Development of synthetic volatile attractant for male Ectropis obliqua moths

The tea geometrid Ectropis obliqua is one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea(Camellia sinensis) in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attractive to E. obliqua moths, no synthetic attractants for E. obliqua moths have been developed. By measuring the behavioral responses of the moth to a series of chemicals in the lab, we found that a blend containing a ternary mixture containing(Z)-3-hexenal,(Z)-3-hexenyl hexanoate and benzyl alcohol clearly attracted to E. obliqua moths of both sex and that(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate could enhance the attractiveness of the ternary blend. Moreover, we found that the volatiles emitted from the plant-E. obliqua larva complex have the same attractiveness as: 1) the blend of volatiles containing the ternary mixture and 2) the blend containing(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture to both male and female moths. In a field bioassay, more male moths were observed on traps that were baited with the blend containing(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture than on control traps. Our study raises the tantalizing possibility that synthetic blends could be deployed as attractants for pests in the field.     

乙酯类挥发物及诱剂对沙棘绕实蝇的引诱效果

【目的】沙棘绕实蝇Rhagoletis batava Hering是近年来在新疆阿勒泰地区新发现的沙棘果实重要害虫,研究沙棘绕实蝇监测和绿色防控的新途径。【方法】在田间悬挂黄板组合不同乙酯类挥发物及诱剂对沙棘绕实蝇进行诱捕试验。以黄板、三角形诱捕器、实蝇专用蘑菇形诱捕器、白色粘虫板作为载体测试其对沙棘绕实蝇的引诱剂效果。【结果】经单因素方差分析,黄板作为载体,与其他处理相比诱捕量具有极显著差异(P ＜ 0.01),平均诱捕量为18.33头/张;悬挂密度以每667 m²悬挂40张诱捕效果最佳,蛀果率为8.27%。沙棘绕实蝇引诱剂诱集数量主要集中在前4 d。不同乙酯类挥发物及诱剂对沙棘绕实蝇成虫诱捕效果为顺序为沙棘绕实蝇引诱剂＞RDKS＞月桂酸乙酯=十四酸乙酯=棕榈酸乙酯=桔小实蝇引诱剂。【结论】沙棘绕实蝇引诱剂组合黄板对沙棘绕实蝇成虫具有极好的引诱效果,并筛选出一种挥发物RDKS对沙棘绕实蝇两性成虫均有较好的引诱效果,可作为沙棘绕实蝇引诱剂的成分之一,这两种引诱剂结合黄板可作为沙棘绕实蝇监测和防治的有效手段之一。     

Effects of CuSO4 and Uniconazole on Mature Embryo Culture in Japonica Rice

In order to establish the system of high frequency plant regeneration for japonica rice mature embryos, the effects of different concentrations of CuSO4 and uniconazole on in vitro culture of mature embryos were studied using three rice cultivars of Kongyu 131, Longjing 24, and Dongnong 425 as test materials. The results showed that callus induction and differentiation of japonica rice mature embryos were apparently improved on the medium with 10-15 μmol·L-1 CuSO4 and 0.50-1.00 mg·L-1 uniconazole. Induction and differentiation rates of different genotype rice mature embryos displayed different sensitivities to CuSO4 and uniconazole. For the callus induction frequency of three varieties, the optimal concentration of CuSO4 was 15.0 mol·L-1. When the concentration of CuSO4 was 15 μmol·L-1, the plantlet differentiation rates of Kongyu 131 and Dongnong 425 got to the highest, while the concentration of CuSO4 was 10 μmol·L-1 for Longjing 24. For the callus induction and plantlet differentiation rates of Kongyu 131 and Dongnong 425, the ideal concentration of uniconazole was 0.50 mg·L-1 and for Longjing 24 was 1.00 mg·L-1.     

