沈阳东陵天柱山木材腐朽菌种类的初步研究

经过对整个东陵天柱山区域内的天柱山区、植物园区、校园的教学区3个区域内所有树木的广泛调查,共采集到裂褶菌(Schizophyllum commune)、平伏刷革菌(Xylobolus annousum)、截头炭团菌(Hypoxylon annulatum)、香栓菌(Trametes suaveolens)、绒毛栓菌(Trametes pubesens)、科普锐齿菌(Oxydonderma applanatum)、裂口平伏菌(Poria versipora)等21种引起活立木腐朽病的病原菌;从分类学上来看,这21种病原菌属于真菌和细菌2大门类。真菌当中又可以分成担子菌和子囊菌2个亚门,其中担子菌涉及到伞菌目、非褶菌目、多孔菌目、木耳目8科15个属17种;子囊菌仅2目2科3属3种;细菌类仅1属1种。     

中国云南一种新的阔叶树干基腐朽病

干基腐朽病害是发生在活立木上,造成木质部腐朽的一类重要的森林病害.引起腐朽的病原绝大多数是担子菌中的多孔菌,它们能分泌多种水解酶类,把木材中的纤维素和木质素分解为简单的碳水化合物,作为生活的养料[1].我国至今已发现80余种干基腐朽病害[2],但多数都发生于温带和寒温带地区,而对热带地区还缺乏系统全面的研究.     

北京地区黄栌和桑树上的新病原腐朽菌

报道了北京地区两种新的由锈革孔菌科真菌引起的树木腐朽病害,其病原菌分别为石榴嗜蓝孢孔菌(Fomitiporia punicata Y.C.Dai,B.K.Cui & Decock)和桑木层孔菌(Phellinus mori Y.C.Dai & B.K.Cui).石榴嗜蓝孢孔菌可以引起黄栌干基腐朽,桑木层孔菌则主要造成桑树的心材腐朽.根据采集的标本对这两种新的病原菌进行了详细的形态描述、菌种分离和培养性状描述.     

祁连山自然保护区青海云杉立木腐朽病发生危害及防控对策

立木腐朽病祁连山区青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林常发的一类病害,危害严重时影响青海云杉林健康。2015-2018年,结合林业有害生物普查和监测预报调查,查到祁连山自然保护区引起青海云杉立木腐朽的病原有44种,其中,原生生物9种、真菌35种;在全区均有分布的有7种,分布范围较广的有26种,只在少数保护站发现的有11种。发生危害的主要为真菌界担子菌门伞菌纲多孔菌目的采绒革盖菌、粗糙拟迷孔菌、北迷孔菌、红肉拟层孔菌4种。分析了青海云杉林木腐朽病发生特征,提出了防治对策。     

中国储木及建筑木材腐朽菌(Ⅰ)

本文首次系统报道了生长在中国原木、建筑物(包括房屋、桥梁、涵洞、栅栏等木质结构材)、坑木、枕木、矿柱、电杆、薪材等上的腐朽菌107种.其中24种引起木材褐色腐朽,83种引起白色腐朽.褐色腐朽的种类主要发生在针叶树木材上,白色腐朽的种类在针叶树和阔叶树木材上都常见.在针叶树原木上常见的木材腐朽菌有黄薄孔菌、红缘拟层孔菌、深褐褶菌、硫磺绚孔菌、冷杉附毛孔菌.在阔叶树原木上常见的有紫褐多孢孔菌、黑管孔菌、一色齿毛菌、红贝俄氏孔菌、硬毛粗毛盖孔菌、皮生锐孔菌、淡黄木层孔菌、鲜红密孔菌、淡黄裂孔菌、毛栓孔菌、锗栓孔菌和云芝栓孔菌等.这些种类来自作者长期的采集、记载和鉴定,全部标本保存在中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所生物标本馆.     

中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌

简要论述了中国东北地区的立木腐朽菌,共报道危害活立木的木腐菌４９种,对每个种的寄主、腐朽类型及分布进行了报道,它们中多数造成白色腐朽,少数导致褐色腐朽,其中在我国首次报道为森林病原菌的种类有：白黄小薄孔菌Ａｎｔｒｏｄｉｅｌｌａ ａｌｂｏｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｅａ,奥氏蜜环菌Ａｒｍｉｌｌａｒｉａ ａｓｔｏｙａｅ,亚黑管孔菌Ｂｊｅｒｋａｎｄｅｒａ ｆｕｍｏｓａ,硬栓孔菌Ｆｕｎａｌｉａ ｔｒａｇｉｉ,小孔异担     

