添加玉米秸秆和根茬对不同肥力黑土微生物残体碳氮的影响

【目的】作物秸秆和根茬是农田土壤有机质的重要来源之一,经微生物作用以微生物残体形式累积在土壤中,是稳定土壤有机质的重要组成部分。明确不同肥力土壤作物秸秆和根茬还田后微生物残体在土壤中的累积及其对土壤有机碳（SOC）和全氮（TN）的贡献,以期为增加土壤碳氮的库容和稳定性提供依据。【方法】基于黑土长期定位试验站不同肥力水平土壤,利用¹³C¹⁵N双标记方法和氨基糖生物标识物技术,土壤中分别添加玉米秸秆和根茬后进行室内培养,在培养第30天和第180天采样,分析土壤中外源碳（秸秆碳和根茬碳）的残留率、外源氮（秸秆氮和根茬氮）的残留率、微生物残体碳氮的含量及其对土壤有机碳（SOC）和土壤全氮（TN）的贡献率。【结果】培养第180天,秸秆碳和根茬碳在土壤中的平均残留率分别为36.3%和31.7%,秸秆氮和根茬氮的残留率平均分别为95.8%和79.3%。添加秸秆和根茬处理SOC中外源碳含量与TN中外源氮含量的比值（¹³C-SOC/¹⁵N-TN）在培养第180天平均分别为17.6和28.5,与培养第30天相比平均分别下降了47.9%和28.2%。培养期间,高肥土壤真菌残体碳氮含量是低肥土壤的1.17倍左右,细菌残体碳氮含量是低肥土壤的1.31倍。第180天,添加秸秆处理土壤微生物残体（真菌和细菌）碳和氮含量平均比添加根茬处理增加了8.5%左右。培养结束后（第180天）,真菌残体碳对高肥和低肥土壤SOC的贡献率平均分别为37.0%和33.8%,细菌残体碳的贡献率平均分别为11.2%和9.2%;添加秸秆和根茬的处理真菌残体碳对SOC的贡献率平均分别为36.0%和34.7%,细菌残体碳的贡献率平均分别为10.8%和9.6%。第30天,真菌残体氮和细菌残体氮对TN的贡献率平均分别为55.2%和16.3%;培养第180天,真菌残体氮对低肥和高肥土壤TN的贡献率平均分别为63.5%和60.5%,细菌残体氮的贡献率平均分别为16.4%和17.5%。培养180天与初始土壤相比,细菌残体碳和氮对高肥土壤SOC和TN的贡献率平均分别增加了4.8%和7.4%,对低肥土壤平均分别增加了20.3%和32.5%。【结论】真菌残体对土壤有机碳库的稳定和氮库的扩容起着重要的作用。添加玉米秸秆较根茬更有利于微生物残体碳氮在土壤中的累积。低肥土壤添加秸秆和根茬有利于细菌残体碳和氮向土壤有机碳库和氮库的转化。     

