Can agrobiont spiders (Araneae) avoid a surface with pesticide residues?

Integrated pest management includes the use of various pesticides that can have a detrimental effect on spiders. A pesticide can express its activity directly or via residues. Most of the attention paid to the impact of pesticides on spiders has investigated the effects of direct exposure. Our aim in this study was to investigate the residual activity (repellency and toxicity) of selected pesticides on six principal species of spider occurring in an apple orchard. Four of these species (Clubiona spp., Pardosa spp., Philodromus spp., Xysticus spp.) are hunting spiders, and two species (Dictyna spp., Theridion spp.) are web-building. We were interested to see whether these spiders could avoid a surface with residues and to examine their susceptibilities to fresh and 1-day-old residues. For this purpose we conducted laboratory experiments using three types of pesticide, an organophosphate, phosalone (Zolone), a pyrethroid, permethrin (Ambush) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt; Novodor), which were applied to paper discs or branches. Spiders could choose to stay on any treated paper/branch within a dish. Except for Theridion spp., all species were repelled by fresh residues but not by 1-day-old residues. Clubiona spp., Dictyna spp., Pardosa spp. and Xysticus spp were repelled by phosalone and permethrin residues only, whereas Philodromus spp. specimens were repelled also by Bt residues. Theridion spp. avoided contact with residues by making a web on any available branch. Regarding toxicity, neither fresh nor 1-day-old residues of phosalone or Bt caused significant mortality to any spider species. In contrast, both fresh and 1-day-old residues of permethrin caused significant mortality to all species except for Theridion spp. In conclusion, spiders can recognise and avoid only fresh residues, although older residues might still be toxic to them.     

西瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对来自新疆等4个省区的14个西瓜品种进行种子带菌检测、分离纯化和鉴定,并测定了7种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子带菌的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为青霉属Penicillium spp.、根霉属Rhizopus spp.、曲霉属Aspergillus spp.、交链孢属Alternaria spp.和镰孢属Fusarium spp.;种子内部寄藏真菌主要为青霉属、根霉属和曲霉属;不同品种之间种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15% FDDF ·霜·福悬浮种衣剂、福美双和代森锰锌对种子带菌消毒效果优于多菌灵、敌磺钠、 FDDF 霉灵、拌种灵和甲霜灵。     

Impact of mirid (Creontiades spp.) (Hemiptera: Miridae) pest management on Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) outbreaks: the case for conserving natural enemies

Creontiades spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) are sucking pests that attack buds, flowers and young pods in mungbeans, Vigna radiata (L.), causing these structures subsequently to abort. If left uncontrolled, mirids can cause 25-50% yield loss. Traditional industry practice has involved prophylactic applications of dimethoate to control mirids at budding and again a week later. The present trial was initiated to highlight the dangers of such a practice, in particular the risk of a subsequent Helicoverpa spp. lepidopteran pest outbreak. A single application of dimethoate halved the population of important natural enemies of Helicoverpa spp., and caused an above-threshold outbreak of Helicoverpa spp. within 11 days. This shows that even a moderate (e.g. 50%) reduction in natural enemies may be sufficient to increase Helicoverpa spp. populations in mungbeans. As a result, prophylactic sprays should not be used for the control of mirids in mungbeans, and dimethoate should be applied only when mirids are above the economic threshold. Indoxacarb was also tested to establish its effect on Helicoverpa spp., mirids and natural enemies. Indoxacarb showed potential for Helicoverpa spp. control and suppression of mirids and had little impact on natural enemies.     