黑龙江省林区常见的树木干基腐朽病

介绍了黑龙江省林区常见的两种树木干基腐朽病发生的原因、特征、危害以及防治方法。     

园林树木腐朽病的发生与防治

概述了园林树木(立木)腐朽病的发生特点、发生规律及其诊断技术,介绍了常见的腐朽菌种类,并针对园林树木腐朽病提出相应的防治措施。     

北京地区李属树木上一种新的心材腐朽病原菌

本文报道了北京地区李属树木上一种新的心材腐朽病害,其病原菌为王氏薄孔菌(Antrodia wangii Y.C.Dai&H.S.Yuan),该菌主要引起李属树木心材褐色腐朽.根据野外调查对这种新病害的症状进行了报道,并根据实地采样对这种新的病原菌进行了详细描述.对该病原菌进行了分离培养,并对培养性状进行了描述.     

桦褐孔菌引起的腐朽木上真菌组成的研究

以桦褐孔菌寄生的白桦活立木为材料,研究了由桦褐孔菌引起的木材白腐病及其腐朽初期、中期和末期腐朽木上的真菌组成。结果表明,随着腐朽程度的增加,腐朽木上的真菌物种数量增多,桦褐孔菌分离到的次数也随之增加。腐朽初期、中期和腐朽末期优势真菌种类差别不明显。各个时期树皮上的真菌种类最多,变色区种类相对少。说明不同腐朽阶段腐朽木上的真菌群落存在差异,群落组成处于动态变化之中。     

Microbial population in rotten living body of Salix matsudana

lntroductionSofar,veryfewtheoreticaIstudiesonwood-rothavebeenreported.Duringthepastlongtime,theproceduresofwood-rottingweredividedintothreestagesfrotincipientstage,fromhyphaeintrusiontowoodremarkabIediscoloration,rotmiddlestage,fromwooddiscolorationtotheevidentchangeofwoodtopography;rotendstage,fromthesecondstagetowoodradicaIdecomposition.Accordingtothistheory,wooddiscoIorationwasoffenregardedaswood-rot.ActualIy,wooddiscoIorationisacommonphenomenon,whichcanbecausedbytheintrusionofwood-rottin…     

Microbial population in rotten living body ofSalix matsudana

The microbial population in rotten living body ofSalix matsudana caused byTrametes suaveolens (L.) was researched. 11 bacteria species (1 species ofBacillus, 2 species ofClostridium and 8 species of non-brood-cell bacteria), 1 species ofActinomyces that belongs to Lavendulac, 8 species of fungi and 6 species ofTrichoderma were isolated from rotten trunk. The hyphae ofTrametes suaveolens mainly existed between rotten sections and discoloration sections. In over-rotten section and healthy section the fungi (Trametes suaveolens) were not isolated. The microbes that lived in the discoloration section were the most in kinds and number and they were the pioneer microbes of wood rotting. Only after they dwelled in wood and eliminated its rot-resistance, could wood-rotting fungi invade wood and caused wood-rotting. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Pathogenic wood‐decaying fungi in China

Wood‐decaying fungi on living trees in China were surveyed over the last 12 years. In all, 102 potentially pathogenic Basidiomycetes were found in natural forests, forest plantations, parks and gardens, and among them 20 species were recorded for the first time on living trees in China. The host(s), occurrence, type of damage, type of decay and distribution of each species in China are given. Most of these wood‐destroying fungi are polypores in the Aphyllophorales, and the majority were found in temperate and boreal forests. Of all the species detected, 88 species are known to cause white rot, and 14 cause brown rot; 25 species are considered as common, 44 occasional, and 33 rare.     

Occurrence of brown root rot in Ocean Expo Park,Okinawa, Japan: Infection route and preventive control measures

Ocean Expo Park, established in 1976 on subtropical Okinawa Island, Japan, has approximately 8000 planted or naturally grown trees in an area of 77.2 ha. Windfall of these trees occurs mainly due to typhoons; wood chips made from the trunks and roots of windfall trees are commonly used as mulching material throughout the park areas, despite possible infection by pathogenic fungi such as Phellinus noxius, the pathogen causing brown root rot. P. noxius is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide and has a broad host range. The fungus can infect host plants with mycelia via root-to-root contact or with basidiospores. Here, we report the current status of tree damage caused by brown root rot in the park and infer the infection routes of P. noxius based on microsatellite markers. Among a total of 294 trees surveyed in the park, P. noxius was isolated from 13 trees of five species. P. noxius was observed more frequently on Ficus microcarpa than on other tree species. Ficus superba var. japonica was identified as a new host species, and Bombax ceiba was first recorded as a host plant of P. noxius in Japan. Among the 13 P. noxius isolates from the diseased trees, 2 isolates from adjacent diseased trees were considered to be of the same genet, while the other 11 isolates were different genets, indicating that infection by basidiospores occurred frequently among trees in the entire park, although spread via root systems also occurred between at least two adjacent trees. An identical genet was not detected at distant locations, which suggests that the disease does not spread via chips. However, mulching with chips can lead to wood decay due to decaying fungi other than P. noxius. Therefore, in accordance with the precautionary principle, the park currently prohibits the chipping and mulching of windfall or damaged trees and is considering disposal methods such as burning.     

