山羊CMKLR1基因的克隆、表达及其与肌内脂肪的相关性研究

试验旨在克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,研究其表达与肌内脂肪（IMF）沉积的相关性。采集山羊皮下脂肪组织,应用RT-PCR克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列;以GAPDH（GenBank登录号：AJ431207.1）为内参基因,实时荧光定量PCR检测其在山羊不同组织中的表达量及在肌肉组织中的时序表达谱（以肝脏表达量为基准）;测定肌肉组织中的IMF含量,分析其与CMKLR1 mRNA表达量的相关性。结果显示,克隆获得了山羊CMKLR1基因,1 089 bp的CDS区,GenBank登录号：KT165374。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,CMKLR1基因在24月龄山羊心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脂肪、背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中均存在不同程度的表达,其中在肺脏中表达量显著高于其他组织（P< 0.05）;CMKLR1基因在1~3和24月龄的山羊背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌中表达趋势相同,均是在股二头肌中表达量最高,而8~10月龄则是在臂三头肌中表达量最高。山羊IMF含量以24月龄背最长肌含量最高。山羊背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中CMKLR1 mRNA表达与IMF含量相关性不显著（P> 0.05）。CMKLR1基因不参与山羊IMF沉积作用,试验结果为进一步研究CMKLR1基因奠定理论基础。     

新疆巴什拜羊肌肉生长抑制素基因DNA甲基化与mRNA表达量分析

为了探究肌肉生长抑制素（myostatin,MSTN）基因在肌肉和脂肪中的DNA甲基化模式及mRNA表达水平,试验以5月龄巴什拜羊羔羊为研究对象,采用亚硫酸氢盐测序法（bisulfite sequencing PCR,BSP）检测MSTN基因启动子区和第1外显子甲基化模式,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测MSTN基因在巴什拜羊股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌和尾脂中的mRNA表达水平。结果显示,肌肉组织甲基化概率高于脂肪组织,其中,股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌和尾脂的甲基化概率分别为74.2%、74.2%、83.2%、83.7%、82.1%和25.3%,MSTN基因在股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌、背最长肌中的表达水平显著低于尾脂（P < 0.05）,股二头肌、股三头肌、半腱肌、半膜肌和背最长肌之间差异不显著（P > 0.05）,巴什拜羊肌肉和脂肪MSTN基因DNA甲基化水平与MSTN基因表达量呈显著负相关（r=－0.886,P < 0.05）。     

Analysis of DNA Methylation and mRNA Expression Level of MSTN Gene in Xinjiang Bashiby Sheep

In order to investigate DNA methylation and expression levels of myostatin (MSTN) gene in mscule and fat, 5 months of age of Bashiby sheep were selected, the promoter region and exon 1 methylation levels of MSTN gene was analyzed using bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP). Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression level of MSTN gene in biceps femoris, femoral triceps, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi muscle and tail fat of Bashiby sheep. The results showed that the methylation probability of muscle was higher than fat, the methylation probability of biceps femoris, femoral triceps, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi muscle and tail fat were 74.2%, 74.2%, 83.2%, 83.7%, 82.1% and 25.3%, respectively. The expression levels of MSTN gene in biceps femoris, femoral triceps, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, longissimus dorsi muscle were significantly lower than tail fat in Bashiby sheep (P < 0.05), but there were no significant difference among biceps femoris, femoral triceps, semitendinosus, semimembranosus and longissimus dorsi muscle (P > 0.05).The DNA methylation was negatively correlated with the expression levels in muscle and fat of Bashiby sheep (r=-0.886, P < 0.05).     

