葡萄根癌病防治技术研究

1985年以来,通过室内11种药剂和放射土壤杆菌(Agrobacterium radiobacter)HLB-2菌株对葡萄根癌土壤杆菌敏感性测定、温室和田间不同方法防治葡萄根癌病试验、示范,结果表明:402、福美砷药剂和HLB-2菌株抑菌力强,田间对病株治疗及对带菌苗的消毒效果显著,示范防治取得明显的经济效益。     

我国农药登记生测试验标准及评价体系初步确立

农药应用效果评价是农药登记评价的重要环节,其评价依据主要来自室内生物活性测定和田间药效试验结果,而试验方法的统一、科学和规范是正确评价药剂效果的基础。为此,农业部农药检定所长期致力于农药药效试验方法及药剂评价方法的标准建设工作。自2000年以来,在认真总结多年农药药效试验工作的基础上,经过组织论证,相继制定了农药田间药效试验准则、卫生杀虫剂室内效果评价、农药室内生物活性测定等多项国家及行业标准(具体目录见附表),为我国农药登记药效评价提供了科学依据。     

葡萄霜霉病有效药剂筛选及药效评价

采用叶盘漂浮法测定了保护性杀菌剂二硫代氨基甲酸盐类、咪唑类、吡啶类,内吸性杀菌剂酰胺类、烟酰胺类、甲氧基丙烯酸酯类、三唑类、氨基甲酸酯类、恶唑类及多种复配剂等对葡萄霜霉病菌的毒力,并进行了田间药效试验。室内药剂测定结果表明,当前生产上的主要药剂和新投入到市场中的部分药剂对葡萄霜霉病菌表现较高毒力;6种复配药剂对葡萄霜霉病菌菌株的毒力高于单剂。田间试验结果表明试验药剂均可有效地控制葡萄霜霉病的发生和危害。     

30％唑虫酰胺·虫螨腈悬浮剂对节瓜蓟马的杀虫活性研究

本试验探索了唑虫酰胺和虫螨腈对蓟马的增效作用和防治节瓜蓟马的田间使用效果.以节瓜蓟马为研究对象,采用室内测定2种药剂对节瓜蓟马的杀灭作用,并根据孙云沛法计算混剂的共毒系数(CTC值),判断2种药剂混合的增效作用.根据农药田间药效试验准则NY/T1464.6-2007第6部分:杀虫剂防治蔬菜蓟马的方法设计田间小区试验,观...     

昆虫不育性药剂及其生理机制

自从1954年有人用辐射处理羊皮螺旋蝇,使其不育,并通过连续释放这种不育性雄蝇进行防治,获得成功以后,利用绝育防治害虫的方向就开始受到广泛的注意。从理论上来说,利用不育性化学药剂比用辐射处理,应该更为方便。因为不育性药剂同一般杀虫药剂一样,可以直接在田间应用。1955年开始,就有人探求有效的昆虫不育性药剂,到1961年,已经公开报导测定的种类,约三百余种,其中有3种效力最好。1962年又报导了5种,并用以防治家蝇获得成功。国内对不育性药剂也已测定了近一百余种,选出了3种效果好的药剂。近二年来,经实验室试验,用不育性药剂对十几种卫生害虫及农业害虫有效。     

48%丁草胺·异恶草松可湿性粉剂防治冬油菜田一年生杂草田间药效试验

试验选用3种不同药剂,通过田间试验,分别测定3种药剂对冬油菜田间杂草防治效果,结果表明：48%丁草胺·异恶草松可湿性粉剂防治冬油菜田杂草总有效率最高达91.01%,且能够显著提高油菜产量。     

