三明市郊区农产品产地土壤环境质量评价

以三明市郊区茶园、耕地、果园及菜地4种不同农产品土壤为调查对象,通过分析土壤中重金属含量,采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法评价了不同土地利用下的土壤环境质量状况。结果表明,三明市郊区农产品基地土壤重金属的平均含量均低于"HJ332-2006"(食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准)规定的限值,单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于0.7,综合评价均为1级,土壤环境质量属于清洁,适宜发展无公害农产品。同时发现,部分基地的土壤中重金属含量有超标现象,4种农产品产地均出现部分取样品Cd含量超标情况;茶园、水稻田、蔬菜地均出现部分样品Pb含量超标;水稻田、果园、蔬菜3种基地部分取样品Hg含量超标;茶叶产地、水果产地出现部分样品Cu含量超标。大部分取样点土壤重金属均高于福建省土壤重金属背景值,表明在监测点土壤中存地重金属污染风险。     

贵州某茶叶种植区土壤重金属含量及环境质量评价

以贵州某茶叶基地为研究对象,对土壤中重金属Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Cu的含量进行测定,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其污染程度进行评价。结果表明:Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Cu的含量均值均低于无公害茶园土壤环境质量限量标准,除Pb元素外,As、Cd、Cr、Cu的含量均值均低于贵州省土壤背景值;Pb的平均污染程度为轻污染,As、Cd、Cr、Cu的平均污染均为无污染水平;土壤重金属的综合污染指数Pn均值为0.94,整体处于清洁无污染程度,其整体环境质量通过适当调控适宜建立无公害绿色茶园。     

高邮市蔬菜产地土壤重金属含量分析及土壤环境评价

[目的]评价高邮市蔬菜产地重金属的污染程度。[方法]以高邮市8个乡镇的主要蔬菜产地作为土样采集点,分析测定土壤中重金属汞、砷、铅、镉、铬和铜含量,并根据《无公害食品蔬菜产地环境条件标准》、《绿色食品产地环境质量标准》和高邮市土壤重金属背景值对检测结果进行单项污染指数和综合污染指数评价。[结果]依据无公害农产品产地环境质量标准,高邮市8个乡镇土壤单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1,完全符合无公害食品蔬菜产地环境的要求;依据绿色食品产地环境质量标准,个别蔬菜产地有2个重金属含量单项污染指数超标,其他重金属含量未超标,表明高邮市绝大多数蔬菜产地适宜发展AA级绿色食品;与1990年高邮市土壤背景值对比结果表明,土壤镉、铬、砷、铅、铜等均有一定程度增加。[结论]高邮市蔬菜产地的土壤环境质量基本满足蔬菜安全生产的条件。     

水旱轮作稻田土壤与稻米重金属含量关联分析及健康风险评价

以成都平原区水旱轮作稻田土壤及稻米为研究对象,通过测定土壤及稻米中的重金属含量,采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对水稻田土壤污染程度进行分析评价,并采用健康风险评价模型对研究区成人和儿童的致癌和非致癌健康风险进行评价。结果表明,土壤镉（Cd）、铅（Pb）、铬（Cr）、汞（Hg）的平均含量均大于该区域土壤背景值。Cd的单因子污染指数有85%的采样点达到警戒限值,最大值达1.57。内梅罗综合污染指数（P_N）为0.60,无污染,5种重金属元素的污染指数大小表现为Cd>Pb>Hg>Cr>As（砷）。土壤中Cd含量与全氮、有机质、速效钾含量显著正相关;土壤中Pb含量与碱解氮含量显著正相关,但与有效磷含量、pH值显著负相关;土壤中Hg含量与Pb、As含量之间呈显著正相关性,具有同源关系,呈复合污染。稻米中重金属含量均低于国家限量标准,无样品超标;稻米中Cd、Cr含量与土壤中Cr含量显著负相关,但稻米中Cd含量与土壤中Hg、As含量显著正相关。在经农作物摄入、手口摄入和皮肤接触三种暴露途径下6种重金属对成人和儿童的非致癌总风险指数分别为8.36和19.63。3种致癌重金属对成人和儿童的致癌风险指数均表现为Cd>As>Cr,对成人和儿童造成的致癌健康总风险分别为0.007和0.0178。研究结果显示,试验区域稻田土壤及稻米重金属之间存在一定的相关性,且重金属复合污染已给当地居民造成一定程度的健康风险,尤其对儿童的影响较大,以农作物摄入途径最为显著。As、Cr、Hg是构成该区域非致癌健康风险的主要元素,而As、Cr、Cd是构成该区域致癌健康风险的主要元素。     

