南江黄羊群体遗传结构分析

测定了南江黄羊4个品系(类群)14个个体进行的mtDNA控制区全序列,序列分析表明南江黄羊线粒体DNA控制区全序列长度为1,212 bp或1,213 bp,A+T含量明显高于G+C含量.其中54个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占4.5%),核苷酸多样度为1.46%±0.14%,这些差异共定义了10种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.956±0.038.表明南江黄羊群体的遗传变异较丰富,品系(类群)间都存在不同程度的遗传分化.     

4个引进山羊品种mtDNA控制区序列变异和系统发生关系研究

本研究测定了四川4个引进山羊品种24个个体的线粒体控制区全序列,并从GenBank获得山羊属2个野山羊种的2每控制区序列。利用MEGA2．0软件构建分子系统发育无根树。序列分析表明:山羊控制区线粒体控制全序列长度为1 212bp或1 213 bp,A+T含量占59．9％,其中64个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占5．28％),核苷酸多样度为 1．731％,这些差异共定义了16种单倍型,单倍型多样性为0．913±0．048。安哥拉山羊、波尔山羊都有自己独特的单倍型,与其他品种间都没有共享类型。使用NJ法构建了系统发育树,结果表明:2个野山羊种中,角(?)羊与家养山羊的关系相对较近,4个家养山羊品种有2个母系来源,在4个家养山羊品种内部,安哥拉山羊的分化要比其他3个品种早。     

甘肃地方绵羊品种mtDNA D-环序列遗传多样性与起源分析

为了研究甘肃地方绵羊品种mtDNA D-环序列遗传多样性与起源,利用设计的1对引物对绵羊mtDNA D-环序列进行PCR扩增和纯化测序.对序列数据进行单倍型、遗传多样性、系统发育树和网络关系分析.分析结果显示:120只绵羊mtDNA D-环序列(部分)表现出2种长度变异,其中3个序列长度为573 bp,117个序列长度为648 bp.对117个长度为648 bp的序列进行分析,发现77个单倍型.单倍型比例、单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度和平均核苷酸差异数在蒙古羊都较高,而在兰州大尾羊和岷县黑裘皮羊都较低.系统发育树和网络关系分析均将77个单倍型明显的分为3个分支.研究认为:含有4个重复单元(75 bp)是甘肃地方绵羊品种mtDNA D-环的序列特征,在甘肃6个地方绵羊品种中,蒙占羊的遗传多样性最丰富,兰州大尾羊和岷县黑裘皮羊遗传多样性最低.系统发育和网络关系分析认为甘肃6个地方绵羊品种有3个母系起源.     

利用mtDNA Cytb基因分析湘黔川五个山羊品种系统发育

试验对四川板角山羊、贵州白山羊、贵州黑山羊、贵州麻羊及湖南马头山羊5个山羊品种,共计69个个体的Cytb基因片段进行测序分析比较。结果显示,69个山羊Cytb基因序列均为长1140bp的同源基因,共发现17个变异位点,观察到14种单倍型;5个山羊品种的群体遗传多样性在0．442—0．889之间,核苷酸多样度从0．00145—0．00253。表明5个山羊遗传多样性属于中等;5个山羊品种可分为2大类群,即：贵州黑山羊、贵州麻羊、贵州白山羊和湖南马头山羊4个品种为一类,四川板桥山羊1个品种为另一类。     

重庆本地山羊资源——铜梁麻羊的分子系统学分析

为了分析铜梁麻羊线粒体DNA(mtDNA)D-loop区遗传多样性,鉴别其是否为一个新的山羊遗传资源,试验采用生物信息学方法,对8只铜梁麻羊线粒体D-loop区序列和川渝13个山羊品种的线粒体D-loop区共88条序列一起进行了分子系统学分析。结果表明:铜梁麻羊线粒体D-loop区序列为1 212 bp,共发现39个变异位点,共定义出4种品种特有单倍型,其核苷酸多样度为0.015±0.010,单倍型多样度为0.700±0.008;品种间的遗传距离显示,铜梁麻羊与成都麻羊、黔北麻羊的遗传距离较大;聚类分析显示,铜梁麻羊与成都麻羊和黔北麻羊同在一个支系,但亲缘关系较远。说明铜梁麻羊在外貌和基因层次上均与现有的麻羊品种有明显的区别,很可能是一个新的山羊类群,值得进一步保护和开发。     