藏东南林芝地区典型农业土地利用方式对土壤微生物群落特征的影响

为研究藏东南林芝地区土壤微生物群落对农业土地利用方式的响应特征及其关键影响因素,可深入认识农业土地利用对该区域生态系统稳定性的影响,并为该地区农业土地资源合理利用提供科学依据。采集藏东南林芝地区2种典型农业土地利用方式(农田及放牧草地)土壤样品,以自然森林土壤样品为对照,利用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)和MiSeq高通量测序分析不同土地利用方式下土壤微生物数量、多样性和群落组成的差异性,并结合土壤理化指标探讨影响土壤微生物群落组成和结构的关键因素。结果表明:与自然森林相比,农田和放牧草地土壤中微生物PLFA总量降低了38.7%~51.8%,其中革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌、放线菌和真菌的生物量分别降低了26.1%~47.6%、40.0%~61.1%、44.1%~60.6%和5.2%~31.3%。农田种植显著降低土壤真菌的多样性,其丰富度、香农多样性相比于森林土壤分别降低了53.0%和71.4%,而细菌群落的丰富度、香农多样性则显著降低了15.7%和5.1%。农田种植显著增加土壤细菌中放线菌门(A ctinobacteria)的相对丰度,但是显著降低了浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的相对丰度,放牧草地则显著促进拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)的生长。农业土地利用显著提高土壤真菌群落中担子菌门伞菌纲(A garicomycetes)的优势度,其在农田和放牧草地土壤中的相对丰度分别是自然森林土壤的23倍和19倍,而子囊菌门(A scomycota)和接合菌门(Zygomycota)的相对丰度则分别降低了67.7%~89.6%和58.7%~67.4%。基于距离矩阵的冗余分析表明,土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构在3种土地利用方式下有显著差异。土壤微生物的数量、多样性和群落组成受到土壤pH值、土壤有机碳、土壤C/N等理化性质的显著影响,并且土壤真菌对环境因子改变的响应比细菌敏感。研究表明,典型农业土地利用方式导致藏东南林芝地区土壤微生物群落的数量和多样性相比于自然植被显著降低,并改变细菌和真菌的群落组成和结构,而且真菌对农业土地利用方式的响应比细菌敏感。     

红壤丘陵区旱地和水旱轮作地土壤中纤维素降解功能微生物群落特征

为揭示农田土壤有机质中纤维素降解的微生物机制,依托红壤丘陵区长期定位试验,以两种土地利用方式(旱地和水旱轮作地)下两种施肥模式(化肥、秸秆还田配施化肥)的农田生态系统为研究对象,分析了表层土壤中纤维素含量、纤维二糖水解酶活性以及纤维素降解功能微生物丰度与群落结构的周年动态变化特征。结果表明:长期(13年)施肥后土壤中纤维素并未发生显著积累,且从周年动态变化来看,秸秆还田后旱地和水旱轮作地中纤维素分别在6个月和3个月内完全降解或被转化为其他形态;相关分析表明,纤维二糖水解酶活性与纤维素含量呈显著正相关,而真菌cbh I基因丰度与纤维二糖水解酶呈显著正相关(P0.01),因此功能基因cbh I可用于指示本研究供试土壤中降解纤维素的关键微生物群;聚类分析表明,旱地和水旱轮作地的纤维素降解微生物(含cbh I基因)互相分离,即与施肥相比,土地利用方式是引起土壤中纤维素降解微生物群落组成改变最主要的因素;克隆测序结果显示,两种土地利用方式下纤维素降解功能微生物均以伞菌和粪壳菌占绝对优势,分别占总克隆库的22.9%~39.5%(平均为34.7%)和17.7%~42.3%(平均为28.5%),其中秸秆还田后的纤维素降解过程可能由粪壳菌主导。研究结果阐明了红壤丘陵区旱地和水旱轮作地中秸秆还田后纤维素降解及其功能微生物群落的异同,为揭示农田土壤新鲜有机质中易分解组分(纤维素)的微生物转化机制提供了基础数据。     

土壤温室气体排放对C/N的响应

土壤碳氮比(C/N)是影响微生物活动导致土壤温室气体排放和养分有效性变化的关键因素,秸秆还田配施氮肥则是调节农田土壤C/N的重要措施。为了探讨土壤C/N对温室气体排放的影响,通过在土壤中添加等量秸秆配以不同数量N素,在室内培养条件下测定分析了土壤不同起始C/N条件下土壤温室气体排放和活性碳氮的变化动态。研究发现:不同C/N条件下,土壤温室气体排放和溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)的变化趋势基本一致。土壤CO_2排放速率和DOC含量均表现为随培养时间的延长逐渐降低,培养前30 d下降幅度较大,30~75 d降低缓慢,75 d后基本平稳;土壤N_2O的排放速率和DON含量则表现为先升高后降低,N_2O的排放速率在第7 d达到最大后逐渐降低直至平稳,土壤DON含量在第14 d达到最高后逐渐降低。土壤起始C/N越低,有机碳矿化率和净氮硝化速率越高,CO_2和N_2O排放量越多;土壤CO_2和N_2O的排放速率及累积排放量不但与土壤DOC和DON含量显著相关,而且与土壤DOC/DON比值显著相关。土壤硝态氮的含量变化表现为与土壤起始C/N相关,当土壤起始C/N在20~30时,硝态氮先升高后降低;土壤起始C/N大于40时,硝态氮先降低后升高。结果表明:在实际生产中,秸秆还田后合理配施氮肥调节土壤C/N是减少温室气体排放、提高作物氮肥利用效率的重要措施,为了掌握适宜的配施量和施用时期,有必要针对不同作物农田系统继续进行田间试验研究。     

