干旱区荒漠下垫面能量通量观测误差对能量闭合的影响

利用内蒙古微气象观测试验(IM-Mm OE)资料,分析干旱区荒漠下垫面近地层能量传输特征,探究观测仪器的一致性问题及其对地表能量平衡的影响。结果表明:干旱区荒漠下垫面的能量传输以感热和地表土壤热通量为主。大多数辐射仪器的观测相关系数大于0.98,地表土壤热通量和感热通量的观测相关系数大于0.97,潜热通量观测相关性最差,为0.92,其中地表土壤热通量、感热通量和潜热通量的均方差分别为14.3 W·m~(-2)、8.9 W·m~(-2)和8.0 W·m~(-2),各仪器之间观测数据比较一致,观测误差较小。非一致性引起的观测数据偏差直接影响能量闭合率,试验中湍流通量(感热通量和潜热通量之和)的观测偏差造成地表能量闭合率1%~3%的不确定性,有效能量(净辐射与地表土壤热通量之差,仅考虑地表土壤热通量的观测偏差)造成5%的不确定性,湍流通量和有效能量两者数据的总偏差造成地表能量闭合率6%~8%的不确定性。     

SEBS模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区地表能量通量估算中的应用

利用SEBS(Surface Energy Balance System)模型,对塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区的地表能量通量进行模拟估算。通过修正适合于塔克拉玛干沙漠地表的参数化方案,结合该地区的MODIS遥感数据,将同期同化气象资料输入模型中,模拟出该地区的地表净辐射、地表土壤热通量、感热通量和潜热通量的空间分布。与塔克拉玛干沙漠大气环境观测试验站的实测数据对比,得出:1)SEBS模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区具有适用性;2)模型反演的沙漠腹地净辐射约为350W/m~2,感热通量在200W/m~2左右,潜热通量在±20W/m~2之间,其结果均与塔中站实测资料吻合较好。因此利用参数修正后的SEBS模型估计塔克拉玛干沙漠地区能量平衡各分量具有一定精度,可满足区域地表能量通量的计算要求。     

西北干旱区地表能量初步分析

基于为期1 a(2001-2002年)的"西北干旱区陆-气相互作用试验"(DHEX)大型野外观测数据,对干旱区地表能量,即净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量进行分析,得到一些有关地表能量的新认识.提出并且讨论了计算地表能量通量的方法及其优缺点.     

黑河中游地区区域蒸散量的时间变化规律及其影响因素

表面能量平衡系统是应用卫星对地观测的可见光、近红外和热红外波段资料,结合实测气象数据或大气模式输出数据,根据表面能量平衡原理估算不同尺度的地表大气湍流通量,从而估算地表相对蒸散的一种方法。本文将水文数据与遥感数据相结合,对张掖盆地1990-2004年间的区域蒸散量进行了估算,评价了区域蒸散的年际变化规律,并对其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:张掖盆地的区域蒸散量呈逐年升高的趋势,这种增长趋势与黑河中游莺落峡、正义峡间的耗水量增加,张掖地区人口、GDP的增长及农田用地的增加有着良好的相关性。     

北麓河地区多年冻土地表能量收支分析

青藏高原地表能量影响高原生态环境的演变、水资源利用及地表工程的稳定性.以青藏高原北麓河气象站2012年10月～2013年10月气象资料和浅层地热流为基础,分析了北麓河地区地表能量收支和平衡特征.结果表明:1)北麓河多年冻土区能量平衡各分量冬季较小,夏季较大,净辐射、潜热、感热和地表土壤热通量年平均分别为72W/m2、24.6W/m2、65.5W/m2和-18.3W/m2;2)月平均感热大于潜热,年平均地表土壤热通量为负值,天然地表多年冻土处于相对稳定的状态,与五道梁、西大滩和唐古拉地区有明显区别;3)夏季降雨作用时间短暂,潜热影响有限,但降雨入渗引起的液态水分对流传热、水汽对流和扩散潜热对地表能量收支分析和土壤内部水热动态变化的影响不可忽略.     

荒漠-绿洲芦苇地蒸散量及能量平衡特征

运用波文比-能量平衡法,对荒漠绿洲芦苇地的蒸散量及能量通量进行了连续的测定,并对芦苇地蒸散特点和能量平衡特征进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:①芦苇的蒸散速率日变化表现出明显的昼夜变化,蒸散量随着芦苇的不同生长阶段存在明显的季节变化,生长季芦苇地总蒸散量为252.5 mm,各阶段降水量均不能满足蒸散发的需水要求,需要地下水的补给。②地下水作为干旱区绿洲的主要水源,其对绿洲蒸散发耗水的影响也是极为重要。净辐射是芦苇地蒸散耗水的能量来源和驱动力,气温是蒸散发的主导影响因子。风速在这些主导因子的影响下,起到加速的作用。③荒漠绿洲芦苇地平均感热通量峰值一般在250~300 W/m2之间,潜热通量平均最大值120~230 W/m2,平均土壤热通量峰值约20 W/m2。6月感热通量在地面能量交换中占主要地位,感热通量占净辐射的52.7%,潜热通量占净辐射的42.6%。7月潜热通量占净辐射的55.0%,感热通量占净辐射的40.4%。9月感热通量占净辐射的60%以上,潜热通量仅占净辐射的30%。土壤热通量约占净辐射的8%。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘夏秋冬季地表能量平衡闭合特征北大核心CSCD