花椒窄吉丁对寄主果实挥发物的触角电位及行为反应

使用触角电位仪测定花椒窄吉丁两性成虫对10种寄主果实挥发物的触角电位（EAG）反应，使用Y型嗅觉计测定其对8种强烈EAG反应的挥发物的行为反应。结果表明:1）寄主果实的10种挥发物均可引起花椒窄吉丁不同程度的EAG反应，100 μg·μL^-1时胡椒酮和正葵醛分别引起雌虫和雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值，d-柠檬烯、月桂烯在100 μg·μL^-1时引起雄虫最大的EAG反应绝对值；然而在10 μg·μL^-1时引起雌虫的EAG反应绝对值最大。10种挥发物中，花椒窄吉丁对（±）-α-乙酸松油酯和罗勒烯的EAG反应相对较弱。2）配对T检验发现仅反式-2-己烯醛对两性成虫的EAG反应存在极显著的性别差异(P＜0.01)，而所测的其他挥发物对两性成虫的EAG反应不存在性别差异(P＞0.05)。3）1~100 μg·μL^-1的芳樟醇对雄虫驱避显著，10~100 μg·μL^-1的正葵醛对两性成虫均驱避显著，1~10 μg·μL^-1的胡椒酮、10~100 μg·μL^-1的γ-松油烯对雌虫驱避显著(P＜0.05)，10~100 μg·μL^-1的月桂烯、0.1~1 μg·μL^-1的d-柠檬烯对雄虫引诱显著。雄虫对1~100 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著；雌虫仅对10 μg·μL^-1的反式-2-己烯醛驱避反应显著，反式-2-己烯-1-醇在0.1~1 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫驱避显著；但在10~100 μg·μL^-1时对雌虫引诱显著。说明一定浓度的月桂烯、d-柠檬烯、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有引诱作用，一定浓度的芳樟醇、正葵醛、胡椒酮、γ-松油烯、反式-2-己烯醛、反式-2-己烯-1-醇对花椒窄吉丁具有驱避作用，可作为引诱剂或驱虫剂成分进一步开发利用。     

Effects of sodium benzoate on growth and physiological characteristics of wheat seedlings under compound heavy metal stress

In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous sodium benzoate on wheat seedlings(Yangmai 16) grown under heavy metal stress. The results showed that 2.4 mmol kg~(–1) of heavy metals significantly inhibited growth and delayed emergence of wheat seedlings. Under compound heavy metal stress, application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate significantly increased(P0.01) chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters F_v/F_m and F_v/F_o of wheat, compared to the control(water treatment). Further analysis showed that application of 2–4 g L~(–1) sodium benzoate alleviated osmotic stress by promoting the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble proteins and free proline, increased the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reduced malondialdehyde content(MDA). In contrast, higher concentrations of sodium benzoate solution(6 g L~(–1)) inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings and even caused damage to seedlings. Correlation analysis showed that when the sodium benzoate concentration was in the range of 1.97–3.12 g L~(–1)(2016) and 1.58–3.27 g L~(–1)(2017), values of chlorophyll and its components, root activity, SOD activity, soluble protein, and free proline content were the highest. When the sodium benzoate concentration was raised to 2.59 g L~(–1)(2016) or 3.02 g L~(–1)(2017), MDA content was the lowest. Ultimately, exogenous sodium benzoate(2–4 g L~(–1)) facilitates root development and improves the root activity of wheat seedlings grown under compound heavy metals stress, thereby effectively alleviating the damage of compound heavy metal stress in wheat seedlings.     

Aroma Volatile Compound Analysis of SPME Headspace and Extract Samples from Crabapple （Malus sp.） Fruit Using GC-MS

Volatile compounds from the ripened crabapple fruit of six varieties （Red Splendor, Strawberry Parfait, Pink Spire, Radiant, Sparkler, and Flame） were analyzed by the use of the SPME/GC/MS method. The changes in the volatiles between the ripened and upon full maturity fruit states were studied in Red Splendor and Strawberry Parfait. An effort was made to summarize an effective method for searching and identifying new idioplasms containing a particular fruit aroma within Malus. A total of 37 compounds were identified from the sample. The main aroma volatiles of the six varieties of fruit were comprised of 2-hexenal, 3-hexenal, hexanal, 2,4-hexadienal, benzaldehyde, diethyl phtbalate. The main volatile compound of the crabapple fruit was 2-hexenal, but the relative content percentages were different （45.37, 21.98, 33.56, 32.21, 38.60, and 45.88%）. The aroma components accumulated differently as the fruits ripened. The relative content of aldehydes and esters decreased as alcohols increased after the Red Splendor and Strawberry Parfait fruit ripened. For Red Splendor, the main volatile was still 2-hexenal, but the relative content decreased to 42.89%, and the relative content of alcohols increased by 13.86% as aldehydes and esters declined by 12.16 and 7.18%, respectively. For Strawberry Parfait, the main volatile was changed to cyclohexanol, and the relative content increased to 46.43%, while the relative content of alcohols increased by 49.03% as aldehydes and esters declined by 23.74 and 9.34%, respectively.     