不同发酵菌剂对烟用菜籽饼肥肥效的影响

为研究植烟土壤上施用经不同发酵菌剂发酵的菜籽饼肥的效果,选用3种不同接种菌剂(BM烟草增香剂、爱田1#菌剂、神采肥料活性剂)加入菜籽饼,经发酵制得相应饼肥,以不添加菌剂的菜籽饼肥处理为对照,测定了不同饼肥的蛋白N降解率、养分含量、N损失率、腐熟度,同时采用"好气培养间歇淋洗法"及"幼苗盆栽试验"考察了相应饼肥短期内(35 d)在土壤中的有机N矿化率和肥效。结果表明:添加菌剂能显著提高饼肥的腐熟度及蛋白N降解率;烟用饼肥的堆制过程中适当添加"爱田1#菌剂"或"BM烟草增香剂",有利于有机N的快速释放,适时适量供氮,从而更加吻合烟草需肥规律。     

秸秆覆盖免耕土壤微生物生物量与养分转化的研究

 多年连续秸秆覆盖免耕，0-20cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷含量和土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性明显提高；免耕能提高表层土壤微生物生物量，0-7.5cm土层比翻耕处理年平均增高51.7%。翻耕能增加土壤活跃微生物生物量，0-30cm土层翻耕土壤活跃微生物生物量比免耕高25.3%。0-30cm土层微生物对养分的固结量多于作物年吸收量，土壤微生物生物量在春季和秋季即冬小麦生长苗期增大，固结土壤养分，而在夏玉米生长时期的夏季降低，被矿化释放养分，所以微生物对土壤养分转化具有重要的调控作用。     

Changes in Transformation of Soil Organic C and Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community Under Different Land Uses

Changes in soil biological and biochemical properties under different land uses in the subtropical region of China were investigated in order to develop rational cultivation and fertilization management. A small watershed of subtropical region of China was selected for this study. Land uses covered paddy fields, vegetable farming, fruit trees, upland crops, bamboo stands, and forestry. Soil biological and biochemical properties included soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of soil organic C, and soil microbial biomass and community functional diversity. Soil organic C and total N contents, microbial biomass C and N, and respiration intensity under different land uses were changed in the following order: paddy fields (and vegetable farming) > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland). The top surface (0–15 cm) paddy fields (and vegetable farming) were 76.4 and 80.8% higher in soil organic C and total N contents than fruit trees (and upland) soils, respectively. Subsurface paddy soils (15–30 cm) were 59.8 and 67.3% higher in organic C and total N than upland soils, respectively. Soil microbial C, N and respiration intensity in paddy soils (0–15 cm) were 6.36, 3.63 and 3.20 times those in fruit tree (and upland) soils respectively. Soil microbial metabolic quotient was in the order: fruit trees (and upland) > forestry > paddy fields. Metabolic quotient in paddy soils was only 47.7% of that in fruit tree (and upland) soils. Rates of soil organic C mineralization during incubation changed in the order: paddy fields > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland) and soil bacteria population: paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry. No significant difference was found for fungi and actinomycetes populations. BIOLOG analysis indicated a changing order of paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry in values of the average well cell development (AWCD) and functional diversity indexes of microbial community. Results also showed that the conversion from paddy fields to vegetable farming for 5 years resulted in a dramatic increase in soil available phosphorus content while insignificant changes in soil organic C and total N content due to a large inputs of phosphate fertilizers. This conversion caused 53, 41.5, and 41.3% decreases in soil microbial biomass C, N, and respiration intensity, respectively, while 23.6% increase in metabolic quotient and a decrease in soil organic C mineralization rate. Moreover, soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were increased slightly, while fungi population increased dramatically. Functional diversity indexes of soil microbial community decreased significantly. It was concluded that land uses in the subtropical region of China strongly affected soil biological and biochemical properties. Soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of organic C and functional diversity of microbial community in paddy fields were higher than those in upland and forestry. Overuse of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields with high fertility might degrade soil biological properties and biochemical function, resulting in deterioration of soil biological quality.     