杀虫剂对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊毒力与药效相关性研究

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga 以幼虫蛀食韭菜根茎造成危害,为使毒力测定方法与田间幼虫受药方式具有较高程度的一致性,建立了胃毒触杀联合毒力测定法,利用该方法测定了分属三个类别的4种杀虫剂即毒死蜱、辛硫磷、丙硫克百威、吡虫啉对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊3龄幼虫的毒力,以辛硫磷为标准药剂,毒死蜱、吡虫啉和丙硫克百威的相对毒力倍数分别为10.36、2.61和2.30。田间达到50%防效所需药剂浓度以辛硫磷为最高,毒死蜱、吡虫啉和丙硫克百威对辛硫磷的防效比值分别为9.58、1.88和2.05。胃毒触杀联合毒力法测得的药剂毒力高低排序及相对毒力倍数与田间小区试验结果基本一致,与常规的单一触杀法比较,该法测定结果的重现性好,并且与田间药效试验结果相关性高。同时讨论了不同操作方法对室内毒力测定结果的影响。     

10种杀虫剂对4种蓟马的毒力及对西花蓟马的田间药效评价

蓟马对农作物的危害逐年加重, 为筛选防治蓟马的高效低毒药剂, 采用叶管药膜法测定了10种常用药剂对4种蓟马的室内毒力, 并开展了田间防效试验。室内毒力测定结果表明, 6%乙基多杀菌素SC和10%虫螨腈SC对4种蓟马的毒力相对较高, 25%噻虫嗪WG和5%甲维盐EC的毒力较低, 西花蓟马和瓜蓟马对10种药剂的敏感性低于花蓟马和烟蓟马。田间药效结果表明, 25%噻虫嗪WG、10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC和4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC对西花蓟马的防效较高, 药后7 d药效最高达到90%以上。综合室内毒力和田间药效试验结果, 推荐4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC和10%溴虫氟苯双酰胺SC为防治蓟马的首选药剂, 可与25%噻虫嗪WG、48%多杀霉素SC、1.8%阿维菌素EC和10%吡丙醚SC等药剂轮换使用。     

5种杀虫剂对白眉野草螟的毒力测定和田间防效

白眉野草螟(Agriphila aeneociliella)是近年来在山东莱州等地小麦上新发现的一种害虫,由于对其生物学习性和防控技术缺少了解,致使当地小麦生产损失严重,对小麦主产区粮食安全生产构成潜在威胁。本试验通过室内毒力测定和田间药效试验,测定了当前5种常用杀虫剂对其幼虫的防治效果。室内毒力测定结果表明：毒死蜱、氯虫苯甲酰胺和辛硫磷的杀虫活性较高,LC50分别为0.39、1.75和10.75 mg/L;田间药效试验结果表明：480 g/L毒死蜱乳油和40%辛硫磷乳油在施药7 d后的防效均在90%以上,分别为91%和90%,显著高于另外3种药剂,可作为防治白眉野草螟的首选药剂,施药方法建议在小麦返青前期灌根或播种前撒施毒土。     

几种杀菌剂对莴苣霜霉病的田间防治效果评价

霜霉病是莴苣生产上的主要病害。为推荐安全高效的莴苣霜霉病防治药剂,开展了500 g/L氟啶胺悬浮剂、75%百菌清可湿性粉剂、722 g/L普力克(霜霉威盐酸盐)水剂等3种杀菌剂防治莴苣霜霉病的田间药效试验。结果表明,3种供试药剂在试验剂量范围内均表现出较好的防治效果,对供试作物安全,可作为田间防治莴苣霜霉病的推荐药剂。     

Mechanism of action of sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs) on insect sodium channels

Sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs) are a relatively new class of insecticides, with a mechanism of action different from those of other classes of insecticides that target voltage-gated sodium channels. These compounds have no effect at hyperpolarized membrane potentials, but cause a voltage-dependent, nearly irreversible block as the membrane potential is depolarized. The mechanism of action of SCBIs is similar to that of local anesthetics (LAs), class I anticonvulsants and class I antiarrhythmics. In this article, we review the physiological actions of these compounds on the whole animal, the nervous system and sodium channels, and also present the results from recent studies that elucidate the receptor site of SCBIs.     