琼海市水稻土重金属污染现状及评价

在琼海市12个乡镇的典型土壤中采集21个混合土壤样本,并对各土壤样本中重金属元素Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb和As的含量进行测定,以了解琼海市水稻土重金属含量及污染现状。依据国家土壤环境质量二级标准,采用单项污染指数法以及内梅罗综合污染指数法评价土壤中重金属的污染程度。结果表明：琼海市水稻土各重金属元素的平均含量均小于二级标准值;表层土壤Pb和Hg、Pb和Cd、As和Cd、As和Pb之间存在显著相关性(P＜0.01);从单项污染指数来看,除了大路镇存在Cr元素轻度污染外,其他各乡镇均未受到重金属Hg、Cd、Cr、Pb和As的污染;从全市范围来看,仅有大路镇为警戒级程度,其他11个乡镇安全清洁,全市的综合污染指数仅为0.32,说明全市水稻土环境质量状况整体清洁,处于安全水平。     

青岛市花生产地土壤环境质量的现状分析

对青岛市花生产地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量进行了调查分析,并采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法对环境质量状况进行了评价。结果表明各重金属的平均含量均低于“食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准”（HJ 332-2006）规定的限值,土壤环境质量定为1级,属于清洁水平,适宜发展无公害花生。但莱西一个监测点的土壤样品重金属Cu、Ni含量超标。若以国家土壤自然背景值为标准,Cu的超标率增加了将近3倍,表明Cu在土壤中已经产生了一定的积累。Hg与As的含量呈显著负相关（P ＜0.05）,Hg和Ni、Cr与Cu之间呈显著正相关（P ＜ 0.05）,其它元素之间的相关性未达到显著水平。推测个别元素超标的情况仅属于点源污染,不会引起复合污染。青岛市3个花生优势产区莱西、平度、即墨土壤重金属的环境质量均属于1级,适宜作为无公害花生的生产基地。     

海南省万宁市水稻土重金属污染的初步研究

为调查万宁市水稻田土壤的重金属污染状况, 在该地区 12 个乡镇的典型土壤中采集了 19 个混合土壤样本, 并对各土壤样本中的重金属元素 Hg、 Cd、 Cr、 Pb 和 As 的含量进行了测定。 依据国家土壤环境质量二级标准, 用单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法评价土壤重金属的污染程度。 结果表明： 各乡镇水稻土壤均未受到重金属 Hg、 Cd、 Cr、 Pb 和 As 的污染; 从全市范围来看, 综合污染指数仅为 0.22, 说明全市水稻土壤环境清洁, 处于安全水平。     

安溪县感德镇铁观音茶园土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了评价安溪县感德镇铁观音茶园土壤中重金属污染程度及风险情况，测定了感德镇15处铁观音茶园土壤5种常见重金属含量。结果表明：Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd5种重金属的平均值分别为39.27、11.03、0.08、60.10、0.05 mg/kg，均未超过《茶叶产地环境技术条件（NY/T853-2004）》中的标准；5种重金属元素的单因子污染指数和综合污染指数的平均值均小于0.7，说明大部分茶园的质量等级为安全；5种重金属元素的综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为140.13，处于轻度和中等风险等级，不存在较高和很高生态风险等级。综上，感德镇铁观音茶园土壤重金属总体处于安全水平，但仍需注意部分含量高样点的重金属潜在的生态风险。     

广东某矿区周边土壤与植物重金属的研究与分析

目前矿区土壤的重金属污染问题引起了世界范围的高度关注。对广东省内某一矿区周边耕地土壤中重金属的污染现状进行调查,采集了矿区周围耕地芭蕉、水稻、玉米、黄豆、番薯及对应土壤,参照《土壤农业化学分析方法》进行重金属含量测定。结果表明:作物样及其对应土壤都受到了重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn的污染,其中污染程度最高的是Cu,综合污染指数法评价表明,4种土壤的综合污染指数都大于2,整体属于中度污染,芭蕉土的综合污染指数超过4,属于严重污染。玉米、芭蕉、番薯的重金属含量处于较高水平,对重金属有一定的富集作用。可见,采矿会对周边土地造成不可忽视的重金属污染。     

湖北省典型茶园土壤重金属污染状况及评价

通过对湖北省61个典型茶园的土壤重金属Cu、Ph、As、Hg、Cd和Cr的含量测定,明确了湖北省典型茶园土壤重金属污染状况.结合土壤环境质量评价国家标准,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对湖北省典型茶园土壤重金属污染状况进行了分析评价.结果表明,湖北省茶园土壤环境质量状况良好,符合国家土壤环境质量标准(二级),处于清洁和尚清洁级标准的茶园比例分别为85.25%和13.11%,仅有1个茶园出现中度污染.茶园土壤重金属Pb、As和Hg的含量均未超标,个别茶园土壤重金属Cu、Cd和Cr出现超标现象.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.