黑土细菌及真菌群落对长期施肥响应的差异及其驱动因素

【目的】研究长期施肥对黑土细菌和真菌群落结构影响差异,探索黑土肥力对长期施用化肥和有机肥响应差异的生物学机制,为黑土的肥力培育和合理施肥提供科学理论依据。【方法】基于35年的长期定位施肥试验,采用定量PCR方法和Miseq高通量测序技术,分析长期不施肥（CK）、氮肥（N）、有机肥（M）和有机无机配施肥（MN）处理下,黑土细菌及真菌的数量、群落结构和多样性的差异。同时结合土壤理化性状,探究不同施肥条件下细菌和真菌群落变化的环境驱动因子。【结果】N处理对土壤细菌的数量没有显著影响,但使其群落多样性降低了13.2%-48.5%。N处理使真菌的数量增加了24倍,多样性降低了4.6%-80.3%。与N处理相比,MN处理使细菌数量和多样性分别增加了2倍和7.7%-46.6%,而真菌的数量虽降低了14.2%,但其多样性提高了62%-237%。单施氮肥增加了土壤细菌酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）中的Acidobacteria_Gp1、Gp3及变形菌门（Proteobacteria）中的α-Proteobacteria的相对丰度,并使土壤真菌中伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）的相对丰度增加了41倍。与N处理相比,MN处理下细菌的各主要类群丰度未发生显著变化,但M处理下土壤细菌中的α-Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria_Gp1和Gp3丰度分别显著降低了26、97和81个百分点,Acidobacteria_Gp4、Gp6和Plancomycetes的丰度分别显著增加了11倍、9倍和2倍。细菌群落结构在MN与N处理之间无显著差异,明显区别于CK和M处理,pH为主要驱动因素,其阈值为6.07;真菌群落结构在CK、M和MN处理下相似,显著区别于N处理,两组处理之间差异由速效钾含量（125.5 mg·kg^-1）驱动。另外,有机质含量对于细菌和真菌群落均是重要的驱动因素,但调控细菌群落结构的阈值为28.4 g·kg^-1,而驱动真菌群落结构的阈值为30.8 g·kg^-1。【结论】黑土细菌对有机肥的响应较强,而真菌对化肥更为敏感。长期施用化肥会刺激土壤中嗜酸细菌和真菌的生长,而有机无机肥配施可提高土壤微生物群落多样性,刺激有益菌的生长。土壤pH和有效钾含量分别是调控细菌和真菌群落结构的重要影响因素,在黑土肥力培育中应引起充分的重视。     

Characterization of the microbial community response to replant diseases in peach orchards

This study attempted to monitor the development of microbial communities and reveal the correlation between the soil microbial community and soil nutrient factors over different years following the replanting of peach trees.The replanted soil (RS) and nonreplanted soil (NRS) were collected from peach orchards with different growth years (1,3,5,7,9,11,and 13 years) in the same region.The soil bacterial and fungal community diversities were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology.Redunda...     

