Influence of nitrogen supply on micropropagation and subsequent microtuberization of four potato cullwars

A medium containing low amounts of nitrogen (19–23 meq.l^?1) produced optimum results in micropropagation as revealed by the number of nodes, internode length, chlorophyll content, and leaf area of four potato cvs. belonging each to four different maturity groups. Decreasing amounts of nitrogen also increased chlorophyll content in all four cultivars tested. The NH ₄ ⁺ concentration did not have an effect on micropropagation for low nitrogen supplies. In all cvs., except Baraka, there was a “carry over” effect of the nitrogen content in the micropropagation medium onto subsequent tuberization, the lower nitrogen (23 meq.l^?1) advancing tuber initiation. Microtuberization of cv. Jaerla was earlier in darkness than under short days regardless of the propagation medium used.     

Interaction between jasmonic and gibberellic acids on in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets

Summary A reverse of the delaying effect of gibberellic acid (GA₃) was observed in in vitro tuberization of potato plantlets when the medium contained 0.8×10⁻⁵ M jasmonic acid (JA). The promoting effect of JA seemed to be correlated with the initial absence of growing roots, probably through direct activity of JA in microtuber-producing buds in the stoloniferous shoots. This is based on the fact that JA did not inhibit root growth a posteriori. Endogenous gibberellins (GAs) synthesized by roots did not interfere with the previous activity of JA in tuberization. The absence of a JA promoting-effect on tuberization of previously-rooted plantlets could be related to the capacity of potato roots to synthesize endogenous GAs which might antagonize the JA effect on buds of stoloniferous shoots.     

不同地力水平下施氮量对水稻淀粉RVA谱特征的影响

以武香粳14和武粳15为材料,研究了不同地力水平下施氮量对稻米淀粉RVA谱特性的影响。结果表明： 1）两供试品种在高、中、低3种地力水平下,RVA谱曲线随施氮量的增加而降低。2）除个别指标外,地力水平、施氮量对RVA谱特征值的影响,均达到显著或极显著的差异。3）在RVA特征值中,热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和回复值存在显著的地力与施氮量互作效应。4）峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回复值、峰值黏度时间随施氮量的增加呈显著或极显著下降,每1 hm2追施氮量225 kg是稻米蒸煮食味品质变劣的临界施氮量。     

Influence of Nitrogen Supply of Potato Plantlets on In Vitro Tuberization Pattern under Inductive and Non-inductive Conditions

The effects of nitrogen supply of in vitro plantlets on subsequent in vitro tuberization were examined in three potato varieties. In vitro plantlets were raised on MS media with varying amounts of ammonium nitrate, resulting in 70, 80, 100, 120 and 160% of the standard N content in MS medium and various nitrate : ammonium ratios. Tuberization was induced by adding an 8% sucrose solution to 4-week old plantlets and keeping them 2 weeks under short or long days (8 and 16 h illumination per day, respectively), followed by darkness for 9 weeks. Under long days, a lower nitrogen content in the medium and higher nitrate : ammonium ratio were favourable for the development of large tubers (>6 mm). Under short days, the total number of tubers increased with an increase in nitrogen content of the medium in cultivars Gülbaba and Désirée but not in cultivar Boró, while the number of large tubers was not significantly influenced by nitrogen supply. The tuber weight per plantlet was strongly influenced by genotype. Nitrogen supply of the in vitro plantlets had a prolonged effect on in vitro tuberization. Because the optimum nitrogen treatment is genotype specific, the quantity of large in vitro tubers could be increased by adjusting the nitrogen content of the medium.     

General characteristics of coumarin-induced tuberization of axillary shoots ofSolanum tuberosum L. culturedin vitro

Coumarin readily stimulates tuberization of cultured axillary shoots obtained from etiolated potato sprouts. Adequate concentrations of coumarin must be continuously present in the medium to effect tuber initiation. High nitrogen, gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, indole acetic acid, or naphthalene acetic acid reduced or inhibited coumarin-induced tuberization. Gibberellic acid and high concentrations of nitrogen in medium inhibited the uptake of coumarin-3-14C by the. axillary shoot. Based on the data of physiological activities by coumarin in other plant species and our data on tuberization, we propose that coumarin may represent in part the unknown inhibitor responsible for tuber initiation with reference to the inhibitor/gibberellic acid ratio theory of tuberization.     

