甘肃省啤酒大麦新品种（系）区试结果的GGE 双标图分析

为筛选出适宜于甘肃省种植的高产、优质、抗逆性强、综合农艺性状优良的啤酒大麦新品种(系),采用GGE双标图对2012-2013年甘肃省区域试验7个试点的8个啤酒大麦新品种(系)及1个对照品种(甘啤4号)试验数据进行分析.结果表明,9922-28、农大7号、农大NFC属于丰产性、稳产性较好的品种(系).在7个试点中,代表性和鉴别力较好的是玉门农技中心、永昌县农技中心.品种0008-3和试点山丹良种场在本次试验中表现较差.     

基于GGE双标图的北方大麦区试品种稳产性及试点代表性评价

为准确评价大麦品系的稳产性和适应性及北方大麦区试试点的鉴别力和环境代表性,利用GGE双标图对2012-2013年国家大麦北方区域试验6个试点（黑龙江哈尔滨、内蒙古呼和浩特、黑龙江红兴隆、内蒙古上库力、甘肃武威黄羊镇和新疆石河子）的12个大麦品种（垦啤7号、甘啤7号、10PJ-24、红08-764、08B26、P10-6、中饲麦1号、09GW-01、9821、红00-801、P11-1和甘啤6号）的试验数据进行分析。结果表明,中国北方地区大麦6个试点可分为三个类型区,在三个类型区表现最好的品种分别是垦啤7号、10PJ-24和9821。石河子是最理想的试点,有较好的品种鉴别能力;哈尔滨和上库力在品种鉴别能力和环境代表性上很相似,而且鉴别力较差。12个大麦品种中,中饲麦1号和08B26的丰产、稳产性较好,而P11-1表现较差。     

基于R语言的GGE双标图在花生高产稳产和适应性分析中的应用——以我国北方片小粒花生新品种安花3号为例

为更科学准确地评价花生品种的丰产稳产性和广适性,提高品种选育和推广效率,本研究采用基于R语言的GGE双标图,分析了2018-2019年国家(北方片)花生新品种多点试验小粒组中安花3号等参试品种的丰产、稳产性和适应性。结果表明：安花3号在两年品种试验中的丰产性突出,稳产性优良;在两年试验的综合性排名双标图中,距理想品种中心点最近,高产稳产性综合表现均排名第一;在参试品种中适应性最广,适宜种植区涵盖我国北方河南、山东、河北、辽宁及山西等省份;与对照品种花育20号比较,安花3号在我国北方小粒组大部分区域有明显种植优势。综上,安花3号是具有丰产性、稳产性和广适性的优良品种。本研究为安花3号的育种利用和生产推广提供了理论依据与参考。     

用GGE双标图分析贺油花生品种产量稳定性及试点代表性

采用GGE-biplot双标图分析方法,分析了贺油系列花生品种在江西赣州,福建泉州,广东湛江、罗定,广西贺州、桂平、武宣的产量数据。结果表明:贺油11号、贺油12号具有较强的稳产性、高产性和适应性,其中贺油11号的平均产量、最高产量分别为3 510.7、4 447.5kg·hm~(-2),贺油12号的平均产量、最高产量分别为3 440.2、4 575.0kg·hm~(-2),除了贺油12号在贺州试点表现不佳外,这两个品种在其他试点中均表现良好;其余品种都有各自特殊的适应区域,贺油9号适合贺州试点所代表的区域种植,贺油10号适合广东罗定试点所代表的区域种植,贺油13号适合江西赣州和广东湛江试点所代表的区域种植;在各品种适应的种植区域中,它们的产量均高于3 410.0kg·hm~(-2)。GGE双标图分析方法对指导花生在不同生态环境条件下的选育和产量鉴定有一定的指导意义,为贺油系列花生品种选择有针对性推广区域提供了理论依据。     

非参数统计法在玉米区试品种综合评判中的应用

应用秩次变量nij和n′ij；驴非参数统计量Pi、P′i、Si和Dj，对2000年毕节地区杂交玉米坡地组区试资料的基本特征进行描述，并对参试品种进行综合评判。结果表明，玉米区试品种问丰产性和稳定性存在显著差异，S219是丰产性最佳品种；稳定性较好的品种有赫单4号、毕玉3506、毕2001，以赫单4号最佳；丰产性和稳定性均优良的品种有毕玉3506、毕2001，全部试点均对品种差异具有较高鉴别力，其中鉴别力最高的是毕节市汾河试点，发现了80．6％的差数为显著。     