INTERCROPPING TEA PLANTATIONS WITH SOYBEAN AND RAPESEED ENHANCES NITROGEN FIXATION THROUGH SHIFTS IN SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES

● Intercropping change soil bacterial communities in tea plantations. ● Intercropping increasing nitrogen cycling in the soils of tea plantations. Intercropping with eco-friendly crops is a well-known strategy for improving agriculture sustainability with benefits throughout the soil community, though the range of crop impacts on soil microbiota and extent of feedbacks to crops remain largely unclear. This study evaluated the impacts of different intercropping systems on soil bacterial community composition, diversity, and potential functions in tea gardens. Intercropping systems were found to be significantly influenced soil microbiota. Within the three tested intercropping systems (tea-soybean, tea-rapeseed and tea-soybean-rapeseed), the tea-soybean-rapeseed intercropping system had the most dramatic influence on soil microbiota, with increases in richness accompanied by shifts in the structure of tea garden soil bacterial networks. Specifically, relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria associated with essential mineral nutrient cycling increased significantly in the tea-soybean-rapeseed intercropping system. In addition, soil microbial functions related to nutrient cycling functions were significantly enhanced. This was in accordance with increasing relative abundance of nitrogen cycling bacteria, including Burkholderia spp. and Rhodanobacter spp. Based on these results, it is proposed that intercropping tea plantation with soybean and rapeseed may benefit soil microbiota, and thereby promises to be an important strategy for improving soil health in ecologically sound tea production systems.     

不同肥力棕壤玉米根茬和茎叶残体碳氮的固定特征

目的 秸秆还田是增加土壤碳固定和改善土壤养分状况的重要措施之一。研究玉米不同部位残体碳、氮在土壤中的固定特征,明确秸秆还田的土壤增碳培肥机制。方法 以沈阳农业大学棕壤长期定位试验站为平台,采集不施肥和有机肥配施化肥处理的土壤分别作为低肥力（LF）和高肥力（HF）土壤,并分别与¹³C和¹⁵N双标记的玉米茎叶（S）、玉米根茬（R）混合,在25℃条件下进行室内培养试验。试验于第1、30、60、180和360 天取样并测定土壤总有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量及其同位素丰度,分析玉米不同部位残体碳、氮在不同肥力水平土壤中的固定特征。结果 添加玉米残体显著提高土壤SOC,一年后仍能提高14.0%。添加玉米残体后,土壤系统中有一小部分氮素可能以反硝化方式流失,且外源玉米残体氮和土壤原有老氮均有损失。与添加根茬相比,添加茎叶更有利于外源新碳、氮的增加,而且具有更强的激发老碳、氮分解/损失的效应,不利于土壤老碳、氮的固持;根茬残体则更趋向于被分解,使土壤老碳、氮得到相对的保护和固定。外源残体碳虽然在低肥力土壤中的固定较少,但是对低肥力土壤碳库的提升具有更大的贡献。添加残体后低肥力土壤的C/N和¹³C/¹⁵N（代表土壤中来自于外源残体的C/N）显著高于高肥力土壤。但本研究结果表明¹³C/¹⁵N并不是限制低肥力土壤中残体分解和固定的主要因素,其主要原因可能在于底物长期选择条件下的特异性土著土壤微生物群落较为稳定,对于外源有机质加入的干扰具有抵抗力造成的。结论 土壤中添加玉米不同部位残体均可显著提高土壤碳、氮水平,但其内在的残体新碳/氮和土壤老碳/氮的固定策略相异。低肥力土壤较高肥力土壤对外源碳的固定少,其对不同部位残体的固定在本研究中并不受到来自于外源残留残体C/N的影响。     

Effects of Glucose Addition on N Transformations in Paddy Soils with a Gradient of Organic C Content in Subtropical China