Bacterial populations associated with rice seed in the tropical environment

ABSTRACT During the 1995 wet season, harvested rice seed was collected from farmers' fields at different locations in Iloilo, Philippines. Bacterial isolations from crushed seed yielded 428 isolates. The isolates were characterized by BOX-polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting of total genomic DNA and represented 151 fingerprint types (FPT). Most FPTs were found on a single occasion, although matching fingerprints for isolates from different samples also were found. Identifications were made by cellular fatty acid methyl ester analysis and additional use of Biolog GN/GP MicroPlates and API 20E/50CHE systems. The predominant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (25%), Bacillus spp. (22%), and Pseu-domonas spp. (14%). Other bacteria regularly present were identified as Xanthomonas spp., Cellulomonas flavigena, and Clavibacter michiganense. Of the total number of isolated bacteria, 4% exhibited in vitro antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani or Pyricularia grisea. Two percent of isolates were pathogens identified as Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli. Five percent of isolates induced sheath necrosis on only 50 to 90% of inoculated plants and were related to Bacillus pumilus, Paenibacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Pantoea spp.     

‘99昆明世博会参展植物寄生线虫的检疫初报

本次博览会参展植物种类多,来源广,带土普遍疫情复杂。在严处国内外的参展植物中截获矛线目和垫刃目的１３个科的５６个属,其中在参展植物中截获我国对外检疫潜在危险性线。     

Phenotypic plasticity of Ammannia spp. in competition with rice

The annual broadleaved weeds Ammannia auriculata Wild, and A. coccinea Rottb. are widespread and competitive in California rice ( Oryza sativa L.) fields. We studied Ammannia spp. biology in a greenhouse pot experiment. Weeds were grown alone and in competition with rice (cv. M–202), and harvested six times over 122 days. Compared with growth alone, competition reduced Ammannia spp. total plant dry weight (DW), shoot DW and leaf area in all but the first harvest. However, weed height differed at only one harvest (85 days after planting). Ammannia spp. responded to competition with increased shoot:root DW ratios, increased stem:other shoot DW ratios, decreased stem diameters, fewer but elongated internodes and fewer branches. This suggests that light capture was more important than nutrient capture for maintaining Ammannia spp. growth. The weeds appear to lodge easily in rice fields because competitive growth responses make them top heavy and unstable. Weed seed DW declined by 97% in competition, which showed the importance of crop interference to Ammannia spp. control. Plasticity may help Ammannia spp. to escape common control practices (e.g. high crop plant densities or early herbicide application), and probably contributes to its widespread distribution. Thus, Ammannia spp. plasticity should be more fully considered when designing management strategies.     

南昌地区蔬菜冰核活性细菌分离鉴定

本研究对南昌地区蔬菜作物上的冰核活性细菌的进行分离鉴定,得到高冰核活性细菌3株,其中活性较强的初步鉴定为欧文氏菌属(Erwinia spp.)2株,假单胞菌属(Pesudomonas spp.)1株.初步了解了南昌地区蔬菜上冰核活性细菌的主要种群为假单胞菌属和欧文氏菌属.     

我国昆虫寄生线虫研究进展

在生物进化史上,线虫和昆虫在古生代(距今5-6亿年)就先后出现,在漫长的演化过程中,二者中有一部份发生了寄生与被寄生的关系。据聂克尔(Nickle,1974)记述,从欧洲莱茵河始新世(距今3700-6000万年)的煤炭和波罗的海琥珀中,发现两种寄生于昆虫的线虫(Heydonius antiquus和H.matutinus)化石,证明线虫寄生于昆虫已有很长历史。彭世奖考据(1983)江苏《高邮州志》记载:“庆元一年(1196年)飞蝗抱草死,每一蝗有一蛆,食其脑”,据认为是索科线虫害生所致。说明我国至少在十二世纪就有线虫寄生于昆虫的记录。而国外最早在十八世纪,Gould(1747)首次发表黄土蚁(Lasius flavus)被线虫寄生的情况。     

烯效唑在棉花及土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了烯效唑在棉花叶片、棉籽和土壤中残留的高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）检测方法,并运用该方法对烯效唑在棉花叶片和土壤中的残留消解规律进行了研究。样品用乙腈-水提取,经Cleanert NH2固相萃取柱净化,电喷雾正离子多反应监测模式HPLC-MS/MS检测,外标法定量。结果表明:烯效唑在棉花叶片、棉籽和土壤中的平均添加回收率在74%~101%之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）在1.2%~10%之间（n=5）。烯效唑在3种基质中的检出限（LOD）均为0.01 ng,定量限（LOQ）均为0.01 mg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、简单,适用于棉花样品中烯效唑残留的检测。田间试验结果表明:烯效唑在棉花叶片和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为4.2~5.0 d及15.8~19.7 d;于收获期采样,烯效唑在棉籽和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.01 mg/kg和0.022 mg/kg。     