中国梨木虱冬型成虫性信息素成分的提取和GC-MS鉴定

通过鉴定中国梨木虱性信息素的成分,为进一步开发其性引诱剂提供基础资料.本试验利用正己烷分别提取梨木虱冬型雌、雄成虫体表浸提物,用Y型嗅觉仪测试了浸提物对中国梨木虱冬型雌和雄成虫行为反应的影响,并运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对浸提物进行了分析和鉴定.雌虫浸提物对雄性梨木虱有较强的引诱作用,雄虫浸提物对雄木虱,雌、雄浸提物对雌木虱均无引诱作用,说明雌虫浸提物中含有雌木虱释放的性信息素.气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析结果表明,雌虫浸提物中13-甲基二十七烷和2-甲基二十七烷的含量多于雄虫浸提物中的含量.在保留时间为23.136 min时,雌虫浸提物出现色谱峰,而雄虫浸提物没有出峰.这3种化合物可能是中国梨木虱冬型雌成虫的性信息素成分.     

松墨天牛引诱剂的筛选及其引诱作用

为了阐明寄主挥发物与松墨天牛补充营养阶段行为的关系,根据其健康寄主树木挥发成分的GC-MS分析结果,选取α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯等7种单萜和2种倍半萜,配制了7种引诱剂,并进行了林间引诱试验.结果表明:7种引诱剂对松墨天牛均有一定的引诱作用.诱捕的成虫数量呈现动态的时序变化,而雌雄成虫的种群数量交替变化.其中以α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯为主剂、乙醇为辅助剂的FA01的引诱效果最佳,引诱率明显高其余6种引诱剂,单萜、倍半萜混合配制的引诱剂FA04、FA07及FA06的诱捕数量显著多于单萜配制的FA03和FA05的诱捕数量;撞板型诱捕器的诱捕效果优于漏斗型诱捕器,诱捕数量为后者的近2倍;释放速率为300mg/d的诱芯明显多于释放速率为150mg/d诱芯的诱捕量.     

Volatiles from Sophora japonica flowers attract Harmonia axyridis adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is a common generalist predator in China and is occasionally found gathering on the Chinese pagoda tree, Sophora japonica, in summer. In a field investigation, we found that H. axyridis adults preferred S. japonica during its flowering period even though their optimal prey(aphid) is absent at this time. In addition, male and female adults were attracted to S. japonica flowers to a similar extent in a Y-tube olfactometer assay. Using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection(GC-EAD), we identified a flower odor component(nonanal) that elicited a significant electrophysiological response in H. axyridis. Electroantennogram(EAG) dose-dependent responses revealed that the amplitude of the adult beetle's EAG response increased with increasing concentration of nonanal, peaking at 10 mg mL~(–1). In Y-tube olfactometer behavioral tests, H. axyridis adults preferred a 10 mg mL~(–1) nonanal source over a 100 mg mL~(–1) diluent. Under field conditions, the adults were significantly attracted to both concentrations(10 and 100 mg mL~(–1)), and high concentrations generally had greater attraction. All these results suggest that nonanal, a volatile compound of S. japonica flowers, greatly attracts H. axyridis adults. This study provides a basis for the development of synthetic attractants of H. axyridis, with the potential to promote biocontrol services of this generalist predator in the native area(e.g., China) and to suppress its population by mass trapping in its invasive areas.     

双斑长跗萤叶甲成虫对α-红没药醇等棉花和玉米挥发物的嗅觉行为反应

【目的】 筛选对双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica (Motschulsky)成虫有引诱或趋避活性的植物挥发物。【方法】利用“Y”型嗅觉仪测定对双斑长跗萤叶甲有引诱或趋避作用的挥发物。【结果】10 μg/mL的α-红没药醇和α-蒎烯对双斑长跗萤叶甲雌雄成虫有明显的引诱作用,配方1、2、6对双斑长跗萤叶甲雄成虫有明显的引诱作用,配方2、6对双斑长跗萤叶甲雌成虫有明显的引诱作用。【结论】10 μg/mL的α-红没药醇和α-蒎烯对双斑长跗萤叶甲有明显的引诱趋性,可作为该叶甲的引诱剂成分。     

Effects of uniconazole with or without micronutrient on the lignin biosynthesis,lodging resistance,and winter wheat production in semiarid regions