兰州大尾羊mtDNA D-loop和Cytb区序列分析与多态性研究

利用mtDNA序列分析技术对20只兰州大尾羊遗传多态性进行分析,兰州大尾羊mtDNA D-loop区序列长度为1 210 bp,碱基组成分析发现,A、T、G、C碱基含量分别为29.0%、32.3%、23.5%、15.2%,其中A＋T为61.3%,G＋C为38.7%,G＋C含量明显低于A＋T。通过对兰州大尾羊线粒体DNA D-loop区的碱基突变和同源性比较分析得出兰州大尾羊D-loop区核苷酸多样度（Nucleotide diversity）Pi为0.037 85,7只兰州大尾羊来自3个不同母本。兰州大尾羊mtDNA Cytb区序列长度为1 580 bp,其中A、T、G、C碱基含量分别为27.2%、33.7%、26.7%、12.4%;A＋T为60.9%,G＋C为39.1%,G＋C含量明显低于A＋T。应用计算机软件DNAsp4.10进行单倍型分析,17个兰州大尾羊个体mtDNA Cytb区序列共发现了12个单倍型（Haplotype）,其中第1号和第10号、第2号和第5号共用一种单倍型,单倍型比例在兰州大尾羊群体中较高,遗传多态性较低。     

西藏昌都两个地方绵羊品种(类群)遗传多样性分析

应用PCR和序列分析技术,分析了测定西藏昌都地区8只阿旺绵羊和8只藏绵羊mtDNA控制区全序列,并结合GeneBank中绵羊mtDNA的两种变异类型A和B序列进行了比对和系统进化分析.结果表明阿旺绵羊mtDNA控制区长度为1180～1183 bp,而藏绵羊为1 180 bp,序列中A+T含量明显高于G+C含量.将两品种(类群)9种单倍型序列与mtDNA的两种变异类型A和B序列进行比对,共发现106个变异(突变)位点,占分析位点总数的8.945%.两品种(类群)核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性分别为1.755%、0.928%和0.857±0.082、0.893±0.086;序列的分歧度为3.8%,Kimura 2-parameter距离为0.0344.系统发育NJ树表明藏绵羊和A类线粒体聚为一类,而阿旺绵羊mtDNA单倍型序列同B型线粒体聚为一枝,说明藏系绵羊mtDNA存在一定程度的分化.     

利用mtDNA细胞色素b分析贵州山羊的系统发育

试验选取贵州山羊4个群体(共55只),设计引物对其mtDNA细胞色素b基因片段进行测序,测序结果与GenBank报道的8个山羊品种mtDNA细胞色素b基因进行比对分析。结果发现,在55只贵州山羊中有11个变异位点,其中转换10次,T/G颠换1次;10种单倍型中有7种单倍型为1个群体独享,3种单倍型为多个群体共享。4个山羊类群间存在较近的亲缘关系,既是独立的类群,其间也存在基因交流,其中贵州黑山羊和贵州麻羊的亲缘关系最近,与贵州白山羊的亲缘关系次之,与贵州小香羊的亲缘关系最远。从山羊品种间遗传距离构建的邻接树可见,贵州4个山羊类群均起源于镰刀状角羊骨羊。     

都安山羊和隆林山羊mtDNA D-loop区遗传多态性研究

为探究广西都安山羊和隆林山羊2个地方品种的遗传多样性及母系起源,利用PCR测序及生物信息方法,对35只都安山羊和23只隆林山羊的mtDNA D-loop区进行多态性分析,共检测到83个变异位点,定义32种单倍型。都安山羊和隆林山羊的单倍型多样度分别为0.956和0.960,其核苷酸多样度均为0.018,平均核苷酸差异数分别为21.2和21.5,说明都安山羊和隆林山羊具有丰富的遗传多样性。构建的NJ发育树表明,都安山羊和隆林山羊主要分为A与B 2个支系,A支系与弯角野山羊(Capra aegagrus)聚在一起,而旋角野山羊(Capra falconeri)单独聚为一支,揭示弯角野山羊是都安山羊和隆林山羊的母系祖先。     

中国西南马mtDNA ND4基因遗传多样性研究

本研究旨在分析mtDNA ND4基因在中国西南马的遗传多样性.对中国西南马6个品种(类群)142个个体的线粒体DNA ND4基因部分序列进行PCR-SSCP和序列分析.结果表明,拼接后的西南马mtDNA ND4基因序列大小为679 bp,A+T含量(55.7%)高于G+C含量(44.3%).共检测到11个核苷酸变异位点,这些变异位点可归纳为6种单倍型.核苷酸平均多样度为0.638%,表明受试西南马mtDNA遗传多样性并不十分丰富.对各单倍型进行聚类分析,结果提示中国西南马起源于2个母系祖先.     