寒泊羊和小尾寒羊的肌肉组织学性状及理化性状比较研究

本研究以育肥的小尾寒羊和寒泊羊的羔羊为试验动物,采集背最长肌、臂三头肌、股二头肌和臀中肌样品,测定了肌纤维横截面积、直径、粗脂肪含量和氨基酸种类及含量。结果表明,寒泊羊背最长肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均小于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),股二头肌肌纤维直径和横截面积大于小尾寒羊 (P＜0.05)。寒泊羊背最长肌和股二头肌粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),臂三头肌和臀中肌粗脂肪含量略高于小尾寒羊(P＞0.05)。小尾寒羊肉中牛磺酸含量高于寒泊羊(P＜0.01),其余17种氨基酸含量两品种羊肉间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。与肉鲜味有关的5种氨基酸,寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。除赖氨酸和色氨酸外,其余6种人体必需氨基酸寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。     

海门山羊不同部位肌肉中氨基酸含量的研究

选取12月龄海门山羊公、母羊和波尔山羊×海门山羊F₁代公羊3个群体为试验素材,分别取颊肌、斜方肌、臂三头肌、背最长肌、股二头肌、股四头肌和腓肠肌7个部位肌肉来研究海门山羊不同部位肌肉中氨基酸的含量。采用高效液相色谱法测定肌肉中氨基酸的种类和含量。结果表明,所测3个类群山羊7个部位的氨基酸均以谷氨酸含量最高;海门山羊(♂)斜方肌的脯氨酸含量显著高于臂三头肌、背最长肌(P＜0.05);海门山羊(♀)斜方肌的丝氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸、半胱氨酸和苯丙氨酸的含量显著高于背最长肌(P＜0.05);波尔山羊×海门山羊F₁(♂)斜方肌的甘氨酸含量显著大于其他部位肌肉中含量(P＜0.05);3个类群7个部位的必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸和总氨基酸含量均无显著差异(P＞0.05),但鲜味氨基酸含量较丰富。总体来说,海门山羊不同类群及不同部位除了个别氨基酸存在差异外,大部分氨基酸均差异不显著,但海门山羊尤其公羊的鲜味氨基酸含量丰富,肉质鲜味较好。     

山羊IGFBP-1基因的克隆及其mRNA丰度在多种组织中的发育性变化

本研究旨在探讨胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白1(Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1,IGFBP-1)基因在山羊出生后不同组织的发育性表达模式.在出生后0、15、30、60、90和120 d共屠宰36只南江黄羊羔羊(公、母羔羊各18只),取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、背最长肌、半膜肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌样品以抽提RNA,进行克隆及荧光定量PCR分析.山羊IGFBP-1基因的ORF(Open reading frame)长792 bp,共编码263个氨基酸,其核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性在反刍动物(牛、绵羊)之间远大于其它物种.羔羊肝脏IGFBP-1 mRNA表达量最高(P＜0.01)；肺脏、脾脏、心脏表达水平中等；肌肉中最低且在4种肌肉间表达差异不显著(P＞0.05).出生后尤其是60 d内羔羊IGFBP-1mRNA丰度变化很大,且明显呈现持续下降(肝脏)、先升后降(心脏)以及下降-上升-下降(脾脏、肺脏和肌肉)3种模式的变化.结果提示,IGFBP-1基因CDS区在物种间保守性较强,肝脏是山羊合成IGFBP-1 mRNA的主要部位,IGFBP-1基因在出生后羔羊的早期生长中发挥着重要的作用且其mRNA发育性表达模式具有组织器官特异性.     

Variation of fiber types in the triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris of horses

The distribution of type-I and type-II fibers in 9 different parts of the musculi triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris was studied to determine whether biopsies from these muscles give reliable information. All 4 investigated muscles were not homogeneous in their fiber-type distribution. Large differences existed among different muscle parts. The percentage of type-I fibers increased toward the deeper and cranial parts of the muscles. In the same zone of the gluteus muscle, differences of 30% were found for type-I fibers. Therefore, results obtained by biopsies of muscles must be interpreted with caution.     