To better understand the interaction of N transformation and exogenous C source and manage N fertilization, the effects of glucose addition on N transformation were determined in paddy soils with a gradient of soil organic C content. Changes in N mineralization, nitrification and denitrification, as well as their response to glucose addition were measured by incubation experiments in paddy soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China. Mineralization and denitrification were changed in order of increasing soil fertilities： high 〉 middle 〉 low. During the first week of incubation, net N mineralization and denitrification rates in paddy soil with high fertility were 1.9 and 1.1 times of those in soil with middle fertility and 5.3 and 2.9 times of those in soil with low fertility, respectively. Addition of glucose decreased net N mineralization by approximately 78.8, 109.2 and 177.4% in soils with high, middle and low fertility, respectively. However, denitrification rates in soils with middle and low fertility were increased by 14.4 and 166.2% respectively. The highest nitrate content among the paddy soils tested was 0.62 mg kg-1 and the highest nitrification ratio was 0.33%. Addition of glucose had no obvious effects on nitrate content and nitrification ratio. It was suggested that the intensity of mineralization and denitrification was quite different in soils with different fertility, and increased with increasing soil organic C content. Addition of glucose decreased mineralization, but increased denitrification, and the shifts were greater in soil with low than in soil with high organic C content. Neither addition of glucose nor inherent soil organic C had obvious effects on nitrification in paddy soils tested.     

多氯联苯污染土壤的微生物生态效应研究

以多氯联苯(Polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)自然污染的农田土壤为材料,分析土壤中微生物区系组成、生物毋C、N、土壤基础呼吸以及微生物群落功能多样性的变化.研究结果表明,在以4-氯、5-氯同系物为主的PCBs污染土壤中,污染程度对土壤细菌、放线菌的数量影响不明显,而真菌的数量除与土壤污染程度有关,可能还受到土壤pH等性状的影响;土壤微生物C、N与土壤基础呼吸随污染程度的加剧呈下降趋势.但微生物C/N基本没有变化;Biolog分析显示,土壤微生物代谢刮面(AWCD)及Simpson指数在污染程度相差较大的两组土壤样品中差异均达到了显著性水平,表明PCBs污染引起了土壤微生物群落功能多样性下降,降低了微生物对不同单一碳源底物的利用能力.     

不同菌渣肥施用量对柑橘果园土壤有机碳矿化的影响

为阐明不同菌渣肥施用量对柑橘果园有机碳矿化的影响,对定位试验柑橘果园单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机无机肥配施、不施肥处理的土样进行室内培养,定期测定土壤CO2释放量。结果表明,整个培养过程,土壤有机碳矿化速率前期迅速下降,培养中期缓慢下降,培养后期趋于稳定状态。相关分析表明有机碳矿化速率与土壤C／N具有显著相关性。与不施肥和单纯施用化肥相比,施人有机肥的土壤具有更高的微生物活性,从而引起土壤平均有机碳矿化速率提高5．2％～104．6％;但随着有机肥施用量的增加,土壤潜在可矿化C量占总有机碳的比例并没有显著增加,说明通过施用有机肥可以增加果园土壤有机碳的积累。     

硒对油菜根际土壤微生物的影响

为明确硒对土壤根际微生物生态特征的影响,采用盆栽试验,基于高通量测序技术研究了不同浓度（0、0.5、1.0 mg·kg^-1）外源硒对油菜根际土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响。群落结构分析结果表明：油菜根际土壤细菌优势菌门主要为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）等;真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）。多样性分析结果表明,硒未显著影响土壤细菌和真菌群落的多样性。主坐标分析表明,硒处理对细菌群落结构具有显著影响,而对真菌群落的影响不明显。显著差异物种线性判别分析（LDA）显示：Microtrichales显著富集于低浓度（0.5 mg·kg^-1）硒处理土壤中;产黄杆菌（Rhodanobacter）、Nitrolancea、热微菌科（Thermomicrobiaceae）和无色杆菌属（Achromobacter）则显著富集于高浓度（1.0 mg·kg^-1）硒处理土壤中。研究表明,施硒有助于油菜根际土壤富集有益根际微生物,从而促进植物生长,提高植物应对不良环境胁迫的能力。     

Aggregate-associated changes in nutrient properties,microbial community and functions in a greenhouse vegetable field based on an eight-year fertilization experiment of China