Occurrence of fungal pathogens of carrots on wooden boxes used for storage

Infested wooden boxes, previously used for carrot storage, were sampled in four commercial carrot production farms in Bradford Marsh, Ontario, and screened for fungal occurrence. At least 128 and 465 fungal isolates were recovered from these boxes in 2001 and 2002, respectively, and were classified into 10 taxonomic groups, including Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizoctonia carotae , Rhizopus spp., Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Trichoderma spp. A subsample of 27 putative pathogenic isolates was further tested for the ability to cause disease on carrots and to colonize wood surfaces under growth room and cold storage conditions. Approximately 60% of the taxa growing on wood caused lesions upon contact with intact carrots in cold storage. Isolates of S. sclerotiorum , B. cinerea and R. carotae caused the most severe diseases, developed most extensively on wooden surfaces in cold storage, and represented 12% of the recovered fungi. Isolates of Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp. and Trichoderma spp. caused negligible or no disease on carrots and represented 88% of recovered fungi. Several of these fungi, however, showed potential to colonize wooden surfaces and cause disease on sliced carrots. This study suggests that pathogenic inocula occurring on used wooden boxes can initiate disease upon contact with healthy carrots and reusing infested boxes can affect carrots in storage.     

rDNA-based characterization of a new binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. causing root rot on kale in Brazil

In this paper we present the first report of the occurrence of a binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. causing hypocotyl and root rot in kale in Brazil. Rhizoctonia spp. were isolated from kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) with symptoms of hypocotyl and root rot. The isolates, characterized as binucleate Rhizoctonia spp., did not show an anastomosis reaction with any of the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. testers used. The pathogenicity of the isolates was tested under greenhouse conditions; all isolates were pathogenic and showed different symptom severities on kale. The ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences of kale isolates and 50 testers (25 binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. and 25 Rhizoctonia solani) were compared in order to characterize the genetic identity of Rhizoctonia spp. infecting kale. The kale isolates showed genetic identities ranging from 99.3 to 99.8% and were phylogenetically closely related to CAG 7 (AF354084), with identities of 98.5 and 98.7%. It is suggested that the binucleate Rhizoctonia spp. causing hypocotyl and root rot on kale Brazil comprises a new AG not yet described.     

辽宁五味子种子带菌检测及药剂消毒处理研究

采用PDA平板检测法对辽宁省6个地区的五味子种子进行带菌检测,并测定了6种杀菌剂对五味子种子的消毒效果。结果表明,五味子种子表面携带的主要真菌类群为曲霉属和青霉属,种子内部寄藏真菌主要包括曲霉属、青霉属、镰刀菌属、根霉属和链格孢属等。供试的6种杀菌剂对五味子种子均有一定的消毒效果,福美双对五味子种子消毒处理效果最显著。     

苹果和梨根部的绵蚜及其防治研究

通过田间调查和人工接种,首次发现苹果根爪绵蚜是在苹果树根部为害的重要新害虫,梨九绵蚜和榆绵蚜是在梨树根部为害的重要新害虫。这３种绵蚜均营异寄主全周期生活,其原生寄主为榆,苹果根爪绵蚜的次生寄主为苹果,梨九绵蚜和榆绵蚜的次生寄主为梨。６～１０月份,这３种绵蚜以无翅侨蚜和有翅性母在果树根部为害。春季在绵蚜迁入之前,采用果园全田覆盖地膜的办法,可阻隔其入土,进而可使果树根部全年免受其为害;夏季在绵蚜为害期,采用磷化铝地下熏蒸的办法,杀虫效果明显。     

Population growth of stored product insects on wheat containing wheat bugs

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - In the present study we examined the effect of the presence of wheat bugs (Eurygaster spp. and Aelia spp.) on wheat on the mortality, progeny production...     