Variation in proteolysis, sarcomere length, collagen content, and tenderness among major pork muscles

The objectives of this experiment were to determine the extent of variation in proteolysis, sarcomere length, and collagen content among pork muscles and the association of those factors with tenderness variation among muscles at 1 d postmortem. Twenty-three white composite barrows were slaughtered and carcasses (66 kg) were chilled at 0 degrees C for 24 h. At 1 d postmortem, the longissimus lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and triceps brachii, long head were dissected from one side of each carcass and frozen. Trained sensory panelists evaluated tenderness, amount of connective tissue, juiciness, and pork flavor intensity of grilled (70 degrees C) chops on 8-point scales. Raw chops were used for total collagen content, sarcomere length, and the extent of desmin proteolysis. Tenderness ratings were highest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (7.2) and triceps brachii (7.1), followed by longissimus lumborum (6.4) and semimembranosus (5.7) and were lowest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (4.0). The simple correlations between longissimus lumborum tenderness and the tenderness of other muscles were .54 (semimembranosus), .34 (semitendinosus), .36 (triceps branchii), and .17 (biceps femorus). Total collagen was highest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (7.1 mg/g muscle), followed by triceps branchii (6.0 mg/g) and semitendinosus (5.3 mg/g), and lowest for semimembranosus (4.5 mg/g) and longissimus lumborum (4.1 mg/g). Sarcomere length was longest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (2.5 microm) and triceps branchii (2.4 microm), followed by semimembranosus (1.8 microm), longissimus lumborum (1.8 microm), and biceps femorus (1.7 microm). Proteolysis of desmin was greatest (P < .05) in longissimus lumborum (39.3%), followed by semimembranosus (21.0%) and biceps femoris (18.5%), then semitendinosus (.2%) and triceps brachii (.2%). Multiple linear regression using total collagen, sarcomere length, and proteolysis accounted for 57% of the variation in tenderness rating among all samples. Piecewise linear regression was used to account for the interaction of sarcomere length with proteolysis and collagen. This analysis accounted for 72% of the variation in tenderness rating. Variation in collagen, proteolysis, and sarcomere length and the degree of their interaction with one another determine the tenderness of individual muscles.     

德州驴不同部位肌肉组织的常规营养成分、氨基酸和矿物质元素含量的比较

试验研究德州驴不同部位肌肉组织中常规营养成分、氨基酸(AA)和矿物质元素含量的变化。选取年龄、体重相近的健康德州驴32头采用单因素完全随机试验设计。结果显示,粗蛋白的含量以臂三头肌最高,臀肌最低。粗脂肪含量呈相反变化规律,臀肌脂肪沉积较好,嫩度更佳。臂三头肌中的多数单一AA以及必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)、总氨基酸(TAA)、支链氨基酸和功能性氨基酸含量均较高,背最长肌次之,股二头肌较少。背最长肌与臀肌AA的平衡性AA较好,具有较高的EAA/NEAA、EAA/TAA,蛋白质营养价值较高。从鲜味方面来看,臂三头肌的甘氨酸(GLy)、精氨酸(Arg)、丙氨酸(Ala)、谷氨酸(Glu)及呈味氨基酸的含量最高、口感更好、鲜味更佳。矿物质含量测定中,不同部位肌肉中大多数矿物元素没有差异,Cu元素和Zn元素的含量由高到低依次为:臂三头肌>股二头肌>背最长肌和臀肌,且差异显著(P<0.05)。     

湖羊公羔不同部位肌内脂肪的发育性变化

本研究选取初生、1、2、3、4、5、6月龄的湖羊公羔各5只,屠宰后取背最长肌、腰大肌和股二头肌,用索氏抽提法测定其肌内脂肪含量,研究湖羊羔羊不同部位肌肉肌内脂肪的发育性变化。结果表明湖羊羔羊不同部位肌肉肌内脂肪沉积的模式基本一致,即随年龄的增长而上升,在4月龄以前,各部位肌内脂肪的沉积速度都比较慢,到5月龄时,各部位肌内脂肪含量都极显著增加(P<0.01),达到相对较高的水平,6月龄时与5月龄相比都有增加,但差异不显著(P>0.05),表明4~5月龄之间是湖羊羔羊肌内脂肪沉积的重要时期。     

Could the pale, soft, and exudative condition be explained by distinctive histological characteristics?