植物提取物、碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠室内对杨树溃疡病菌生长的抑制作用

 采用菌丝生长速率法用金银花的花、黄花蒿的地上部分、蓝桉果实和黄柏果实的乙醇提取物及其不同极性的组分对杨树溃疡病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用进行了测定。以黄柏果实的抗菌活性最强,其次是金银花的花。抗菌活性成分主要存在于金银花的正丁醇组分、黄花蒿的石油醚组分和乙酸乙酯组分、蓝桉的水部分、黄柏的正丁醇组分。当培养基中碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠的浓度分别为8g/L时(对应的pH值分别为10.24和7.71),菌丝生长抑制率分别为100.00%和79.68%。如果用1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液调节培养基的pH值至10.00,菌丝生长抑制率为40.58%。说明碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠对菌丝生长的抑制作用,一方面是由于改变了培养基的pH值,另一方面可能是由于碳酸根和碳酸氢根离子抑制了菌丝的生长。     

农药中间体3，5，6-三氯吡啶-2-醇钠的合成

本文介绍了3,5,6-三氯吡啶-2-醇钠的合成方法,以三氯乙酰氯为起始原料,经过加成、环化、芳构化制备,产品含量可达93．8％,总收率为71．2％（以三氯乙酰氯计）。     

Incompatibility of metam sodium with halogenated fumigants

Metam sodium (metam) is a widely used soil fumigant. Combined application of metam and other available fumigants is intended to produce synergic pesticidal effects for a broad spectrum of pest control in soil fumigation. This study aimed to test the compatibility of metam with the halogenated fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), chloropicrin, methyl bromide, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide. Halogenated fumigants and metam were spiked simultaneously into organic solvents, water and moist soils, and metam-induced degradation of these halogenated chemicals was evaluated. In all three media, the halogenated fumigants were incompatible with metam and degraded via rapid chemical reactions. The degradation rate varied with halogenated fumigant species and increased as the amount of metam present was increased. In moist soil, 15-95% of the halogenated fumigants were decomposed within 72 h by metam at a 1:1 molar ratio. Combined application of Telone C-35 (62.5% 1,3-D + 35% chloropicrin) at 265 mg kg(-1) and Vapam (42% metam) at 567 mg kg(-1) in soil resulted in complete disappearance of the applied chloropicrin and 20-38% of the 1,3-D within 8 h. The results suggest that simultaneous application of halogenated fumigants and metam at the same soil depth will not maximize pest control. In practice, sequential treatment of soil or application at different soil depths is recommended when these two types of fumigants are used in combination.     

单嘧磺酯钠盐的合成及除草活性

单嘧磺酯是新型超高效磺酰脲类除草剂,为了寻找生物活性与之相当、环境友好的同类药剂,室温条件下用单嘧磺酯与氢氧化钠在水中反应合成了单嘧磺酯钠盐,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、红外、质谱及元素分析确认。室内生物测定结果显示,单嘧磺酯钠盐与其母体单嘧磺酯对马唐Digitaria ciliaris、稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、苋菜Amaranthus retroflexus和藜Chenopodium aldum的除草活性基本相当。     

Treatment of citrus fruit with sodium o-phenylphenate foam

The treatment conditions for reducing the incidence of rot in stored citrus fruit with sodium o-phenylphenate (SOPP) foam and the possibility of improving the efficiency of the treatment were examined. Marked differences were noted among different packing houses with regard to ambient temperature temperature of the fruit surface, duration of treatment, SOPP content and pH of the solution, quantities of foam and of SOPP dispersed on the fruit, and between the o-phenylphenol (OPP) residues in fruit treated simultaneously. It should be possible to prolong the duration of treatment without increasing the OPP residues in the fruit above the tolerance limits of 10 ppm OPP in the whole fruit and without causing injury to the fruit.     

State-dependent modification of voltage-gated sodium channels by pyrethroids

Pyrethroids disrupt nerve function by altering the rapid kinetic transitions between conducting and nonconducting states of voltage-gated sodium channels that underlie the generation of nerve action potentials. Recent studies of pyrethroid action on cloned insect and mammalian sodium channel isoforms expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes show that in some cases pyrethroid modification is either absolutely dependent on or significantly enhanced by repeated channel activation. These use-dependent effects have been interpreted as evidence of preferential binding of at least some pyrethroids to the open, rather than resting, state of the sodium channel. This paper reviews the evidence for state-dependent modification of insect and mammalian sodium channels expressed in oocytes by pyrethroids and considers the implications of state-dependent effects for understanding the molecular mechanism of pyrethroid action and the development and testing of models of the pyrethroid receptor.     

