocytes is very low, and it is not known if the vitrification damages the nucleus, cytoplasm or both. We have evaluated the eventual GV or cytoplasmic damage in fully grown (FG) and growing vitrified oocytes. Fifty-five percent of nonvitrified FG cumulus-denuded oocytes reached the metaphase II (MII) stage in culture. When growing oocytes from preantral (PA) and early antral (EA) follicles were matured in vitro, almost all oocytes were arrested at the GV stage (GV stage: PA 88.9 and EA 79.5%, respectively). When fresh GVs from FG, PA and EA oocytes were transferred into fresh enucleated FG oocytes and matured in vitro, some of them reached the MII stage (MII stage: FG/FG 57.5%, PA/FG 9.3% and EA/FG 35.3%, respectively). The maturation rate of vitrified FG oocytes was only 6.1% but increased dramatically when vitrified GVs from FG, PA and EA oocytes were transferred into fresh enucleated FG oocytes (MII stage: VitFG/FG 43.9%, VitPA/FG 7.1% and VitEA/FG 26.3%, respectively). These results were not significantly different from those for the nonvitrified groups (MII stage: FG/FG 57.5%, PA/FG 9.3% and EA/FG 35.3%, respectively). We activated the reconstructed oocytes that received fresh or vitrified GVs (FG/FG, EA/FG, VitFG/FG and VitEA/FG) and examined their embryonic development. Cleaved embryos (nonvitrified groups 13.0-61.8%, vitrified groups 33.3-40.0%) and blastocysts (nonvitrified groups 0.0-18.2%, vitrified groups 0.0-2.9%) were obtained after activation. These results demonstrate that vitrified porcine GVs maintain maturational and developmental competence and that vitrification predominantly damages the cytoplasm.     

罗格列酮对异育银鲫血清生化指标和糖代谢的影响

研究罗格列酮对异育银鲫血清生化指标和糖代谢指标的影响。选取480尾初始体重(5.30±0.38)g的异育银鲫,随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组在基础日粮基础上分别添加10、15 mg/kg和20 mg/kg罗格列酮,试验期为30 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组血清中的谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性显著升高(P<0.05);Ⅲ组血清中的谷草转氨酶(GOT)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性显著升高(P<0.05);各试验组血清中的总蛋白(TP)含量均显著增加(P<0.05),血糖浓度和胰岛素水平显著降低(P<0.05),肌糖原含量显著增加(P<0.05)。结果说明,日粮中添加10、15 mg/kg和2 0 mg/kg的罗格列酮均能够显著降低血糖的浓度,添加水平为10 mg/kg对异育银鲫肝胰脏无损伤。     

Effects of aluminum on the reduction of neural stem cells,proliferating cells,and differentiating neuroblasts in the dentate gyrus of D-galactose-treated mice via increasing oxidative stress

Aluminum (Al) accumulation increases with aging, and long-term exposure to Al is regarded as a risk factor for Alzheimer''s disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of Al and/or D-galactose on neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. AlCl₃ (40 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally administered to C57BL/6J mice for 4 weeks. In addition, vehicle (physiological saline) or D-galactose (100 mg/kg) was subcutaneously injected to these mice immediately after AlCl₃ treatment. Neural stem cells, proliferating cells, differentiating neuroblasts, and mature neurons were detected using the relevant marker for each cell type, including nestin, Ki67, doublecortin, and NeuN, respectively, via immunohistochemistry. Subchronic (4 weeks) exposure to Al in mice reduced neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts without causing any changes to mature neurons. This Al-induced reduction effect was exacerbated in D-galactose-treated mice compared to vehicle-treated adult mice. Moreover, exposure to Al enhanced lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus and expression of antioxidants such as Cu, Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase in D-galactose-treated mice. These results suggest that Al accelerates the reduction of neural stem cells, proliferating cells, and differentiating neuroblasts in D-galactose-treated mice via oxidative stress, without inducing loss in mature neurons.     

电针疗法对AKI犬的肾功能、钙磷代谢、抗氧化能力以及NRF2信号通路的影响

急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)目前已成为犬最主要的一种肾系疾病,尤其在老年犬中发病率逐年上升。近年来,针刺疗法在宠物临床已得到广泛的应用,并逐渐从治疗瘫痪等外科疾病向治疗宠物内科疾病的方向发展。本研究以腺嘌呤为造模药物建立急性肾损伤犬模型,采用电针疗法进行治疗。研究电针疗法对于犬的肾功能、钙磷代谢、抗氧化能力以及对于NRF2通路相关蛋白的影响,探究电针疗法对犬的急性肾损伤的治疗作用。选取24只3～4 kg健康比格犬,随机分为对照组、造模组、常规治疗组、电针干预组、电针治疗组和联合治疗组。第1～15天为造模期,第16～30天为治疗期。试验结束后检测尿比重、血清中尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CREA)、尿酸(UA)、钙(Ca²⁺)和磷(P³⁺)的变化;影像诊断X光检测肾变化情况;检测血清及肾组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA);病理组织学观察各组试验犬肾组织病变的严重程度;采用qRT-PCR和Western blot方法检测各组试验犬肾组织中与抗氧化相关基因和蛋白的表达情况;用免疫组织化学的方法检测肾组织中...     

