中国IT科技人员培训状况探析

基于实地调研和调查问卷的结果分析,对中国IT科技人员培训现状和问题进行了深入剖析,并提出了相应对策与建议。     

IS IT POSSIBLE TO REDUCE NITROGEN FERTILIZATION IN PROCESSING SPINACH?

A two-year field experiment was carried out in a typical Mediterranean environment (Foggia, Southern Italy) to evaluate the effect of the reduction of nitrogen (N) fertilization on yield, quality, N uptake, N utilization efficiency, and on environmental impact of processing spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). In a completely randomized experimental design with four replications, 50, 75, and 100% (150, 225, and 300 kg N ha^?1, respectively) of the normal rate applied by the farmers in the trial area were compared. In both years, the total amount of the urea fertilizer applied was broadcasted three times. The results obtained indicate that a lower N fertilization level ensured a satisfactory yield, increased quality and N utilization efficiency. However, crop performances and the amount of N available for leaching were dependent by the weather conditions occurred during plants growth, being significant the year × N fertilization rate interaction.     

CHLOROSIS IN WILD PLANTS: IS IT A SIGN OF IRON DEFICIENCY?

ABSTRACT

Chlorosis in crops grown on calcareous soil is mainly due to iron (Fe) deficiency and can be alleviated by leaf application of soluble Fe²⁺ or diluted acids. Whether chlorosis in indigenous plants forced to grow on a calcareous soil is also caused by Fe deficiency has, however, not been demonstrated. Veronica officinalis, a widespread calcifuge plant in Central and Northern Europe, was cultivated in two experiments on acid and calcareous soils. As phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the major causes of the inability of many calcifuges to grow on calcareous soil we added phosphate to half of the soils. Leaves in pots with the unfertilized and the P-fertilized soil, respectively, were either sprayed with FeSO₄ solution or left unsprayed. Total Fe, P, and manganese (Mn) in leaves and roots and N remaining in the soil after the experiment were determined. In a second experiment, no P was added. Leaves were either sprayed with FeSO₄ or with H₂SO₄ of the same pH as the FeSO₄ solution. Degree of chlorosis and Fe content in leaves were determined. Calcareous soil grown plants suffered from chlorosis, which was even more pronounced in the soils supplied with P. Newly produced leaves were green with Fe spray but leaves that were chlorotic before the onset of spraying did not totally recover. H₂SO₄ spray even increased chlorosis. This demonstrated that chlorosis was due to Fe deficiency. As total leaf Fe was similar on acid and calcareous soil, it was a physiological Fe deficiency, caused by leaf tissue immobilization in a form that was not metabolically “active”. Iron in the leaves was also extracted by 1,10-phenanthroline, an Fe chelator. In both experiments, significant differences between leaves from acid and calcareous soil were found in 1,10-phenanthroline extractable Fe but not in total leaf Fe, when calculated on a dry weight basis. Differences in 1,10-phenanthroline extractable Fe were more pronounced when calculated per unit dry weight than calculated per leaf area, whereas the opposite condition was valid for total leaf Fe.     

IT—Information Technology: Simulation of Automatic Tray-unloading Operations for Rice Seedlings

In Taiwan, rice nursery centres widely adopt gantry transport systems for transferring seedling trays to/from the hardening field. To facilitate the loading and unloading procedures, a tray-unloading machine riding on top of a gantry has been developed which can orderly lay down the trays on the ground for field hardening and also pick up the trays of grown seedlings onto the loading conveyer in sequence when they are ready for transplanting. The whole system can be run automatically in an open field for seedling preparation.A simulation model for seeded tray-unloading operations by the automatic tray-unloading machine has been developed and verified with six operational conditions. Judging by the slight difference between the simulated and observed results, it was concluded that the model can accurately predict the real tray-unloading operations and, therefore, can be used as a tool for further sensitivity analysis on the maximum operation patterns.A model simulation for the total system was set up and analysed by various operation combinations. The results indicate that the system throughput can be increased from 771 to 957 trays h⁻¹ with 20 trays in a working row which represents an increase of 24·8%. Longer working rows will result in higher system throughput. The simulated results show that the system throughput changes from 771 trays h⁻¹ for 10 trays per row to 1140 trays h⁻¹ for 60 per row, with a significant increase of 48%.     

