牦牛品种的AFLP分析及其遗传多样性研究

采用AFLP分子标记技术对麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛、大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛进行了遗传多样性分析,结果表明:7个AFLP引物组合共获得156个片段,其中98个为多态性标记,标记多态频率为34.8%~54.65%,平均每对引物可获得17.57条带。九龙牦牛、麦洼牦牛、大通牦牛、天祝白牦牛的Shannon遗传多样性指数分别为0.268、0.251、0.160、0.130,九龙牦牛最大,麦洼牦牛次之,天祝白牦牛最小。用Rogers遗传距离公式分析得到4个牦牛品种间的遗传距离DR,天祝白牦牛与九龙牦牛遗传距离最大(0.028 2),天祝白牦牛与大通牦牛的距离最小(0.025 3)。根据DR值,将4个牦牛品种聚为两大类,九龙牦牛聚为一类,其它3个牦牛品种聚为一类。     

麦洼牦牛的随机扩增多态性DNA遗传多样性分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分子标记对麦洼牦牛粉嘴和纯黑2个选育群共100头个体进行遗传多样性分析,并用DCFA、Popgen1.32等软件分析了群体间和群体内的基因频率、群体分化指数(Gst)和基因流(Nm)等参数。结果表明:8个RAPD随机引物共检测到65种清晰谱带,其中具有多态性的谱带57条,多态频率为87.7%。在粉嘴群中,多态位点有45个,多态频率为69.23%,Nei氏基因多样性指数(H)为0.245;纯黑群中,多态位点有52个,多态频率为80.00%,H为0.260,显示2个群体遗传多样性均较丰富,且多样性相近。麦洼牦牛2个群体总的多样性指数(Ht)为1.877,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.455,H为0.280,表明麦洼牦牛的遗传多样性较丰富。纯黑群体与粉嘴群体间的遗传距离(D)为0.073,群体内遗传变异大于群体间。     

西藏牦牛的RAPD遗传多样性及其分类研究

为了解西藏地区牦牛品种或类群的遗传多样性和亲缘关系,本研究从33个RAPD多态性引物中筛选出8个条带清晰且多态性丰富的引物对西藏地区的巴青牦牛、类乌齐牦牛、丁青牦牛、桑日牦牛、工布江达牦牛、江达牦牛、康布牦牛、桑桑牦牛、嘉黎牦牛、帕里牦牛、斯布牦牛等11个类群的核基因组DNA进行了RAPD分析,并用Nei氏标准距离和UPGMA聚类法分析了类群间的亲缘关系.结果表明:(1)西藏牦牛类群的遗传多样性指数变异范围在0,185 7～0.405 3之间,其中帕里牦牛最小(0.185 7),说明相对较纯,群体较整齐;而工布江达牦牛最大(0.405 3),显示该群体内部具有较多的遗传变异.(2)在11个类群中,其遗传多样性指数大小分别为:工布江达牦牛(0.405 3)＞江达牦牛(0.353 6)＞斯布牦牛(0.344 8)＞康布牦牛(0.342 8)＞嘉黎牦牛(0.332 3)＞桑日牦牛(0.282 3)＞巴青牦牛(0.279 3)＞桑桑牦牛(0.269 8)＞丁青牦牛(0.259 7)＞类乌齐牦牛(0.224 1)＞帕里牦牛(0.185 7),具有西藏东部牦牛类群遗传多样性相对较高,而西部牦牛类群遗传多样性相对较低的趋势,预示着西藏东部可能是牦牛的起源地之一.(3)遗传距离构建的分子聚类关系图表明:西藏11个牦牛类群可分为2大类,帕里牦牛(PL)为一类,其余10个牦牛类群为另一类.综上所述,西藏牦牛具有较丰富的遗传多样性,品种或种群内的遗传分化显著,这是西藏牦牛业持续发展和牦牛适应外界环境的遗传基础,是将来培养牦牛新品种或品系的重要基因资源;西藏牦牛品种可分为2大类群.     

牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体基因5′-侧翼区序列多态性研究

本研究旨在分析牦牛和犏牛促卵泡素受体(follicle-stimulating hormone receptor,FSHR)基因的多态性,为从遗传角度上解决其繁殖产仔率低的问题提供参考,为筛选繁殖性状分子标记奠定理论基础。研究采用PCRSSCP和直接测序技术,对麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛、大通牦牛和犏牛共110头个体的FSHR基因5′-侧翼区进行遗传多态性分析,统计基因频率和基因型频率,进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检测,计算纯合度、杂合度、多态信息含量和有效等位基因数等遗传多态性指标。结果表明,麦洼牦牛、大通牦牛和九龙牦牛FSHR基因5′-侧翼区核苷酸序列具有多态性,犏牛无多态性;麦洼牦牛存在AA、AB和BB 3种基因型,九龙牦牛和大通牦牛均存在AA、AB 2种基因型,AB基因型在3个牦牛品种中占绝对优势,等位基因A为优势等位基因;麦洼牦牛、九龙牦牛和大通牦牛的多态信息含量分别为0.3693、0.3565、0.3705,均达到了中度多态(0.25PIC0.5),表明各牦牛品种遗传变异较大。     