Effects of Thermal Conditioning and Folic Acid on Methylation of the BDNF Promoter Region in Chicks

This study aimed to investigate the effects of thermal conditioning and folic acid on the methylation levels of the avian brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promoter region at the M3 and M9 positions in the early life of broiler chicks. In Experiment 1, male broiler chicks (day 3 of life) were orally injected with methyl cellulose solution with or without folic acid (25 mg). The chicks in the heat-treatment groups were immediately exposed to a high ambient temperature (40±0.5°C) for 12 h, while chicks in the non-heat treatment groups were left in the thermoneutral zone (30±0.5°C). The groups were as follows: 1) no thermal conditioning group without folic acid (control), 2) thermal conditioning group without folic acid, 3) no thermal conditioning group with folic acid, and 4) thermal conditioning group with folic acid. In Experiment 2, treatments were similar to those in Experiment 1, except for the usage of female chicks. After the treatments, the methylation levels of the BDNF promoter in chicks were determined using semiquantitative PCR. There were no significant differences between groups in the levels of methylation at the M3 position in both males and females as a result of thermal conditioning and folic acid treatment. Interestingly, significant effects of thermal conditioning and folic acid treatment on methylation at the M9 position were found. BDNF methylation levels at M9 significantly decreased following thermal conditioning, while folic acid suppressed demethylation in both male and female chicks. These data suggest that folic acid and thermal conditioning affects DNA methylation patterns in the central nervous system of chicks, regardless of sex.     

Diarrhea and malabsorption in calves associated with therapeutic doses of antibiotics: absorptive and clinical changes

Of 28 healthy, nondiarrheal, colostrum-fed neonatal calves, 22 developed diarrhea after they were given (orally) for 3 to 5 days maximally recommended doses of chloramphenicol, neomycin, ampicillin, or tetracycline. Ampicillin-, neomycin-, or tetracycline-treated calves had significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased and delayed glucose absorption during oral glucose tolerance tests. Chloramphenicol-treated calves had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher base-line plasma glucose concentrations during the non-test period and had no significant increase in blood glucose concentrations during the tolerance tests compared with those in control calves.     

不同脂肪和葡萄糖水平对大黄鱼生长性能、肝脏糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同脂肪和葡萄糖水平对大黄鱼生长性能、肝脏糖酵解和糖异生关键酶活性、血清生化指标、糖原含量及消化酶活性等的影响。采用2×3双因素试验设计,其中脂肪设5%、10%2个水平,葡萄糖设10%、20%、30%3个水平,共配制6种试验饲料。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养平均体重为(14.79±0.13)g的大黄鱼幼鱼50尾。试验期为8周。结果表明:饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)的影响不显著(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,WGR和SGR随饲料葡萄糖水平增加而降低,30%葡萄糖组的WGR和SGR显著低于10%葡萄糖组(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼全鱼水分和粗脂肪含量的影响显著(P0.05),而对全鱼粗蛋白质含量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼肝糖原、肌糖原含量有显著影响(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,肝糖原含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高,而肌糖原含量随着饲料葡萄糖水平的升高先升高后降低;在饲料脂肪水平为10%时,肝糖原含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高先降低后升高,肌糖原含量随着饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼血清总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、葡萄糖含量及丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性无显著影响(P0.05);然而,在饲料脂肪水平相同时,血清葡萄糖含量随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高而升高,30%葡萄糖组血清葡萄糖含量显著高于10%葡萄糖组(P0.05)。饲料脂肪和葡萄糖水平的交互作用对大黄鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)、磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)活性有显著影响(P0.05),而对丙酮酸激酶(PK)、1,6-二磷酸果糖酶(FBPase)、6-磷酸葡萄糖酶(G6 Pase)活性无显著影响(P0.05)。在饲料脂肪水平为10%时,随饲料葡萄糖水平的升高,肝脏GK、PFK活性升高,肝脏PEPCK活性先升高后降低。由结果可知,与饲料脂肪水平为10%时相比,在饲料脂肪水平为5%时,随饲料葡萄糖的水平的升高,大黄鱼能够通过调节糖代谢关键酶活性及肝糖原含量来维持血糖含量的平衡,有效利用饲料中的葡萄糖。综合本试验结果,建议大黄鱼幼鱼阶段饲料适宜的脂肪和糖水平分别为10%和20%。     