IT—Information Technology and the Human Interface: Ergonomics of Tractors Assembled in Nigeria

The Nigerian-assembled tractors (Fiat and Steyr) are foreign manufactured; hence, there is a need to ascertain their suitability for the Nigerian user. Some specific features of these tractors were considered for appraisal. These are access to the tractor, seat design, tractor steering design, tractor workspace and control. One model each of the two brands of tractors (Fiat 80-66 and Steyr 8075) and a sample of user population drawn from Niger State Ministry of Agriculture, Minna, Nigeria, were used for the experiments. Measurements of dimensions and locations of different controls from the seat reference point (SRP) were taken. Anthropometric measurements on related body parts of the sample user population were conducted in linear and angular measurements. The 5th and 95th percentile values of the data were calculated. These values were used to appraise the suitability of the tractors for the Nigerian user. Results show that due to lack of footstep in Steyr 8075, operators are over-tasked as they get on the tractor. Furthermore, operators are subjected to strains caused due to steering wheel size and thickness, and pains experienced through body movement while activating controls. Similarly, lack of protection against rainfall and other environmental factors was shown to be a major deficiency in the tractors. In view of these problems, certain modifications are suggested to improve operator safety and comfort. They include (a) provision of footstep for Steyr and hand supports for Fiat, (b) reduction of steering wheel size and thickness for Steyr and (c) provision of a well-ventilated cabin and rollover protective structure (ROPS) for both Fiat and Steyr.     

土壤的农业化学研究的任务

在米丘林文库中,保留着一篇未完的论文稿:“向科学家要求些什么”。在这篇论文里,米丘林对于那些不能给最需要的农业问题以适当解決的学者,愤怒地写道:“例如,第一个问题:园艺家应该知道,这个区域的土壤是否适宜栽种这些植物?土壤中缺乏什么?它需要加入那些物质?并且,土壤中有什么是过多的?”     

伟大的战略 跨世纪的工程

<正>在全党和全国人民正以饱满的热情迎接党的十五大召开之际,江泽民总书记、李鹏总理等党和国家领导人就治理水土流失,建设生态农业问题作了重要批示,要求“再造一个山川秀美的西北地区”,黄土高原水土流失治理“争取15年初见成效,30年大见成效.”江泽民总书记和李鹏总理的批示,高瞻远瞩,高屋建瓴,涵盖历史,充分肯定和高度赞扬了延安、榆林地区及黄土高原治理水土流失,建设生态在业所取得的巨大成就,并对今后进一步加快水土流失治理开发步伐,改善生态环境,促进区域经济持续、快速、协调发展指明了方向,提出了殷切的希望和要求.这充分体现了党的第三代领导集体对水土保持工作的重视、支持和关心,对水土流失区广大人民群众的巨大关怀,是对全国特别是对水土流失区广大干部群众的巨大鼓舞和鞭策.我们一定要认真学习、深刻领会、坚决贯彻执行.     

施用重金属含量高的污泥的土壤重金属的有效性

<正> 为了确定Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn对生长在施用污泥的土壤上的玉米的有效性,于1984年,在就地侧渗能控制的小区进行田间试验。这些小区设在三种土壤上。这三种土壤为Bojac壤质砂土,Davidson粘壤土和Grosecloge细壤土。来自主要处理工业废水的     

被土壤吸附的六价铬的最佳提取剂的选取

通过研究土壤中磷酸盐与Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的竞争吸附作用，查明０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＨ２ＰＯ４－Ｋ２ＨＰＯ４溶液是提取被土壤吸附的Ｃｒ（Ⅵ）的最佳提取剂。     

土壤Se的分级与Se的植物有效性的关系

Nine soils with distinct properties and Se levels were selected to test a fractionation procedure of soil Se based on sequential extraction. Soil Se was fractionated into readily available Se (fraction Ⅰ, extracted by 0.5 M NaHCO₃), slowly available Se (fraction Ⅱ, extracted by 0.1 M NaOH-0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇), amorphous oxide-occluded Se (fraction Ⅲ, extracted by acid ammonium oxalate), free oxide-occluded Se (fraction Ⅵ, extracted by dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate buffer solution) and residual Se (fraction Ⅴ, determined by HNO₃-HClO₄ digestion of the final soil residue). The recovery of soil Se (the sum of all fractions over total soil Se determined independently) by this procedure was from 88.1% to 110.9%, mean 99.2%±6.4% for the test soils. The sum of fractions Ⅰ and Ⅱ, provided a good measure of available Se in soils and the percentage of fraction Ⅰ plus Ⅱ over the total soil Se, tentatively defined as Se availability index, could be used to indicate soil Se status and predict Se deficiency.     