氮源对马铃薯微型薯的影响

本文报道不同氮素来源对马铃薯微型薯形成的影响。结果表明:NO_3~-—N 浓度与成薯指数呈直线负相关关系;NH_4~+—N 浓度与成薯指数呈二次抛物线形式;NO_3~-—N/NH_4~+—N 比值对微型薯形成的影响呈双曲线形式;当总氮浓度在30～40m 时,成薯指数有较大值;降低 NO_3~-—N/NH_4~+—N 比值或总氮含量有利于微型薯的形成。NO_3~-—N 与 NH_4~+—N 的最佳组合为[NO_3—N]=17.325mM,[NH_4~+—N]=16.612mM。     

In vitro induction of potato tuberization by organic acids

Summary Potato microtubers are usually induced in media containing growth regulatory, typically cytokinins and growth retardants. However, since these substances may imbalance the physiology of the cultured explants and cause adverse carry-over effects on the subsequent performance of the microtubers, the potential acid-induction of in vitro-mass tuberization was investigated as an alternative. For this purpose, a range of explant types (stolons, single-node or apex-containing multinodal sections), organic acids (acetic, propionic, ascorbic, acetylsalicylic or salicylic acid), and photoperiods (continuous dark, 8 or 16 h photoperiod) were established. Gellified medium or raft membranes on liquid medium were also tested. Although variations due to explant type, photoperiod, organic acid supplemented, and medium type were found, all organic acids tested under the different experiments caused tuberization. Multiple tuber formation or bigger tubers did not develop on multinodal explants. In terms of tuberization rate and mean tuber weight, gellified medium performed better than liquid medium with rafts. The recently established role of the salicylic and acetylsalicylic acids on tuberization is corroborated by our system. The results with the acetic, propionic and ascorbic acids show that in vitro hormone-free tuberization can be easily and rapidly achieved.     

Manipulation of tuber-size distribution of a potato crop

Summary Tuber-size distribution is regulated by many diverse, interacting mechanisms and is therefore difficult to understand and manipulate. It is determined by plant density, number of stems per plant, number of tubers per stem, and yield. Seed size and plant number per unit area are easy to control, but stem number is affected by less controllable factors. Interactions between stems of different types are important for tuber-size distribution. The hormonal regulation of stolonization and tuberization is still unknown, but under the conditions of north-west Europe the process of tuber set (which is also poorly understood) makes a greater contribution to the final number of tubers than tuberization. The total yield is also relevant, because it affects both the average tuber size and its variation. Tubers on the same stem differ in timing, rate and duration of growth. The resulting hierarchy in sink strength is not consistent over time. Several mechanisms are suggested for this hierarchy.     

The effect of nitrogen on the coumarin-induced tuberization of potato axillary shoots culturedin vitro

Coumarin-induced tuberization was studied on axillary shoots excised from etiolated potato sprouts each of which was cultured in vitro. Sprouts grown on culture medium with high nitrogen concentrations produced axillary shoots which elongated and would not readily tuberize. Sprouts cultured on medium low in nitrogen produced axillary shoots which tuberized with limited elongation. Carbohydrate concentration of the culture medium for the excised axillary shoot could significantly modify the nitrogen effect of the potato sprout medium. Axillary shoots growing on high nitrogen medium did not tuberize except in cases where the carbohydrate concentration was increased.     

The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK: 6. The effect of reducing stocking rate and application of fertilizer nitrogen in Wales

Abstract The implications for the agricultural productivity of the UK upland sheep systems of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and lowering stocking rates on perennial ryegrass/white clover swards were studied over 4 years at a site in Wales. The system involved grazing ewes and lambs from birth to weaning on swards maintained at a constant height with surplus herbage made into silage, thereafter ewes and weaned lambs grazed on separate areas until the onset of winter with adjustments to the size of the areas grazed and utilizing surplus pasture areas for silage. Four stocking rates [SR 18, 15, 12 and 9 ewes ha^?1 on the total area (grazed and ensiled)] and two levels of annual nitrogen fertilizer application (N 200 and 50 kg ha^?1) were studied in five treatments (N200/SR18, N200/SR15, N50/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Average white clover content was negatively correlated with the level of annual nitrogen fertilizer application. White clover content of the swards was maintained over the duration of the experiment with an increasing proportion of clover in the swards receiving 50 kg N ha^?1. Control of sward height and the contribution from white clover resulted in similar levels of lamb liveweight gain from birth to weaning in all treatments but fewer lambs reached the slaughter live weight by September at the higher stocking rates and with the lower level of fertilizer application. Three of the five treatments provided adequate winter fodder as silage (N200/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Because of the failure to make adequate winter fodder and the failure of white clover to fully compensate for reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer can only be reduced on upland sheep pastures if accompanied by reduced stocking rates.     