Insect pests of pearl millet in West Africa: A review

Abstract

Pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum), a major food crop in the sahelian and savanna regions of West Africa, is attacked by about 100 species of insects. Of these, the only regular pests are stem borers (Acigona ignefusalis Hmps. and Sesamia spp.) and earhead caterpillars (Masalia spp., Raghuva spp.). Sporadic pests such as hairy caterpillars (Amsacta moloneyi Druce), armyworms (Spodoptera spp. and Mythimna spp.) and grasshoppers (Acrididae) may cause severe losses to crops during prolonged droughts early in the season. A grain midge (Geromyia penniseti (Felt)) attacks late millets and causes a considerable loss in yield. Information is presented on the biology, distribution, hosts and natural enemies of these pests, and some methods of control are discussed.     

高含量芽孢杆菌对罗氏沼虾养殖水体富营养化的控制

[目的]研究旨在解决当前罗氏沼虾养殖中存在的水体富营养化严重和蓝藻水华频发问题.[方法]采用高含量的枯草芽孢杆菌进行富营养化水质因子的调控和蓝藻水华的快速治理,探讨了芽孢杆菌的合理用量和作用方式.[结果]高含量芽孢杆菌应用于罗氏沼虾养殖水体后,对富营养化水质因子具有显著的控制和改善作用,其可降低水体中TN、TP和高锰酸盐指数的含量,稳定水质pH值.在试验浓度范围内,2种不同含量的芽孢杆菌对水质TN、TP和高锰酸盐指数的最大转化去除率分别为45.61％～51.00％、52.24％～62.69％和12.69％～14.15％,并可快速抑制蓝藻的生长;间隔5 d经2次使用芽孢杆菌后,水体中蓝藻数量与初始相比降低了26.8％～71.7％,与同期未使用芽孢杆菌的水体相比下降了58.6％～81.9％,下降率与芽孢杆菌使用浓度呈一定的浓度-效应线性关系.按每公顷(以1.5 m水深计)4.5×1013～1.5×1014个菌体加入养殖水体,富营养化可得到良好的改善和净化,3 d便可减轻蓝藻水华.芽孢杆菌的初始含量越高净化效果越好.[结论]高含量的枯草芽孢杆菌可为养殖水体富营养化提供生物防控的有效技术和手段,为中国水产绿色养殖提供相应的技术支撑.     

Induced Systemic Resistance and Promotion of Plant Growth by Bacillus spp

ABSTRACT Elicitation of induced systemic resistance (ISR) by plant-associated bacteria was initially demonstrated using Pseudomonas spp. and other gram-negative bacteria. Several reviews have summarized various aspects of the large volume of literature on Pseudomonas spp. as elicitors of ISR. Fewer published accounts of ISR by Bacillus spp. are available, and we review this literature for the first time. Published results are summarized showing that specific strains of the species B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, B. pasteurii, B. cereus, B. pumilus, B. mycoides, and B. sphaericus elicit significant reductions in the incidence or severity of various diseases on a diversity of hosts. Elicitation of ISR by these strains has been demonstrated in greenhouse or field trials on tomato, bell pepper, muskmelon, watermelon, sugar beet, tobacco, Arabidopsis sp., cucumber, loblolly pine, and two tropical crops (long cayenne pepper and green kuang futsoi). Protection resulting from ISR elicited by Bacillus spp. has been reported against leaf-spotting fungal and bacterial pathogens, systemic viruses, a crown-rotting fungal pathogen, root-knot nematodes, and a stem-blight fungal pathogen as well as damping-off, blue mold, and late blight diseases. Reductions in populations of three insect vectors have also been noted in the field: striped and spotted cucumber beetles that transmit cucurbit wilt disease and the silver leaf whitefly that transmits Tomato mottle virus. In most cases, Bacillus spp. that elicit ISR also elicit plant growth promotion. Studies on mechanisms indicate that elicitation of ISR by Bacillus spp. is associated with ultrastructural changes in plants during pathogen attack and with cytochemical alterations. Investigations into the signal transduction pathways of elicited plants suggest that Bacillus spp. activate some of the same pathways as Pseudomonas spp. and some additional pathways. For example, ISR elicited by several strains of Bacillus spp. is independent of salicylic acid but dependent on jasmonic acid, ethylene, and the regulatory gene NPR1-results that are in agreement with the model for ISR elicited by Pseudomonas spp. However, in other cases, ISR elicited by Bacillus spp. is dependent on salicylic acid and independent of jasmonic acid and NPR1. In addition, while ISR by Pseudomonas spp. does not lead to accumulation of the defense gene PR1 in plants, in some cases, ISR by Bacillus spp. does. Based on the strains and results summarized in this review, two products for commercial agriculture have been developed, one aimed mainly at plant growth promotion for transplanted vegetables and one, which has received registration from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for disease protection on soybean.     