亚丁牦牛和拉日马牦牛遗传多样性及遗传结构分析

亚丁牦牛和拉日马牦牛均为肉乳兼用型优良地方牦牛资源,本研究旨在探究亚丁牦牛和拉日马牦牛的遗传多样性及各牦牛群体间的亲缘关系,对亚丁牦牛、拉日马牦牛以及其他7个地方牦牛群体（九龙牦牛、麦洼牦牛、金川牦牛、昌台牦牛、中甸牦牛、玉树牦牛、类乌齐牦牛）进行RAD简化基因组测序,基于检测到的SNP信息计算遗传统计量。结果表明,亚丁牦牛和拉日马牦牛的观测杂合度分别为0.2186、0.2233,亚丁牦牛遗传多样性较贫乏。亚丁牦牛的平均遗传分化指数Fst值最高为0.0653,与其他8个牦牛群体存在中度分化,Structure分析显示其血统构成纯正,可列为一个独立遗传资源。拉日马牦牛Fst值最低为0.0443,其群体遗传结构较复杂,与九龙牦牛和麦洼牦牛存在基因交流,属麦洼牦牛的祖先群之一。亚丁牦牛和拉日马牦牛均值得进一步研究和保护,研究结果对牦牛遗传资源的保护与利用具有重要意义。     

牦牛,黑白花牛及其远缘杂种RAPD标记的初步研究

本文用８０个具有１０个碱基的随机引物对牦牛、黑白花牛及犏牛的基因组ＤＮＡ进行了ＰＣＲ扩增。结果表明有７个引物扩增出清晰且具多态特征的条带,其中,Ｆ１５（ＣＣＡＧＴＡＣＴＣＣ,５６４－１２５ｂｐ）可作为区分牦牛与黑白花牛的重要 的。 试品种相似性指数分析表黑白花牛与犏牛的遗传距离最小（０．５９４２）;黑白花与牦牛的遗传距离最大（０．６４５６）;而犏牛与牦牛的遗传距离居中（０．６４１０）。群体遗传多样     

不同地方品种牦牛IGF-1基因的PCR-SSCP分析

为了检测高原地区4个不同地方牦牛品种IGF-1基因第1外显子和第2外显子的多态性,采用PCR-SSCP分析了牦牛IGF-1基因在天祝白牦牛、甘南牦牛、青海高原牦牛及培育品种大通牦牛4个品种中的遗传多态性。结果表明:牦牛IGF-1基因的第1外显子不存在遗传多态性;第2外显子在4个品种中检测到了AA、AB和BB基因型,而且A等位基因为4个牦牛群体的优势等位基因,分布较高。在4个品种中,天祝白牦牛AA基因型频率最高,达到0.8559,而大通牦牛、甘南牦牛和青海高原牦牛则相对较低,分别为0.8333、0.6970和0.5689。大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛,青海高原牦牛和甘南牦牛基因和基因型相近,其它牦牛群体之间基因和基因型存在差异。     

麦洼牦牛的RAPD分析

用60个10碱基的随机引物对麦洼牦牛的基因组DNA进行了PCR扩增。有7个引物扩增出了清晰且具多态性的条带，条带总数为34，其中有25条为可变条带，表现出多态性，多态频率为74％。根据Shannon公式计算出的7个引物扩增带频率的群体遗传多样性指数分别为：1．7955（OPA10）、0．6726（OPA13）、0．5433（OPB07）、0．0739（OPB10）、0．9919（OPA04）、1．4015（OPC06）、1．4514（OPK12），平均为：0．99，其平均百分比差异均值（MAPD）为40．41％。     

中甸牦牛mtDNA D-Loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

根据牦牛线粒体DNA序列设计引物,扩增获得了中甸牦牛线粒体D-loop区全序列,并以山羊为外属对牛亚科部分牛种(野牦牛、九龙牦牛、麦洼牦牛、西藏牦牛、天祝牦牛、青海牦牛、大通牦牛、美洲野牛、欧洲野牛、印度野牛、亚洲水牛和普通牛)的mt DNA D-loop序列进行了系统进化分析,以期了解中甸牦牛的遗传多样性,从而为中甸牦牛遗传资源的保护、开发和利用奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)中甸牦牛线粒体D-loop区序列长在890~910 bp之间,T、C、A、G四种碱基的平均含量分别为28.78%、24.41%、32.34%和14.47%,存在一定的碱基组成偏倚性;(2)中甸牦牛共有13种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.983 3,平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.005 34,遗传多样性较为丰富;(3)中甸牦牛与已知牛种mt DNA D-loop区序列双参数距离显示,其与麦洼牦牛距离最小(0.006),与亚洲水牛距离最大(0.179);(4)系统进化分析显示,中甸牦牛是我国众多家牦牛类群中的一支,与麦洼牦牛聚为一类,推测其可能与麦洼牦牛因地理位置存在基因交流,由共同祖先进化而来。     

三江黄牛RAPD遗传多样性研究

为了研究三江黄牛品种的遗传多样性,保护其丰富的遗传资源,本研究采用RAPD技术对两地(三江乡、水磨镇)共61头三江黄牛基因组DNA进行分析,从26个引物中筛选出9个特异性较强的引物对全基因组进行扩增,分析种群的遗传多样性。结果表明:61个样本共扩增出51种条带,多态性条带为43,多态频率为84.31%,在三江群中,多态位点36个,多态频率为70.59%,在水磨群中,多态位点40个,多态频率为78.43%,Nei氏基因多样性指数(H)分别为0.273 1、0.295 8。显示两地群体遗传多样性均较丰富,且多样性指数较接近。三江黄牛种群Shannon's多样性指数(I)、基因多样度(H)和有效等位基因数(Ne)分别为0.464 8、0.313 5、1.544 8,群体总的遗传多样性指数(Ht)、群体内遗传多样性指数(Hs)、群体分化指数(Gst)和基因流(Nm)分别为0.313 0、0.284 4、0.091 3和4.977 2。结果提示三江黄牛的遗传多样性具有一定的丰富程度,对三江黄牛资源研究、品种保护有理论意义。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.