Some sprouting characteristics of microtubers

Summary Microtubers can be stored longer, transported and handled easier than plantlets, but they have some disadvantages related to long dormancy. Dormancy, number of sprouts per tuber and loss of microtubers under different storage temperatures were studied. Microtubers of four genotypes originated from different tuberization treatments (photoperiod combinations) were observed. We found that dormancy depended on cultivar and — in some cases — on the photoperiod treatment applied during tuberization. Generally, the dormacy was long and was greatly elongated by low storage temperature. One of the photoperiod treatments shortened while the other treatment prolonged the rest-period compared to the control, maybe due to a change in temperature accompanying the change in daily light (photoperiod combination). Besides, these treatments affected the number of sprouts per tuber. There was no significant difference in duration of dormancy between different tuber-size groups, but the loss increased significanctly with a decrease in tuber size. Based on this information we can use microtubers more effectively in the seed potato production programme.     

玉米ZmNRT关键基因挖掘以及氮响应基因共表达网络构建

以玉米自交系B73（V4版本）作为参考基因组,利用生物信息学方法鉴定玉米ZmNRT基因家族成员,从系统发育关系、GO（Gene Ontology）富集、基因结构和玉米不同时期及组织下的表达谱等方面全面解析玉米ZmNRT基因家族。基于qPCR实验和共表达网络分析,对玉米ZmNRT家族基因在氮响应中的作用进行系统的研究。结果表明,在玉米全基因组水平上共鉴定到 162 个 ZmNRT 基因,主要分为 ZmNRT1（62 个）和 ZmNRT2（100 个） 两大类群。GO富集发现,仅46个基因参与硝态氮转运过程,这些基因被不均等分成7个亚家族,每个家族1～15个基因。基因表达模式分析结果显示,不同生育期和组织下ZmNRT基因表达是差异的。在氮诱导下,qPCR鉴定结果显示,12个ZmNRT基因是氮响应基因,9个基因表达上调,3个基因表达下调。共表达网络结果发现,其中10个ZmNRT基因与已知的氮代谢基因存在显著共表达关系（|r|>0.8 p-value<0.05）,推测这10个基因可能是调控玉米氮代谢的关键基因。     

植物激素对微型薯形成的影响

生长素IAA,NAA能促进微型薯个数和重量的增加,其处理的最佳浓度分别为2.0ppm和3.0ppm,2,4-D效果不显著;3种激素的效应大小为NAA>IAA>2,4-D;细胞分裂素对微型薯数和成薯指数的影响均呈抛物线形式变化,BA的最佳浓度分别为11.59ppm和10.04ppm,KT的最佳浓度分别为14.72ppm和12.63ppm,ZT的最佳浓度分别为10.75ppm和10ppm,其效应大小为BA>KT>ZT;ABA促进了块茎数和成薯指数的增加,但没有达显著水平;乙烯利处理能极显著提高微型著数和成薯指数,且以20ppm为最好;GA抑制微型薯的形成,且产生丛生枝;不同生长调节剂对微型薯形成的效果不同,香豆素促进块茎形成,而BR和PP_(333)只在低浓度(0.1～1.0ppm)有促进作用,高浓度则有抑制作用,助壮素抑制微型薯的形成。     

地力水平与施氮量对小麦淀粉RVA谱特征的影响

为给小麦优质栽培提供理论依据,以淮麦19和烟农19为材料,研究了地力水平、施氮量对小麦淀粉RVA特性的影响.结果表明,地力水平、施氮量对RVA谱特征值的影响除个别指标外,均达到显著或极显著的差异.在RVA特征值中,峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、消减值、峰值黏度时间和回复值存在显著的地力与品种互作效应.两供试品种在高、中、低三种地力水平上,RVA谱曲线均随施氮量的增加而降低.峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回复值、峰值黏度时间随施氮量的增加而显著或极显著下降.     

A genetic model for tuberization in potato haploid-wild species hybrids grown under long-day conditions

Wild diploidSolanum species contain valuable genes for potato improvement, but do not tuberize under the long-day conditions of temperate growing regions. Crosses to haploids (2n=2x=24) of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) produce hybrids that often tuberize under long days. The objectives of this work are (1) to document high levels of tuberization in haploid-wild species hybrid populations, (2) to evaluate the genetic basis of tuberization in haploid-wild species hybrids grown under long-day conditions, and (3) to propose a genetic model for tuberization in haploid-wild species hybrids. Tuberization under long-day conditions was evaluated in 154 haploid-wild species hybrid families. An average of 68% of plants in these families tuberized. Two major genes exhibiting duplicate dominant epistasis appear to regulate tuberization under long-day conditions. Based on this model, the haploid parent genotypes are A-B-, aaB-, or A-bb, while the wild species are aabb. Future studies are planned to identify the genetic components of tuberization.     