Soil aggregation, microbial community, and functions(i.e., extracellular enzyme activities; EEAs) are critical factors affecting soil C dynamics and nutrient cycling. We assessed soil aggregate distribution, stability, nutrients, and microbial characteristics within 2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and 0.053 mm aggregates, based on an eight-year field experiment in a greenhouse vegetable field in China. The field experiment includes four treatments: 100% N fertilizer(CF), 50% substitution of N fertilizer with manure(M), straw(S), and manure plus straw(MS). The amounts of nutrient(N, P_2O_5, and K_2O) input were equal in each treatment. Results showed higher values of mean weight diameter in organic-amended soils(M, MS, and S, 2.43–2.97) vs. CF-amended soils(1.99). Relative to CF treatment, organic amendments had positive effects on nutrient(i.e., available N, P, and soil organic C(SOC)) conditions, microbial(e.g., bacterial and fungal) growth, and EEAs in the 0.053 mm aggregates, but not in the 0.053 mm aggregates. The 0.25–0.053 mm aggregates exhibited better nutrient conditions and hydrolytic activity, while the 0.053 mm aggregates had poor nutrient conditions and higher oxidative activity among aggregates, per SOC, available N, available P, and a series of enzyme activities. These results indicated that the 0.25–0.053 mm(0.053 mm) aggregates provide suitable microhabitats for hydrolytic(oxidative) activity. Interestingly, we found that hydrolytic and oxidative activities were mainly impacted by fertilization(58.5%, P0.01) and aggregate fractions(50.5%, P0.01), respectively. The hydrolytic and oxidative activities were significantly(P0.01) associated with nutrients(SOC and available N) and pH, electrical conductivity, respectively. Furthermore, SOC, available N, and available P closely(P0.05) affected microbial communities within 0.25, 0.25–0.053, and 0.053 mm aggregates, respectively. These findings provide several insights into microbial characteristics within aggregates under different fertilization modes in the greenhouse vegetable production system in China.     

覆盖作物多样性对猕猴桃园土壤微生物群落功能的影响

以丹江口水源涵养区猕猴桃园为研究对象,运用Biolog微平板技术,研究不同种类覆盖作物处理(2、4、8种和清耕对照)下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的差异。结果表明,覆盖作物处理土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用程度、功能多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于清耕对照。覆盖作物及清耕对照处理土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数与土壤含水量、有机碳、pH、微生物量碳氮呈显著正相关关系。主成分分析与碳代谢图谱分析表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物种类提高了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,且对D-甘露醇、L-精氨酸、L-天门冬酰胺、L-苯丙氨酸、γ-羟丁酸、α-丁酮酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、吐温40的利用能力显著高于清耕对照。此外,4种覆盖作物处理对猕猴桃园土壤生态环境的影响优于2种和8种。研究表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物多样性改变了土壤环境因子,影响了土壤微生物群落的代谢活性和功能多样性。     

Effect of Different Vegetation Types on the Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Community Structure in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau in China is one of the most eroded areas in the world. Accordingly, vegetation restoration has been implemented in this area over the past two decades to remedy the soil degradation problem. Understanding the microbial community structure is essential for the sustainability of ecosystems and for the reclamation of degraded arable land. This study aimed to determine the effect of different vegetation types on microbial processes and community structure in rhizosphere soils in the Loess Plateau. The six vegetation types were as follows：two natural grassland （Artemisia capillaries and Heteropappus altaicus）, two artificial grassland （Astragalus adsurgens and Panicum virgatum）, and two artificial shrubland （Caragana korshinskii and Hippophae rhamnoides） species. The microbial community structure and functional diversity were examined by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） and community-level physiological profiles. The results showed that rhizosphere soil sampled from the H. altaicus and A. capillaries plots had the highest values of microbial biomass C, average well color development of carbon resources, Gram-negative （G-） bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, total PLFA, Shannon richness, and Shannon evenness, as well as the lowest metabolic quotient. Soil sampled from the H. rhamnoides plots had the highest metabolic quotient and Gram-positive （G＋） bacterial PLFA, and soil sampled from the A. adsurgens and A. capillaries plots had the highest fungal PLFA and fungal：bacterial PLFA ratio. Correlation analysis indicated a signiifcant positive relationship among the microbial biomass C, G- bacterial PLFA, bacterial PLFA, and total PLFA. In conclusion, plant species under arid climatic conditions signiifcantly affected the microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil. Among the studied plants, natural grassland species generated the most favorable microbial conditions.     