黄河下游同域山羊种群mtDNA D-环多态性及系统发育

对黄河下游7个山羊种群共59个个体的mtDNA D-环533 bp序列进行分析,发现59个多态位点,其中单一多态位点21个,简约信息位点38个,分别占全序列的11.7%、3.94%和7.13%。确定了37种单倍型,崂山奶山羊1个个体还发现了1处5碱基的缺失。各群体单倍型多样度为0.785 7~0.969 7,核苷酸多样度为1.27%~1.73%,遗传多样性较丰富。构建系统发育树将37种单倍型分为2个分支,由此推断黄河下游山羊资源至少具有2个母系起源,角猾羊与A类型聚为1支,7个群体具有角猾羊起源,未发现捻角山羊对7个群体有贡献的证据。错配分析表明,A类型经历过群体扩张,B类型未经历过群体扩张。并通过遗传距离分析了各群体的遗传分化。     

Maternal origins,population structure and demographic history of ten Chinese indigenous goat breeds from Yunnan

Yunnan as a frontier zone that connects China with South and Southeast Asia, has 11 well‐recognized goat breeds. However, the knowledge about maternal origins, population structure and demographic history of Chinese indigenous goats from Yunnan is limited. In this study, we analysed a 481‐bp fragment of first hypervariable segment (HVSI) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences of 749 individuals from 10 Yunnan indigenous goat breeds, of which 556 sequences were newly determined. There were 110 polymorphic sites that defined 158 haplotypes among all sequences. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity of these breeds ranged from 0.782 ± 0.079 to 0.982 ± 0.015 and from 0.028 ± 0.003 to 0.043 ± 0.005, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis identified two lineages A and B, of which the lineage A had higher frequency (68.1%) and distributed in all Yunnan breeds. We combined previously reported sequences with our sequences belonging to the lineage B and detected two subclades B1 and B2, in which the B1 subclade shared individuals from Eastern Asia, Southeast Asia and Southern Asia. Given higher level of diversity and more unique haplotypes, the B2 subclade probably originated from Southwestern China. The haplotype network, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and a Mantel test revealed no significant phylogeographic structuring among Yunnan goat breeds. This can be explained by high gene flow and genetic admixture among these breeds from different geographic regions in Yunnan. Additionally, both the lineages A and B reflected different demographic histories. This study will provide a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of Yunnan indigenous goats.     

10个山羊品种(群体)线粒体DNA D-loop序列多态性分析

对四川10个山羊品种(群体)线粒体DNA D-loop序列多态性及系统进化关系进行了探讨.结果表明:群体间共有多态位点83个,单一多态位点23个,简约信息位点24个,平均核苷酸歧异度为0.001 828,D-loop序列多态性相对贫乏;经聚类,10个品种(群体)分为两大类,合江黑山羊与江安黑山羊先聚在一起后,再与自贡黑山羊聚为1类,营山黑山羊与嘉陵黑山羊聚为1类,两类形成一大类;成都麻羊先与金堂黑山羊聚在一起后,再依次与乐至黑山羊、建昌黑山羊、白玉黑山羊形成另一大类,最后两个大类聚在一起.聚类结果与品种(群体)来源和生态地理分布相一致.     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