Effects of Nitrogen Application Level on Rice Nutrient Uptake and Ammonia Volatilization

The effects of different nitrogen application levels on nutrient uptake and ammonia volatilization were studied with the rice cultivar Zheyou 12 as a material.The accumulative amounts of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in rice plants across all growth stages showed a trend to increase with increasing nitrogen application levels from 0 to 270 kg/hm 2,but decreased at nitrogen application levels exceeding 270 kg/hm 2.Moreover,the accumulative uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants was increased by application of organic manure in combination with 150 kg/hm 2 nitrogen.The nitrogen uptake was high during the jointing to heading stages.Correlation analysis showed that rice yield was positively correlated with the accumulative uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium by the rice plants.The highest correlation coefficient observed was between the amount of nitrogen uptake and rice yield.The rate and accumulative amounts of ammonia volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application level.Compared with other stages,the rate and accumulative amount of ammonia volatilization were higher after base fertilizer application.The ammonia volatilization rates in response to the nitrogen application levels of 270 kg/hm 2 and 330 kg/hm 2 were much higher than those in the other treatments.The loss of nitrogen through ammonia volatilization accounted for 23.9% of the total applied nitrogen at the nitrogen application level of 330 kg/hm 2.     

Tuberization in potato at high temperatures: Responses to exogenous gibberellin,cytokinin and ethylene

Summary In potato (Solanum tuberosum L., cv. Sebago), benzyladenine (BA) promoted tuberization at high day/night temperatures (32°/18°C), while gibberrellic acid (GA) and chlorethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) reduced tuberization at low day/night temperatures (22°/18°C). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that temperature exerts its influence on tuber formation by altering the balance between endogenous gibberellins, cytokinins and inhibitors, but not ethylene.     

Utilization of potatoes for life support systems II. The effects of temperature under 24-H and 12-H photoperiods

The growth and tuberization of Norland potatoes were studied under five different temperatures and two photoperiods. Treatment levels included 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 C with either a 24-h (continuous light) or a 12-h photoperiod at 400 μmol m^-2 s^-1 PPF. Plants were grown in 6-liter containers and harvested at 56-days-age. Stem length increased with increasing temperature under both photoperiods. The highest tuber yield occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod (755 g/plant) and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod (460 g/plant). Little or no tuber formation occurred at 28 C under either photoperiod or at 24 C under continuous light. As with tuber yield, the highest total plant dry weights also occurred at 16 C under the 24-h photoperiod and at 20 C under the 12-h photoperiod. Harvest index (tuber dry weight to total dry weight ratio) decreased with increasing temperatures and with continuous light. Results indicate that good growth and tuberization can occur under continuous light, and that increasing the photoperiod from 12 to 24 h effectively decreased the optimal temperature for tuber formation from near 20 C to 16 C. Alternatively, the results imply that at cooler temperatures, the potato becomes less obligate for dark period stimulation of tuberization.     

稻茬田肥力水平与施氮量对小麦籽粒产量和物质生产的影响

为给江苏淮北麦区不同肥力土壤上小麦高产施氮提供理论依据,以该麦区主推中筋小麦淮麦19和强筋小麦烟农19为材料,研究了高、中、低肥力稻茬田上施氮量对小麦籽粒产量和物质生产的影响。结果表明,产量与施氮量在高、中土壤肥力条件下呈二次曲线关系,在低肥力条件下呈线性关系;高、中肥力条件下获得最高产量所需施氮量淮麦19分别为246.7和286.1 kg·hm-2,烟农19分别为247.9和292.6 kg·hm-2;不同土壤肥力水平的高产处理在各个生育时期均有相应较高的群体质量性状。各土壤肥力条件下的不同施氮量处理,由于小麦物质生产多方面因素的综合作用,均出现了各自相对的最高产量,而最高产量随土壤肥力提高而显著上升,相反取得最高产量所需的施氮量却依次相应降低。因此,小麦生产中要因土壤肥力水平的高低来制定不同的目标产量以及相对应的精确施氮量。     

Effects of exogenous applications of cytokinin on the development of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cuttings

Summary Application of 6-benzylaminopurine or its riboside to potato cuttings on four successive days was very effective if the treatment started on day 4 after cutting. These cytokinis caused cuttings that were well induced to express a lower level of induction than they actually had received. There was a shift from sessile tuberization of the central bud to non-sessile tuberization of the central bud or to tuberization of ancillary buds, or a shift from ancillary-bud tuberization to swollen shoots. Effects were largest after a moderate induction. If rooting occurred, cytokinin reduced the proportion of rooted cuttings significantly. Cytokinin increased the levels of fructose and glucose in the tubers if it was applied after day 3. Dry weight of the buds was reduced by cytokinin in those cases where it caused suppression of ancillary-bud development. Paper No 836, Department of Vegetable Crops, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 14853, USA.