Pork quality depends on various genetic and environmental factors. Despite the improvement of slaughter conditions, the PSE type is still one of the main concerns in this field. This study was conducted on nonstressed animals to evaluate the tissue characteristics of some muscles usually involved during stress compared with a reference muscle, the M. triceps brachii, which is actually not subject to stress-caused damages. Samples of M. triceps brachii, M. longissimus dorsi, M. biceps femoris, and M. semimembranosus were taken from pigs exhibiting 1 of the 3 HAL genotypes (NN, Nn, or nn) and 2 of the 3 RN genotypes (rn+rn+ or rn+RN-). Histoenzymology and immunohistochemistry were used to compare the fiber typing and capillary network in these muscles within these different stress susceptibility genotypes. In comparison with the reference muscle, M. triceps brachii, the combination of a high value of the number of type IIb fibers and a low vascular network showed a primary effect on muscles usually involved during stress. This led to the definition of a PSE index. A dramatic increase (P < 0.001) in this PSE index was systematically found in muscles usually involved in the PSE-type condition. These results show that distinctive histological characteristics were associated with the vulnerability of some muscles independently of the genotypes. Moreover, this study highlights the distinctive histological features of each genotype and is likely to suggest some interactions between them.     

Comparison of enzyme activities and gene expression profiling between yak and bovine skeletal muscles

The objective of the present study was to reveal the differences between yak (Bos grunniens) and cattle in energy metabolic characteristics and gene expressions in skeletal muscles. Activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD), which are involved in metabolism of carbohydrate and fatty acid respectively, were measured in longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris. Yak contained higher total LDH activity and higher proportion of LDH5 in longissimus dorsi than cattle (P < 0.05), indicating its more anaerobic potential characteristics in carbohydrate metabolism. However, yak contained higher activities of MDH and HOAD (P < 0.05) in biceps femoris than cattle, exhibiting high oxidative capacity under hypoxic environment. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of mRNA abundance showed that yak and cattle contained a similar level of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) in both longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris, while myosin heavy chain I (MyHC I) in longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) level in biceps femoris were significant lower in yak compared with cattle (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 respectively), indicating the anaerobic characteristic of yak skeletal muscles. In conclusion, our experiment showed that yak skeletal muscles exhibit different energy metabolic property and gene expressions compared to cattle.     

Pax7基因在猪不同组织中的表达特征及其在背最长肌中的发育性表达规律研究

本试验旨在探究Pax7(paired box 7)基因在猪不同组织中的表达特征及其在背最长肌中的发育性表达规律.采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术和Western blotting技术检测了Pax7基因在1日龄马身猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、小肠、下丘脑、小脑、背最长肌、腰大肌、股二头肌12种组织中的mRNA和蛋白质表达谱,以及马身猪和大白猪从出生1日龄到180日龄7个发育阶段(1、30、60、90、120、150、180日龄)背最长肌中的发育性表达规律.结果表明,Pax7基因mRNA在背最长肌、腰大肌、股二头肌、下丘脑和小脑组织中表达,而Pax7蛋白仅在背最长肌、腰大肌和股二头肌中表达.背最长肌中Pax7基因mRNA和蛋白质的发育性表达趋势在马身猪和大白猪中基本一致.在mRNA水平上,30日龄的表达量最高,极显著高于其他日龄(P <0.01);1日龄的表达量次之;其他日龄维持低表达的稳定状态.Pax7蛋白表达量在1日龄时最高,极显著高于其他日龄(P <0.01);30日龄次之;其他日龄维持低表达的稳定状态.从出生1日龄到180日龄,马身猪背最长肌中Pax7蛋白的表达量均显著或极显著地高于大白猪(P <0.05;P <0.01).Pax7 基因的表达与组织、日龄及品种的遗传背景有关.     