PM 4/35(1): Soil test for virus–vector nematodes in the framework of EPPO Standard PM 4 Schemes for the production of healthy plants for planting of fruit crops,grapevine, Populus and Salix

Specific scope

This standard describes the sampling and testing of soil in which propagation and certified stocks of the following crops are to be planted: PM 4/8 (Vitis spp.), PM 4/9 (Ribes spp.), PM 4/10 (Rubus spp.), PM 4/11 (Fragaria x ananassa), PM 4/16 (Humulus lupulus), PM 4/29 (Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus and their rootstocks), PM 4/30 (Prunus armeniaca, Prunus domestica, Prunus dulcis, Prunus persica, Prunus salicina and their rootstocks), PM 4/17 (Olea europea), PM 4/32 (Sambuscus spp.), PM 4/33 (Populus spp. and Salix spp.).

Specific approval and amendment

First approved in 2009‐09.

     

刺五加根际效应和土壤环境因子对土壤跳虫群落结构的影响

为明确刺五加根际效应和土壤环境因子对土壤跳虫的影响，于2019年6-8月在中国科学院辽河源农业生态研究与示范基地调查刺五加根际和非根际土壤的跳虫总属数、个体数、功能性状参数以及群落特征参数，同时利用Pearson分析法和冗余分析法研究刺五加根系分泌物和土壤环境因子对跳虫群落结构的影响。结果表明，6-8月在根际土壤中捕获棘?属跳虫176头，所占比例为34.37%，为优势属，捕获钩圆?属、球角?属、长脚?属、德?属跳虫分别为26、37、32和31头，所占比例分别为5.08%、7.23%、6.25%和6.05%，均为常见属；在非根际土壤中，捕获棘?属跳虫91头，所占比例为17.77%，为优势属，捕获钩圆?属、球角?属、长脚?属、德?属跳虫分别为28、33、19和39头，所占比例分别为5.47%、6.45%、3.71%和7.62%，均为常见属；6月，刺五加根际土壤的跳虫总属数、个体数、Pielou均匀度指数分别为3.50、14.92和0.72，非根际土壤的跳虫总属数、个体数、Pielou均匀度指数分别为2.83、8.83和0.87，与根际土壤的差异显著；根际土壤跳虫的体宽、体长、触角与体长的比值、栖息环境功能性状值分别为0.73 mm、4.4 mm、0.19和0.18，显著低于非根际土壤跳虫的0.79 mm、5.58 mm、0.32和0.40；根际土壤pH与土壤跳虫群落的总属数、个体数呈正相关，与Pielou均匀度指数呈负相关，非根际土壤pH与土壤跳虫的个体数呈正相关；德?属、球角?属跳虫与土壤丁香酸含量、水杨酸含量、没食子酸含量呈负相关，长?属跳虫与土壤丁香酸含量、水杨酸含量和没食子酸含量呈正相关，棘?属和钩圆?属跳虫与土壤丁香酸含量呈负相关。表明土壤环境因子和刺五加根际效应对土壤跳虫群落有影响。