唐古拉山牦牛群体的母系遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

[目的]从分子水平上探究青海省唐古拉山牦牛群体的母系遗传多样性、群体遗传结构及其遗传背景。[方法] 对52头唐古拉山牦牛个体mtDNA D-loop区序列进行测定后,使用生物信息学软件分析确定其核苷酸变异位点和单倍型数目,计算单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度大小,并进行系统发育分析。[结果] 在619 bp唐古拉山牦牛D-loop区序列分析中,排除2处插入（缺失）后共检测到31处多态位点,包括单一多态位点5处和简约信息位点26处。根据序列间核苷酸变异共确定了13种单倍型,单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度分别为0.821±0.043和0.007±0.004。与我国其他18个家牦牛品种和野牦牛相比,唐古拉山牦牛群体单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度值均较低,表明该群体遗传变异较为贫乏,母系遗传多样性水平较低。以美洲野牛为外群,邻接法（即NJ法）构建的系统发育树结果显示：唐古拉山牦牛群体13种单倍型分布在A、B、C、D和E五种单倍型组中,且聚为2个大的母系分支（即I和II）,支系Ⅰ占比为77%,提示唐古拉山牦牛由2个母系支系组成,拥有2个母系起源且以支系Ⅰ为主。 [结论] 唐古拉山牦牛母系遗传多样性水平较低,由2个母系支系组成,以支系Ⅰ为主,推测其有2个母系起源。     

Investigation of the genetic diversity among native Turkish sheep breeds using mtDNA polymorphisms

A total of 135 unrelated sheep from nine Turkish native sheep breeds (Dagl?c, Kivircik, Imroz, Chios, Morkaraman, Ivesi, Hemsin, Karayaka and Akkaraman) were investigated to determinate the maternal genetic diversity using a sequence of a 531-bp segment of the mtDNA control region. Analysis of the mtDNA control region sequence revealed 63 haplotypes and 53 polymorphic sites. Haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and the average number of nucleotide differences were estimated to be 0.9496?±?0.011, 0.01407?±?0.00060 and 7.456, respectively. The sequence analysis also revealed high level of genetic diversity among the native Turkish breeds. These breeds were grouped into three major maternal haplogroups: A, B and C, with one animal belonging from the Akkaraman breed to the rare haplogroup E. Irregular shape of mismatch distribution of haplogroup C could be an indicator that haplogroup C may represent different haplogroups. Contrarily to previous studies carried out on Turkish native breeds, majority of animals grouped in haplogroup A in the present study. This result and the irregular shape of mismatch curve of haplogroup C indicate that genetic structure of Turkish native sheep breeds could be more complicated than it is thought.     

Genetic diversity of Chinese domestic goat based on the mitochondrial DNA sequence variation

The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of domestic goat in China. For this purpose, we determined the sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 72 individuals of the Yangtze River delta white goat, and reanalysed 723 published samples from 31 breeds/populations across China. All goat haplotypes were classified into four haplogroups (A–D) previously described. The phylogenetic pattern that emerged from the mtDNA control region sequence was confirmed by the analysis of the entire cytochrome b sequence of eight goats representative of the four haplogroups. It appeared that in Chinese domestic goat, haplogroups A and B were dominant and distributed in nearly all breeds/populations, while haplogroups C and D were only found in seven breeds/populations. Four breeds/populations contained all four haplogroups. When grouping the breeds/populations into five geographic groups based on their geographic distributions and ecological conditions, the southern pasturing area had the highest diversity whereas the northern farming area had the lowest diversity. 84.29% and 11.37% of the genetic variation were distributed within breeds and among breeds within the ecologically geographical areas, respectively; only 4% of genetic variation was observed among the five geographic areas. We speculate that the traditional seasonal pastoralism, the annual long-distance migrations that occurred in the past, and the commercial trade would account for the observed pattern by having favoured gene flows.     

Mitochondrial DNA variation of indigenous goats in Narok and Isiolo counties of Kenya

Phylogenetic relationships among and genetic variability within 60 goats from two different indigenous breeds in Narok and Isiolo counties in Kenya and 22 published goat samples were analysed using mitochondrial control region sequences. The results showed that there were 54 polymorphic sites in a 481‐bp sequence and 29 haplotypes were determined. The mean haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity were 0.981 ± 0.006 and 0.019 ± 0.001, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis in combination with goat haplogroup reference sequences from GenBank showed that all goat sequences were clustered into two haplogroups (A and G), of which haplogroup A was the commonest in the two populations. A very high percentage (99.90%) of the genetic variation was distributed within the regions, and a smaller percentage (0.10%) distributed among regions as revealed by the analysis of molecular variance (amova ). This amova results showed that the divergence between regions was not statistically significant. We concluded that the high levels of intrapopulation diversity in Isiolo and Narok goats and the weak phylogeographic structuring suggested that there existed strong gene flow among goat populations probably caused by extensive transportation of goats in history.