Comparative Effects of Porcine Oocytes Vitrified at the GV and MⅡ Stages

This study was designed to compare the efficiency of porcine oocytes vitrified at the GV and MⅡ stages. The vitrified GV oocytes were matured in vitro and then evaluated their cortical granule distribution with immunofluorescence, CD9 protein level with Western blotting and zona pellucida dissolution time with pronse digestion method, as compared to vitrified MⅡ oocytes.The results showed that the survival percentages of oocytes vitrified at the GV stage were significantly lower than those vitrified at the MⅡ stage after 2 h of warming (P<0.05);However, there was no difference in maturation rate between vitrified and fresh oocytes (P>0.05). The oocytes vitrified at MⅡ stage resulted in significantly decreased normal cortical granule distribution and CD9 protein level (P<0.05), but no such results were found in vitrified GV oocytes after maturation (P>0.05). In addition, vitrification did not affect the dissolution time of zona pellucida in GV and MⅡ oocytes (P>0.05). The data demonstrated that despite of lower survival rate compared with MⅡ oocytes, vitrified porcine GV oocytes after maturation showed normal polar body extrusion, cortical granule distribution and CD9 protein level.     

不同高精料耐受时间对泌乳期山羊肝脏糖脂代谢的影响

为了研究饲喂高精料日粮对泌乳期山羊肝脏糖脂代谢的影响,试验选用16只健康经产泌乳中期关中奶山羊,随机分为3组,低精料组(LC, n=5)、长期高精料组(HL, n=7)和短期高精料组(HS, n=4)。实验结束后采集血液和肝脏组织。结果显示,与LC组相比,HL和HS组奶山羊血糖和肝糖原水平显著升高(P<0.05),血液中甘油三酯(TG)水平显著降低(P<0.05),胆固醇(Tch)含量没有显著变化(P>0.05);HS组山羊肝脏TG和Tch水平显著增加(P<0.05),HL组无显著变化 (P>0.05)。HL组肝脏中丙酮酸羧化酶(PC)和葡萄糖转运蛋白2(GLUT2)mRNA表达水平显著上调;HS组肝脏PC、固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP1)、硬脂酰辅酶A去饱和酶(SCD)、二酰基甘油酰基转移酶(DGAT)和3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGCR) mRNA表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),SREBP-2有升高的趋势(P=0.76),肉碱棕榈酰转移酶-1(CPT-1)和胆固醇7α-羟化酶(CYP7α1)mRNA表达显著下降(P<0.05);线粒体型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PCK2)蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,短期饲喂高精料日粮能增强肝脏糖异生能力,促进肝脏胆固醇和脂肪合成;而长期饲喂高精料日粮能增强肝脏糖异生作用,但对胆固醇和脂肪代谢相关基因的表达没有影响。     

Propionate loading test for liver function in spontaneously ketotic dairy cows

Propionate utilisation by the liver in spontaneously ketotic dairy cows was investigated by determining blood glucose levels after an intravenous sodium propionate load (2.5 mmol kg-1). In addition, blood ketone body concentrations were measured after propionate loading. Cows were divided into three groups (control, mildly ketotic and severely ketotic) by their blood acetoacetate concentrations. Plasma glucose concentrations increased significantly after sodium propionate injection in all three groups (P less than 0.05). The maximum glucose concentration occurred earlier in the control group than in the ketotic groups. Changes in glucose concentrations following propionate loading of control and ketotic cows differed significantly at 20 minutes and beyond. Differences in the change in glucose concentration between mildly ketotic and severely ketotic cows were not significant. Acetoacetate concentration was significantly decreased at five minutes and beyond after the injection in ketotic cows, whereas beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration decreased more slowly. A decrease in beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration was significant at 40 minutes and beyond in the severely ketotic group and at 10 minutes and beyond in the mildly ketotic group after loading.     

Protective Effects of Oleuropein on Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Mice

To explore the protection role and mechanism of oleuropein and edaravone on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.Fifty mice were divided into five groups:Sham operation group,model group,oleuropein group,edaravone group,oleuropein+edaravone group.The model was established by ligating common carotid artery.After modeling,the mice were administrated with oleuropein,edaravone and oleuropein+edaravone for 21 d,respectively.The contents of TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-10 were detected by radioimmunoassay.The activities of ATPase,MPO,SOD and CAT and MDA content were measured by spectrophotometry.The changes of BDNF expression in cerebral cortex were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.The results showed that compared to sham operation group,the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β,MDA and MPO activity in model group were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),and the levels of IL-10,ATPase,SOD and CAT in model group were extremely significantly reduced (P<0.01),the BDNF expression in model group was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01).Compared to model group,the contents of TNF-α,IL-1β,MDA and MPO activity in oleuropein,edaravone,and oleuropein+edaravone groups were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01),the levels of IL-10,ATPase,SOD and CAT were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01),the BDNF expression was extremely significantly up-regulated in cerebral cortex of treatment group (P<0.01).Furthermore,the oleuropein+edaravone combined administration showed a better effect.The treatments of oleuropein and edaravone had a protective effect on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,the mechanisms of which might depend on improving neurological function,reducing free radical lesion and inhibiting inflammatory response.Moreover,the oleuropein+edaravone combination therapy might have an additive effect.