Lodging stress results in grain yield and quality reduction in wheat. Uniconazole, a potential plant growth regulator significantly enhances lignin biosynthesis and thus provides mechanical strength to plants in order to cope with lodging stress. A field study was conducted during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons, to investigate the effects of uniconazole sole application or with micronutrient on the lignin biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and production of winter wheat. In the first experiment, uniconazole at concentrations of 0(CK), 15(US1), 30(US2), and 45(US3) mg L~(-1)was applied as sole seed soaking, while in the second experiment with manganese(Mn) at concentration of 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn, 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+ 15 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS1), 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+30 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS2), and 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+45 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS3), respectively. Uniconazole sole application or with micronutrient significantly increased the lignin content by improving the lignin-related enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, tyrosine ammonialyase, and peroxidase, ameliorating basal internode characteristics, and breaking strength. The spike length, spike diameter, spikes/plant, weight/spike, yield/spike, and grain yield increased and then decreased with uniconazole application at a higher concentration, where their maximum values were recorded with UMS2 and US2 treatments. The lignin accumulation was positively correlated with lignin-related enzyme activities and breaking strength while, negatively correlated with lodging rate. Uniconazole significantly improved the lignin biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and grain yield of winter wheat and the treatments which showed the greatest effects were uniconazole seed soaking with micronutrient at a concentration of 30 mg L~(-1)and 0.06 g L~(-1), and uniconazole sole seed soaking at a concentration of 30 mg L~(-1).     

Regulation of Foliar Application DCPTA on Growth and Development of Maize Seedling Leaves in Heilongjiang Province

DCPTA （2-diethylaminoethyl-3, 4-dichlorophenylether） is a new plant regulator which can be used to regulate growth and development for crops. Experiments on maize seedlings were conducted in the growth chamber to study the effects of foliar applied DCPTA. The plant pots were placed in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The maize seedlings were treated with 0 mg·L-1 （control）, 20 mg·L-1 and 40 mg·L-1 DCPTA solution. The effects of DCPTA on the photosynthetic characteristics （photosynthesis, stomata conductance, intercellular CO2, and transpiration rate）, related physiological characteristics （contents of soluble sugar and starch）, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters （Fo, Fro, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, qP, and qN） and the weight of dry matter in maize seedling were studied. The results showed that DCPTA enhanced photosynthesis of maize seedling. In general, photosynthetic rate in leaves was significantly promoted through spraying DCPTA solution, and 40 rag＂ L~ DCPTA was found to be the best concentration for maize. The relationship between stomata conductance and transpiration rate in maize leaves could be described as linear. With regard to the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, our fmdings showed that 40 mg·L-1 DCPTA in maize seedling caused an increase in Fm, Fv/Fm, Fm/Fo, qP and a decrease in Fo and qN at some time points checked. It is suggested that DCPTA increased photosynthetic rate by raising both the content of chlorophyll and activities of PSII and the contents of sugar and starch. Compared with the control, the treated maize seedling caused an increase in plant height, root length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, or the total （root plus shoot） dry mass.     

云斑天牛对不同受害状态下山核桃挥发物成分的触角电位和行为反应

为探索能影响云斑天牛Batocera horsfieldi行为反应的山核桃Carya cathayensis挥发物,采用活体植物动态顶空套袋吸附法收集不同受害状态（健康、天牛取食、天牛产卵和天牛钻蛀后）山核桃释放的挥发物,并运用气相色谱-触角电位测量系统（GC-EAD）及Y型嗅觉仪技术分析鉴定出对云斑天牛有电生理及行为反应的挥发物。结果表明:云斑天牛成虫对不同受害状态下山核桃挥发物中蒎烯、萜品烯、壬醛、α-萜品醇、五甲基苯、丙烯酸异辛酯、2,6-二甲基萘及正十六烷8种挥发物均产生电生理反应。嗅觉反应结果显示:萜品烯对云斑天牛雄成虫产生显著的引诱作用（P < 0.05）;壬醛对云斑天牛雌成虫产生极显著的引诱作用（P < 0.01）,对其雄成虫产生显著的引诱作用（P < 0.05）;而蒎烯对云斑天牛雌成虫产生极显著的驱避作用（P < 0.01）;α-萜品醇则对其雌成虫产生极显著的引诱作用（P < 0.01）,对其雄成虫产生显著的驱避作用（P < 0.05）。研究结果说明:α-萜品醇和壬醛对云斑天牛雌成虫产生较强的引诱作用,而蒎烯对其雌成虫产生较好的驱避作用;萜品烯和壬醛对云斑天牛雄成虫产生较强的引诱作用,而α-萜品醇则对其雄成虫产生较好的驱避作用。     