氨的固定对土壤微生物氮的测定的影响

The effect of ammonium fixation on the estimation of soil microbial biomass N was studied by the standard fumigation-incubation(FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods,NO3-N content of fumigated soil changed little during incubation,while the fixed NH4^ in soils capable of fixing NH4^ increased with the increase of K2SO4-extractable NH4-N.one day fumigation increased both extractable NH4^ and fixed NH4^ ,However,prolonged fumigation gave no further increase.One day fumigation caused significant loss of NO3-N,while prolonged fumigation caused no further loss.For soils tested,the net increases of fixed NH4^ in fumigated soil equaled to 0-94% of NH4-N flush measured by the FI metod,and 1-74% of extractable N measured by the FE method.depending on different soils.It is concluded that the ammonium fixation was one of the processes taking place in soils during fumigation as well as incubation ofter fumigation and should not be neglected in the estimation of microbial biomass nitrogen by either FI or FE method.     

基于模糊控制的温室加热器的研究

该文分析了现有温室加热设备的不足，提出了将模糊控制原理应用于温室加温设备的新方法，并成功地研制了一种工作效率高、使用方便，基于模糊控制的温室加热器。试验结果表明，该温室加热器性能稳定可靠，自适应能力强，节能效果显著，具有较好的推广价值。     

提高罐藏蘑菇的得率的研究

为了探讨提高罐藏蘑菇得率的更好方法，用正交试验设计方法进一步分析浸泡-冷藏-浸泡处理与浸泡-冷藏-真空水合处理方法中各因素以及蘑菇的预煮时间、预煮液中的柠檬酸浓度对罐藏蘑菇的得率的影响。试验结果表明，在浸泡-冷藏-浸泡处理与浸泡-冷藏-真空水合处理方法中，只有冷藏处理显著影响罐藏蘑菇的得率。蘑菇的预煮时间与预煮液中的柠檬酸浓度对罐藏蘑菇的得率也有较显著的影响。将蘑菇在2℃的条件下作20～24 h的冷藏处理后再预煮，并适当延长预煮时间可提高罐藏蘑菇的得率。     

干旱的约旦给我们的启示

世界上干旱地区约占全球陆地面积的19.6%,大部分集中在非洲撒哈拉沙漠边缘,中东、西亚和我国的西北部。半干旱地区约占27.6%,主要分布在非洲北部、欧洲南部、西南亚以及我国北方等。干旱地区的特点是降雨量少,是发生水土流失灾害问题最多的地区。位于西亚的约旦是水资源不足的国家,年平均降雨量约100 mm。约旦水土保持方案的特点是有长期水土保持设想,实施水资源再利用计划,有效利用泥沙资源,治理与绿化同步进行。相比之下,我国有些干旱地区仍存在视水土流失危害而不顾,肆意掠取自然资源的现象,有些水土保持工程也只是为治理而治理。虽然多年治理成效显著,但总趋势是流失面积在减少而侵蚀强度在增加,边治理边破坏的现象依然存在,这很值得我们深思、反省,否则,干旱贫穷的约旦将是我们前车之鉴。     

农药降解的灰色预测模型的改进

针对常规灰色预测模型之ＧＭ（１,１）模型存在的不足,提出改进,并以实例表征改进ＧＭ（１,１）模型较常规模型更能提高精度,符合农药降解研究之要求。     

植物的营养和肥料的施用

李森科院士认为矿质养分必须经过微生物的改造和转化才能被植物所利用。因此,以此     

关于盐碱地的田间管理措施的简介

盐硷土其所以需要改良,是因为这种土壤含有不同程度的盐分,影响着农作物的正常生长和发育。盐硷严重的地区,往往是寸草不生的光板地。