硅酸钠对葡萄炭疽病的防治效果

为探讨硅酸钠在室内和田间对葡萄炭疽病的防治效果,以巨峰葡萄为材料,对葡萄炭疽菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长速率及室内和田间防治炭疽病效果等进行测定。结果表明:不同浓度硅酸钠对葡萄炭疽菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长均有抑制作用,且随浓度升高抑制作用增强;室内接种炭疽病菌5 d后,15、20和25 mmol/L硅酸钠对葡萄炭疽病的防治效果分别为30.58%、44.37%和52.71%,且抑制效果差异极显著;田间最后1次喷药10 d后,15、20和25 mmol/L硅酸钠对葡萄炭疽病的防治效果分别为66.94%、67.16%和73.46%,喷施10%苯醚甲环唑6次的防治效果为76.84%,喷施3次的防治效果为64.29%;25 mmol/L硅酸钠与喷施6次苯醚甲环唑的防治效果差异不显著,但与喷施3次苯醚甲环唑的差异极显著。研究表明,在生长季可利用硅酸钠与常规药剂交替使用来防治葡萄炭疽病。     

Pyrethroids, knockdown resistance and sodium channels

Knockdown resistance to DDT and the pyrethrins was first described in 1951 in the housefly (Musca domestica L.). This trait, which confers reduced neuronal sensitivity to these insecticides, was subsequently shown to confer cross-resistance to all synthetic pyrethroid insecticides that have been examined to date. As a consequence, the worldwide commercial development of pyrethroids as a major insecticide class over the past three decades has required constant awareness that pyrethroid overuse has the potential to reselect this powerful resistance mechanism in populations that previously were resistant to DDT. Demonstration of tight genetic linkage between knockdown resistance and the housefly gene encoding voltage-sensitive sodium channels spurred efforts to identify gene mutations associated with knockdown resistance and understand how these mutations confer a reduction in the sensitivity of the pyrethroid target site. This paper summarizes progress in understanding pyrethroid resistance at the molecular level, with particular emphasis on studies in the housefly.     

Actions of pyrethroid insecticides on insect axonal sodium channels

The actions of pyrethroid insecticides were tested on isolated giant axons of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, using oil-gap, single-fibre recording techniques. Current-clamp and voltage-clamp experiments were used to determine the actions of pyrethroids on axonal membrane potentials and ionic currents. Treatment with deltamethrin at micromolar concentrations caused gradual depolarisation of the axon accompanied by a reduction in amplitude of the action potential. This depolarisation was enhanced by an increase in stimulation frequency. Other synthetic pyrethroids: 3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimidomethyl (1RS)-cis-3-[(RS)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, biopermethrin and its (1S)-enantiomer, (1R)-tetramethrin, S-bioallethrin, bioresmethrin and its (1S)-enantiomer, cismethrin, and 5-benzyl-3-furylmethyl (E)-(1R)-cis-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-oxothiolan-3-ylidenemethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylate (RU-15525, ‘Kadethrin’) were investigated. The (1S)-enantiomers were inactive, but all the other pyrethroids tested, apart from deltamethrin, induced prolonged negative (depolarising) after-potentials. All the treatments with the active pyrethroids resulted in the appearance of a voltage and time-dependent ‘maintained’ sodium conductance. The duration of this ‘slow’ conductance varied considerably depending on the pyrethroid under test. Clearly, the effectiveness of pyrethroids on whole insects is not determined only by the degree to which they directly modify the properties of sodium channels. Nevertheless, voltage-clamp experiments on isolated axons readily permit direct comparison of the actions of different pyrethroids on the sodium channels of insect neurones.