猕猴桃体外快繁条件优化及高效再生体系的建立

为进一步优化‘红阳’猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis cv. Hongyang）组织培养育苗技术体系,采用‘红阳’猕猴桃无菌组培苗的茎尖和叶片为材料,以ZT 1.5 mg·L^-1为外源激素,筛选适宜的基本培养基,并研究不同外源激素及组合对‘红阳’猕猴桃间接、直接器官发生及植株再生的影响。结果表明,适合‘红阳’猕猴桃生长的基本培养基为OM。在OM + 2.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA + 0.01 mg·L^-1 2, 4-D培养基中,叶片愈伤诱导率为100%,不定芽发生系数为3.68;而带叶茎尖在OM + 1.5 mg·L^-1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA + 1.0 mg·L^-1 KT培养基中培养60 d后,通过直接器官产生基茎丛生芽,其增殖系数可达7.65。试管苗适宜的生根培养基为1/2 OM + 0.5 mg·L^-1 NAA,60 d后平均不定根数为4.87,驯化移栽后成活率为90%以上。选择出了适宜‘红阳’猕猴桃生长的基本培养基,解决了组培苗叶片黄化、植株矮小和畸形的问题,且大幅提高了增殖系数。优化了‘红阳’猕猴桃的人工快繁体系,可为猕猴桃其他品种的研究提供参考。     

纳米铜对小油菜（Brassica chinensis L.）种子发芽和幼苗生理生化特性的影响

通过纸床培养，探究了不同剂量（1、2、4、6、8、10 mg·L^-1）纳米铜（Copper nanoparticles，Cu NPs）对小油菜（Brassica chinensis L.）种子发芽、幼苗Cu含量、根细胞微观特征以及幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果表明，不同浓度Cu NPs处理对种子发芽率无显著影响（P>0.05），小油菜根和茎伸长量均随Cu NPs浓度增加先升高后降低，当Cu NPs添加量为2~10 mg·L^-1时小油菜根伸长抑制率为10.7%~59.9%，而当Cu NPs≥4 mg·L^-1时小油菜茎长显著低于对照组（P<0.05），降低了4.8%~15.8%。幼苗体内Cu含量随着Cu NPs浓度的增加而升高。通过透射电子显微镜可以看出，添加10 mg·L^-1 Cu NPs使根细胞出现比较普遍的质壁分离现象。与对照组比较，Cu NPs处理后小油菜幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶活性降低了4.5%~64.0%（1 mg·L^-1除外），过氧化物酶降低幅度达到4.4%~59.3%，而不同浓度Cu NPs处理对小油菜幼苗体内过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著（P>0.05），因此，小油菜生理生化特性对不同剂量Cu NPs响应不同。     

Exploiting push-pull strategy to combat the tea green leafhopper based on volatiles of Lavandula angustifolia and Flemingia macrophylla

Thirteen volatile compounds were identified from Flemingia macrophylla plants. Eight major components significantly attracted the tea green leafhoppers, Empoasca flavescens F. Based on their relative abundances, following synthetic blends were made for field experiments: 1) eight-component-attractant blend included Z-3-hexen-1-ol, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-ocimene, Me SA, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate, dodecane, hexadecane and nonanal at 10, 10, 1, 11, 2, 6, 2 and 4 mg mL~(-1) in n-hexane, respectively; 2) four-component-attractant blend #1 contained hexadecane, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol and nonanal at 2, 10, 10 and 4 mg mL~(-1) in n-hexane, respectively; 3) four-component-attractant blend #2 contained hexadecane, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, Z-3-hexen-1-ol and Me SA at 2, 10, 10 and 11 mg mL~(-1) in n-hexane, respectively. Thymol and 1-methoxy-4-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-benzene, identified from Lavandula angustifolia aeration samples, significantly repelled the leafhopper as strong repellents when tested alone or in combination at 10 mg mL~(-1). For field bioassays, each attractant lure was attached to a bud green sticky board hung from a bamboo stick at above tea plant level for catching the leafhoppers, whereas the repellent dispenser was tied to a tea branch inside tea clump for pushing the leafhoppers away from tea clumps. The results showed that the eight-component-attractant blend caught similar numbers of the leafhopper as did the four-component-attractant blend #1 at about 53–79 leafhoppers/trap/day, which were significantly higher than those on the hexane-control bud green sticky boards. Average leafhopper catches from un-baited sticky boards were about 51–73 leafhoppers/trap/day when pushed by the repellents placed inside tea plants, with the two-component-repellent blend being more effective than their single components. When the two-component-repellent blend was further tested with the three attractant blends in a push-pull fashion, average trap catches ranged from 62 to 92 leafhoppers/trap/day. Control efficacy on the leafhoppers within the push-pull zones increased progressively from day 1(43%) to day 5(73%). This push-pull approach might have a great potential as a green control strategy for combating the tea green leafhoppers.     