Deciphering the rhizosphere microbiome for disease-suppressive bacteria

Disease-suppressive soils are exceptional ecosystems in which crop plants suffer less from specific soil-borne pathogens than expected owing to the activities of other soil microorganisms. For most disease-suppressive soils, the microbes and mechanisms involved in pathogen control are unknown. By coupling PhyloChip-based metagenomics of the rhizosphere microbiome with culture-dependent functional analyses, we identified key bacterial taxa and genes involved in suppression of a fungal root pathogen. More than 33,000 bacterial and archaeal species were detected, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria consistently associated with disease suppression. Members of the γ-Proteobacteria were shown to have disease-suppressive activity governed by nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Our data indicate that upon attack by a fungal root pathogen, plants can exploit microbial consortia from soil for protection against infections.     

人工草地土壤有机碳组分与微生物群落对施氮补水的响应

【目的】 人工草地建设是缓解天然草地放牧压力、促进退化草地恢复的有效方式。开展施氮和补水对呼伦贝尔人工草地土壤有机碳（SOC）组成、土壤微生物群落数量和活性变化的研究,以深入认识不同管理方式对人工草地土壤碳截存及其稳定性的影响及调控机制。【方法】 在3种人工草地种植模式（紫花苜蓿单播、无芒雀麦单播及苜蓿-无芒雀麦混播）下构建施氮（0、150 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1）和补水（0、60 mm）双因素试验,采集各处理土壤样品,使用SOC物理分组、磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）分析以及土壤酶活性测定,分析不同水氮处理对SOC组分以及土壤微生物数量、组成和活性的影响,揭示土壤微生物群落组成或活性与SOC组分的耦联关系。【结果】 3年的施氮和补水处理显著影响不同土壤有机碳组分的含量。施氮处理整体上增加了苜蓿单播和苜蓿-无芒雀麦混播草地土壤的颗粒态有机碳（POC）含量,但是降低了矿物结合态有机碳（MAOC）的含量,而旱季补水则显著提高了无芒雀麦单播草地土壤粗颗粒态有机碳的含量。施氮和补水对土壤微生物群落数量和组成没有产生显著影响,但是显著影响了4种土壤酶的活性。单施氮处理显著降低β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）在苜蓿单播草地土壤中的活性,但是显著提高其在无芒雀麦单播草地土壤中的活性。单补水处理显著降低了苜蓿单播和无芒雀麦单播草地土壤的纤维二糖水解酶（CB）和NAG活性。补水+施氮处理显著降低苜蓿单播草地土壤中β-葡萄糖苷酶（βG）、CB和NAG的活性,但显著提高苜蓿-无芒雀麦混播草地土壤中CB活性。不同水氮处理下土壤总PLFA及各微生物类群PLFA的变化量与POC变化显著正相关,而与MAOC显著负相关。βG和CB活性以及土壤酶C/N比、C/P比的变化量则与POC变化量负相关,并且在补水情况下更为显著。【结论】 在呼伦贝尔半干旱区人工草地,施氮显著促进土壤活性碳组分积累、降低惰性有机碳组分含量,不利于土壤碳库的稳定性。补水和施氮显著影响了土壤微生物群落的活性,并且不同水氮处理下土壤酶化学计量比的变化与土壤有机碳组分变化密切相关。这些结果表明人工草地土壤微生物对碳、氮、磷养分需求的差异是调控活性有机碳组分周转的重要驱动力。