黄淮海11个夏大豆品种(系)产量稳定性和适应性分析

为比较不同大豆品种(系)产量的稳定性和适应性,筛选优良大豆品种(系),对2020—2021年国家黄淮海夏大豆南组区域试验数据进行多因素方差分析和GGE双标图分析。结果表明：除年份效应外,各因素及互作效应对大豆产量影响都达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其中地点(55.31%)的贡献率最大,品种(5.97%)和年份(0.02%)贡献率较小。12个试点中平均产量最高的是山东济宁,比产量最低的安徽阜阳高33.63%,差异显著(P<0.05);11个参试品种中平均产量最高的是邯豆13,比对照中黄13(CK_A)和中黄13(CK_B)分别增产10.93%和9.91%,差异显著。GGE双标图分析结果显示,江苏灌云和徐州,山东临沂和济宁相似度较高,试点有重复设置的可能。河南周口对参试品种的鉴别力和代表性最强,是理想试点。12个试点被分为两组,徐9416-8在第一组试点产量最高,柳豆108在第二组试点产量最高。丰产性和稳产性分析结果表明,邯豆13、圣育6号和南农60的丰产性和稳产性较好。本研究筛选得到稳定性和适应性较强的大豆品种(系),并为优异种质资源...     

运用AMMI模型分析河北省油用亚麻区试品种的稳定性和适应性

运用AMMI模型对2017年河北省油用亚麻品种区域试验中8个品种在5个试验点上的稳定性及适应性进行分析。结果表明:0595-189-71属高产稳产型品种;901产量最高、稳定性也较好,其次是中油亚2号;两个对照品种也很稳定;试点对品种的分辨力不同,康保试点的分辨力最强,对于品种具有较好的鉴别力,是鉴定亚麻品种稳定性的理想试点。     

我国冬油菜区域试验品种的高产稳产和适应性分析

高产稳产和广适性是油菜育种的重要目标,利用GGE双标图方法对品种稳产性和适应性进行科学评价,有助于提升油菜新品种的选择效率和推广应用效果。本研究采用GGE双标图方法分析了2016-2017年长江下游国家冬油菜品种区域试验中参试品种高产稳产性和适应性。结果表明：1) 油菜产量的基因型、环境、基因型与环境互作效应均达极显著水平（P<0.01）,两组试验平均环境主效占处理平方和的66.0%,而基因型主效占8.1%,基因型与环境互作效应占26.1%。2)德徽油88和中油600丰产性好,稳产性较好;创油17号在区域试验中丰产性好而稳产性差;对照品种秦优10号丰产性较好,稳产性有待提高。3)理想指数分析揭示了中油600的高产稳产性综合表现优秀,德徽油88次之,而对照品种秦优10号的综合表现一般。4)德徽油88适宜种植区域最广,是所有参试品种中适应性最广的品种;创油17号的适应区域也较广,但同时在其余区域的表现有待提高;秦优29和中油600的适应性较好;而秦优10号、秦优29、宁杂118、宁杂158、荣华油50和苏6006等品种仅在个别区域适宜种植,适应性有待提高。     

基于AMMI和GGE双标图的贵州不同生态区春玉米丰产性稳产性和试点辨别力评价

基于AMMI模型和GGE双标图对2018～2019年贵州春玉米11个品种、5个试点的产量数据进行丰产性和稳产性分析,评价试点的辨别力和代表性。结果表明,2018年中金玉838、新中玉801、先玉1171丰产性较好,靖单14、先玉1171和金玉838的稳产性较好;威宁、毕节试点的代表性较好,安顺、铜仁试点辨别力较强。2019年中金玉838、新中玉801、先玉1171丰产性较好,先玉1171和金玉838和兴玉3号的稳产性较好;安顺、兴仁试点的代表性较好,毕节、威宁辨别力较强。综合分析,金玉838的丰产性、稳产性均较强,综合表现最佳,威宁和毕节具有较高的试点辨别力和代表性。     

利用R语言GGE双标图评价玉米区域试验——以2018年江苏淮北玉米区域试验为例

为分析区域试验参试组合的丰产性、稳产性和适应性及各试验点的鉴别力和代表性，采用R语言GGEBiplotGUI程序包对2018年江苏省淮北区域试验18个品种（对照郑单958）和10个试验点进行分析。结果表明，10个试验点可分为3个"小生态区"，其中，丰县、铜山、邳州、沭阳为一个"小生态区"，淮安、睢宁、宿迁为一个"小生态区"，滨海、岗埠（位于连云港）、淮安金色天华为一个"小生态区"。瑞友288、HT736、X1601、Ly1666丰产性较好，瑞友288不但丰产性好，稳产性也好，其他3个组合稳产性稍差。综合各试验点的鉴别力和代表性，淮安、睢宁、沭阳3个试验点鉴别力强、代表性好；岗埠试验点、淮安金色天华试验点具有较强的鉴别力但代表性较差；宿迁试验点具有较强的代表性但鉴别力较差。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.