Comparsion of the Effects of Succinate and NADH on Postmortem Metmyoglobin Redcutase Activity and Beef Colour Stability

In two experiments, the effects of succinate and NADH（reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide） on metmyoglobin reductase activity and electron transport chain-linked metmyoglobin reduction were investigated and compared. In experiment 1, metmyoglobin（MetMb）, substrate and inhibitors were incubated with mitochondria. Comparsion of the effects of succinate and NADH on MetMb reduction was investigated. The MetMb percentage in sample treated with 8 mol L-1 succinate decreased by about 69% after 3 h incubation, and the effect was inhibited by the addition of 10 mol L-1 electron transfer chain complex II inhibitor malonic acid; the MetMb percentage in samples treated with 2 mol L-1 NADH decreased by 56% and the effect was inhibited by the addition of 0.02 mol L-1 electron transport chain complex I inhibitor rotenone. These results indicated that electron transport chain played an important role in MetMb reduction. Both complex II and complex I take part in the MetMb reduction in mitochondria through different pathways. NADH-MetMb reduction system was less stable than succinateMetMb system. In experiment 2, the beef longissimus dorsi muscle was blended with different concentrations of succinate or NADH. Enhancing patties with higher concentration of succinate or NADH improved colour stability in vacuum packaged samples（P〈0.05）. These results verified that mitochondria electron transport chain is related to the MetMb reduction in meat system.     

黄地老虎成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理和行为反应

【目的】 筛选对黄地老虎Agrotis segetum雌性成虫具有引诱活性的植物挥发物,为黄地老虎食诱剂的研发提供候选物质【方法】 利用触角电位仪(EAG)测试黄地老虎雌性成虫对15种植物挥发物的电生理反应,通过风洞试验,评价每种物质对黄地老虎雌性成虫的吸引作用。【结果】 黄地老虎雌性成虫触角对4种挥发物(癸烷、对乙基苯乙酮、2-甲基壬烷和3,3-二甲基辛烷)没有明显的EAG反应,对其余11种挥发物(1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯)的电生理反应明显,且反应程度随着挥发物浓度的增加而增加,在最大测试浓度100 μg/mL时产生最强烈的电生理反应。在风洞测试中,黄地老虎雌性成虫对1,2-二乙苯、1,4-二乙苯、丁酸丁酯、癸烷、4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯、对乙基苯乙酮、桉叶油醇、乙酸叶醇酯、芳樟醇、β-月桂烯、壬醛、3,3-二甲基辛烷、罗勒烯和β-蒎烯14种挥发物表现出明显的行为趋好。【结论】 筛选出对黄地老虎雌性成虫具有电生理和行为吸引活性的植物挥发物组分。     

Bacterial Expression and Purification of an Active ω-Atracotoxin-Arl b from Spider Atrax robustus

The ω-atracotoxin-Arlb toxin （ω-ACTX-Arl b） is one of the arthropod-selective peptide neurotoxins from the venom of Australian funnel-web spider Atrax robustus. The gene of Arlb was synthesized and cloned into pET-32a（＋） vector to allow expression of Arlb as a fusion protein with thioredoxin and the His-tag （rTrx-Arlb） in E. coli BL21 （DE3）. The optimal condition for inducing the expression ofrTrx-Arl b was 1.0 mmol L-1 IPTG for 6 h at 28℃. The fusion protein rTrx- Arlb was expressed in soluble form and was purified effectively by HisTrap HP affinity column and rpHLPC and a final yield of purified rTrx-Arlb was 95 mg from 1 000 mL E. coli culture. The LD50 values for Mythimna separate and Tenebrio molitor were 111.66 and 11.04 ug g-1 determined by injection of the purified rTrx-Arlb. The results indicated that the recombinant Arlb protein was successfully expressed in E. coli and it was high toxicity against tested insects.