Study on the Expression Profile of Pax7 Gene and its Developmental Expression in Longissimus Dorsi of Pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression profile of Pax7 (paired box 7) gene in different tissues and its developmental expression in longissimus dorsi of pigs.The expression profiles of Pax7 gene at the levels of mRNA and protein in 12 different tissues including heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,stomach,small intestine,hypothalamus,cerebellum,longissimus dorsi,biceeps femoris,psoas major of Mashen pigs at birth and the developmental expression patterns in longissimus dorsi at seven stages (1,30,60,90,120,150,and 180-day old) of Mashen and Large White pigs were studied by quantitative Real-time PCR and Western blotting.The results showed that the Pax7 mRNA was expressed in longissimus dorsi,biceeps femoris,psoas major,hypothalamus,and cerebellum,wherease the Pax7 protein was only expressed in skeletal muscles of longissimus dorsi,biceeps femoris,and psoas major.The developmental expression patterns of Pax7 mRNA and protein in Mashen pig was basically in accordance with those in Large White pig.The mRNA expression amount of Pax7 gene in longissimus dorsi was the greatest at 30-day old (P <0.01),followed by the expression at 1-day old,and kept lower stable levels at other stages both in Mashen and Large White pigs.At the stages of 30-day,90-day,and 180-day old,Pax7 mRNA expression amounts in Mashen pig were significantly higher than those in Large White pig (P <0.01).The Pax7 protein expression at 1-day old was the greatest (P <0.01),followed by it at 30-day old,which were significantly greater than those at other stages,at which Pax7 expression was in lower stable levels.The Pax7 protein expression from one-day old to 180-day old in Mashen pig was significantly greater than those in Large White pig (P <0.05;P <0.01).The expression of Pax7 gene could associated with tissue,age,and background of pig breed.     

Relationship between longissimus composition and the composition of other major muscles of the beef carcass

Left sides from 18 beef carcasses (9 steers and 9 heifers), selected to represent a wide range of marbling scores, were evaluated to determine the relationship between longissimus composition and the composition of other major muscles. The adductor (A), biceps femoris (BF), deep pectoral (DP) gluteal group (GL), infraspinatus (I), longissimus (L), psoas major (PM), rectus abdominis (RA), rectus femoris (RF), semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), serratus ventralis (SV), spinalis (SP), supraspinatus (SU) and triceps brachii (TB) were removed, trimmed of external fat, weighed and ground for proximate analysis. Fat content of all muscles was related linearly (P less than .001) to L fat content (R2 values ranged from .67 to .84). The ST had the lowest mean fat content (4.4%) and SP had the highest mean percentage of fat (16.1%). The L ranged from 3.59% to 15.42% fat with a mean of 8.61%. Longissimus fat percentage can be used to predict the fat content of the other major muscles of the beef carcass.     

湖羊肌肉营养特点及肌纤维组织学特性

为了研究湖羊肌肉营养特点及肌纤维组织学特性,分别测定了不同年龄(初生、断奶、成年)湖羊肌肉中常规营养成分(水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷)、18种氨基酸的含量以及不同年龄湖羊不同部位肌肉(臂三头肌、股二头肌、背最长肌)的肌纤维组织学特性(肌纤维直径、肌纤维密度)。结果表明:随着年龄的增长,肌肉中水分含量显著降低(P0.05),粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量逐渐增加,且成年羊与初生羔羊和断奶羔羊之间差异显著(P0.05)。湖羊肌肉中苏氨酸、缬氨酸、蛋氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和精氨酸的含量随着年龄的增长而显著增加(P0.05),非必需氨基酸含量随着年龄的增长大致呈增加趋势。在湖羊肌肉的所有氨基酸中含量最高的是谷氨酸,其次是天冬氨酸。不同年龄湖羊的肌纤维直径均表现为背最长肌股二头肌臂三头肌,肌纤维密度均表现为背最长肌股二头肌臂三头肌,且同龄湖羊3个部位之间的肌纤维密度均差异显著(P0.05)。相同部位的肌肉,其肌纤维直径随年龄的增长而增大,肌纤维密度随年龄的增长而减小,且不同年龄间差异显著(初生羔羊与断奶羔羊的臂三头肌除外)(P0.05)。综上可知,湖羊肌肉营养丰富,氨基酸种类齐全,肌纤维组织学特性在不同年龄和不同部位间存在差异,断奶羔羊肉营养更丰富,更具香、嫩等特点。     