香港古树名木资源特征与分布格局

在收集资料的基础上,采用实地调查方法,对香港古树名木资源的种类组成、区系分布和分布格局进行分析。结果表明,香港在册古树名木有485株,隶属36科60属78种,以豆科、大戟科和桃金娘科为优势科,以榕树Ficus microcarpa、印度榕F. elastica和樟Cinnamomum camphora等为主,其分布具有较强的热带属性。从空间分布状况看,香港古树名木分布广泛,但不同区域间的种数和株数的差异显著。DCA(Detruded Correspondence Analysis)分析结果表明,大部分古树名木分布在香港中西区,与其他区有着明显差异。基于调查结果,对香港古树名木资源的保护提出加强立法和宣传教育、进行健康评估和复壮技术研究、设立专项养护经费等建议。     

云南橡胶树小蠹虫研究

云南植胶区橡胶树小蠹虫为4个科17个种的小蠹虫群体,是主要蛀食橡胶树死亡组织的次期性害虫,长期生存在橡胶林中。1990年后,橡胶树小蠹虫为害逐渐明显,表现大量发生,虫害树快速死亡,造成严重的经济损失。经2000～2007年的研究表明:橡胶树小蠹虫种群结构已发生重要变化,活蛀性的角面长小蠹(Platypussecrelus Sampson)、小杯长小蠹(P.calicutus Chapuis)已发展成为优势种,致使橡胶树小蠹虫种群从次要害虫逐渐变为主要害虫,成为橡胶树衰退重要的促进因素(Contributing factors);橡胶树衰退,特别是过度的乙烯利刺激割胶导致的橡胶树衰退,是促变小蠹虫群体结构并逐渐发展成为主要害虫的主要诱因。因此,提高管理水平,调控生产技术,使胶林生态系统达到新的平衡,才是有效地控制橡胶树衰退趋势和控制小蠹虫为害于经济阈值之下的正确途径。     

深圳市龙岗区古树现状调查研究

在查阅历史资料的基础上,采用实地调查与走访当地群众相结合的方法,对深圳市龙岗区布吉、坂田、大鹏、横岗、葵涌、坑梓、龙城、龙岗、南澳、南湾、坪地、平湖、坪山13个街道的古树进行逐株调查。结果表明：龙岗区古树分布范围广,13个街道均有分布;种类数和株数有较大差异,古树主要分布在村前屋后的风水林中,部分以群落的形式存在。龙岗区有古树858株,隶属于25科45属52种,其中含5种及以上的科为桑科（Moraceae）和樟科（Lauraceae）,也是株数较多的2个科,各为351株和123株;榕树（Ficus microcarpa）、龙眼（Dimocarpus longan）和樟树（Cinnanomum camphora）植株较多,分别为331、99和95株;绝大多数古树为乡土树种,种数达到48种,其中三级古树818株、二级古树33株、一级古树7株。44．41％的古树生长旺盛,生长表现一般的古树占总株数的48．25％,生长较差的占总株数的7．34％。根据调查结果,对龙岗区古树的管理和保护提出了一些建议。     

郑州市中心城区古树资源特征分析及保护对策

基于2018年郑州市古树普查数据及实地调研数据,利用Excel、ArcGIS、SPSS等软件对郑州市中心城区古树资源现状及保护现状进行分析。调查结果显示,郑州市中心城区古树共222株,属于17科26属27种,其中一级古树数量最多,三级古树数量最少,树龄结构稳定,生长态势良好;古树资源呈聚集状态,并多分布于生态环境良好的地区;古树生长主要受环境、土壤、市政建设、养护、病虫害、人为损害等影响;古树保护中存在保护措施粗放、保护力度不够、专业队伍缺失、财政保护资金不足、古树保护宣传力度弱等问题。以期为城市中的古树名木的调查统计和保护提供了数据依据及具有科学性和实施性的策略。     

兰州市行道树树种现状调查

通过对兰州市区道路树种的栽植概况调查,结果表明：目前兰州市区共有行道树树种18种,其分属10科12属,乡土树种占61%,其中刺槐、臭椿、旱柳、白蜡等树种后期病虫害严重,作为行道树将在兰州市区逐渐淘汰。并通过对行道树种的选择,筛选出适宜市区可推广应用的行道树种类有21种,分属13科17属,乡土树种占62%。