舍饲条件下波尔山羊与河南淮山羊杂交羊生长发育、屠宰性能及肉品质特性研究

为了研究波尔山羊与河南淮山羊杂交羊的生长发育情况以及肌肉品质特性,本研究采用生长性能常规测定以及国标法和组织化学染色法对舍饲条件下的波淮杂交羊的体重体尺指标、屠宰性能、胴体肌肉的常规营养成分（水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙、磷、镁、铁和硒）、17种氨基酸含量和不同部位（臂三头肌、股二头肌、背最长肌）肌肉的纤维组织特性（肌纤维直径、肌纤维密度）进行测定分析。结果显示,波淮杂交羊初生阶段公羊体重、体斜长、体高、管围均显著高于母羊（P<0.05）;1月龄、3月龄和6月龄时公羊体重、体斜长、体高和胸围均显著高于母羊（P<0.05）;1岁以及1.5岁时公羊体重和体尺等指标均显著高于母羊（P<0.05）。6月龄屠宰的波淮杂交羊公母羊胴体重分别为12.94和11.33 kg,屠宰率分别为49.01%和48.34%,屠宰性能的各项指标均差异不显著（P>0.05）。胴体肌肉中水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质、粗灰分分别占比71.00%、2.10%、19.17%和2.31%,胆固醇含量为62.93 mg/100 g;镁、钙、铁、硒、磷的含量分别为248.00、40.57、17.00、0.08、210.12 mg/kg。赖氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸占FAO指标比例分别为123.87%、140.42%、102.88%,这3种氨基酸含量均高于FAO/WHO（理想蛋白模式）的评价标准;苏氨酸、亮氨酸占FAO指标分别为86.80%、82.00%,与FAO理想蛋白模式的氨基酸含量差距不大。苯丙氨酸占FAO指标的36.90%,与FAO理想蛋白模式的氨基酸含量差距较明显。臂三头肌的肌纤维直径（39.98 μm） > 股二头肌的肌纤维直径（36.53 μm） > 背最长肌的肌纤维直径（27.06 μm）。本试验结果表明,舍饲条件下波淮杂交羊屠宰性能较好,肌肉中的氨基酸、蛋白质、脂肪和主要几种矿物质含量丰富,肌肉中脂肪呈现大理石纹状分布,为下一步地方山羊品种的杂交改良和优质羊肉产品开发提供了参考依据。     

The Quality Evaluation of Different Anatomical Locations of Yunling Cattle

In order to define the quality characteristics of different anatomical locations of Yunling cattle,the pressing loss rate,cooking loss rate,shear force,pH, L^* value,a^* value,b^* value,crude protein content,crude fat content and moisture of supraspinatus (SU),infraspinatus (IF),triceps brachii (TB),rhomboideus (RH),serratus ventraliscervicis (SVC),splenius (SP),psoas major (PM),longissimus dorsi (LD),latissimus dorsi (LA),semimembranosus (SM),semitendinosus (ST),biceps femoris (BF),gluteus medius (GM),rectusfemoris (RF),vastus lateralis (VL), tensor fasciae latae (TFL) from Yunling cattle carcass were determined.The quality traits of Yunling cattle meat among different anatomical locations were analyzed using variance,correlation and standardization analysis. The result showed that there were significant differences in quality traits among various anatomical locations (P<0.05). The SU,IF,PM,SVC and TFL had higher tenderness comparing to other muscles with shear force values less than 4 kg,while the water holding capacity of SP,ST and VL was poorer than other muscles. The ST had the highest L^* value among all muscles. There was significantly positive correlation between shear force and pressing loss, cooking loss rate. The LD and ST had similar quality characteristic,while BF,GM and VL had similar quality characteristic. It was showed that different parts of muscle had significant effect on Yunling cattle meat quality.The quality of forequarter meat was better, which could be used to develop high-end products.     

云岭牛不同解剖部位肉品质评价

为了明确云岭牛不同解剖部位肉的品质特性,本试验测定了云岭牛冈上肌（SU）、冈下肌（IF）、臀三头肌（TB）、菱形肌（RH）、颈腹侧锯肌（SVC）、夹肌（SP）,中部胴体的腰大肌（PM）、背最长肌（LD）、背阔肌（LA）,后部胴体的半膜肌（SM）、半腱肌（ST）、股二头肌（BF）、臀中肌（GM）、股直肌（RF）、股外侧肌（VL）和阔筋膜张肌（TFL）共16个解剖部位肉的压力失水率、蒸煮损失、剪切力、pH、亮度（L^*）、红度（a^*）、黄度（b^*）、粗蛋白质、脂肪、水分10项品质指标,并通过方差分析、相关性分析和标准化分析研究其品质特性。结果显示,云岭牛不同解剖部位肉之间的10项品质指标均存在显著差异（P<0.05）。冈上肌、冈下肌、腰大肌、颈腹侧锯肌和阔筋膜张肌的嫩度较好,其剪切力均低于4 kg。夹肌、半腱肌和股外侧肌的保水性较差,半腱肌的L^*值最高。相关性分析结果表明,剪切力和压力失水率、蒸煮损失呈显著正相关。标准化分析发现,背最长肌和半腱肌具有相似的品质特征;股二头肌、臀中肌和股外侧肌具有相似的品质特征。结果表明,部位因素对云岭牛肉品质具有显著影响,云岭牛胴体前部肉品质较好,可以作为开发高档产品的原料来源。     

阳原驴MSTN基因生物信息学分析及组织表达研究

【目的】试验旨在分析阳原驴肌生长抑制素(myostatin,MSTN)基因CDS序列特征及其在不同生长发育时期和不同组织中的表达水平。【方法】采集6、12、18、24月龄阳原驴的血样及不同组织样,提取其基因组DNA及不同组织样总RNA。利用PCR技术扩增阳原驴MSTN基因CDS序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测MSTN基因在阳原驴不同生长发育时期背最长肌、腿肌和18月龄不同组织(心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏)中的表达水平。【结果】阳原驴MSTN基因CDS序列长1 128 bp,编码375个氨基酸,与马的核苷酸序列相似性最高(99.9%),编码蛋白属于不稳定的亲水性蛋白,含有转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)超家族结构域,不含跨膜区,存在1个信号肽区域,包含6个O-糖基化位点、1个N-糖基化位点和34个磷酸化位点,主要分布于细胞核中(39.1%),二级结构中无规则卷曲占比最高(50.93%)。MSTN基因在18月龄阳原驴背最长肌和腿肌中的表达水平显著高于6、12、24月龄(P＜0.05);MSTN基因在18月龄阳原驴不同组织中均有表达,其中背最长肌中的表达水平显著高于其他组织(P＜0.05),其次是腿肌、肺脏、脾脏、肾脏和肝脏,心脏中的表达水平最低。【结论】试验成功扩增出阳原驴MSTN基因CDS序列,MSTN基因在阳原驴不同生长发育时期背最长肌和腿肌中的表达水平均以18月龄最高,且在18月龄不同组织中以背最长肌和腿肌中表达水平较高。研究结果为进一步探讨MSTN基因在阳原驴骨骼肌生长发育中的作用机制提供参考。