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘肖塘陆—气相互作用观测站2014年7—12月的陆面通量数据,通过最小二乘法（OLS）和能量平衡比率法（EBR）研究该地区能量平衡闭合特征。结果表明：能量通量各分量均呈倒＂U＂形单峰变化趋势,除潜热通量外,均有明显的季节变化特征,表现为：夏季〉秋季〉冬季。能量平衡闭合程度：全天〉白天〉夜间,且具有逐月递减的变化趋势。地表以下5 cm处土壤热通量下的能量闭合程度明显高于地表土壤热通量下的能量闭合程度。能量闭合率在日出日落时段波动剧烈,夜间为负,且下午明显高于上午。不同天气下的能量闭合程度表现为：晴天〉阴天〉沙尘暴〉降雨。     

额济纳绿洲柽柳灌丛辐射特征与热量平衡研究

根据黑河下游额济纳绿洲柽柳灌丛波文比-能量平衡法的实测资料,分析了该地区的辐射特征,研究了热量平衡各分量的变化特征及热量平衡规律。在绿洲内部,其太阳辐射、净辐射具有明显的日进程和季节变化规律;太阳辐射月总量最大值(2133325.0kW.m-2)出现在6月份,最小值(133325.0kW.m-2)出现在10月份;在柽柳灌丛生态系统的热量平衡中潜热通量占能量支出量的62.85%,感热通量占32.85%,土壤热通量占4.44%。在日变化中,潜热在上午大于感热,在下午,由于湍流加剧,感热交换大于潜热。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘夏秋冬季地表能量平衡闭合特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘肖塘陆—气相互作用观测站2014年7—12月的陆面通量数据,通过最小二乘法(OLS)和能量平衡比率法(EBR)研究该地区能量平衡闭合特征。结果表明:能量通量各分量均呈倒"U"形单峰变化趋势,除潜热通量外,均有明显的季节变化特征,表现为:夏季秋季冬季。能量平衡闭合程度:全天白天夜间,且具有逐月递减的变化趋势。地表以下5 cm处土壤热通量下的能量闭合程度明显高于地表土壤热通量下的能量闭合程度。能量闭合率在日出日落时段波动剧烈,夜间为负,且下午明显高于上午。不同天气下的能量闭合程度表现为:晴天阴天沙尘暴降雨。     

塔里木河下游河岸带水热传输过程模拟研究

选择在塔里木河下游生长的胡杨(Populus euphratica)为供试材料,应用土壤-植被-大气传输(SVAT)系统的水热耦合模型,在野外观测试验的基础上,以常规气象站的基本观测要素和土壤剖面水热观测数据为模型的初始输入,对塔里木河沿岸胡杨林的蒸腾过程、土壤剖面水热的变化过程、根系吸水过程、胡杨林冠层-土壤层-大气层之间水热交换与能通量过程进行较小时间尺度上的野外定点研究。结果表明,土壤水分与温度的模拟值对观测值的平均相对误差分别为3.9%和7.1%。可见,土壤剖面水热的模拟值与观测值表现出较强的相关性。相比之下,能通量的日内观测与模拟效果相差很小,蒸腾潜热、感热、地热通量的观测与模拟的平均相对误差分别为16.7%、12.4%和20.6%。能量支出项主要是潜热,其次是感热,而土壤能量支出项主要是感热,总的感热支出要大于潜热支出,且感热变化起伏较大。研究结果对干旱区水循环模拟具有一定的参考价值。     

Two energy balance closure approaches: applications and comparisons over an oasis-desert ecotone

Studies of energy balance that rely on eddy covariance(EC) are always challenged by energy balance closure, which is mainly caused by the underestimations of latent heat flux(LE) and sensible heat flux(Hs). The Bowen ratio(BR) and energy balance residual(ER) approaches are two widely-used methods to correct the LE. A comprehensive comparison of those two approaches in different land-use types is essential to accurately correcting the LE and thus improving the EC experiments. In this study, two energy balance approaches(i.e., BR and ER) were compared to correct the LE measured at six EC sites(i.e., three vegetated, one mixed and two non-vegetated sites) in an oasis-desert ecotone of the Heihe River Basin, China. The influences of meteorological factors on those two approaches were also quantitatively assessed. Our results demonstrated that the average energy closure ratio((LE+Hs)/(Rn–Gs); where Rn is the surface net radiation and Gs is the surface soil heat flux) was approximately close to 1.0 at wetland, maize and village sites, but far from 1.0 at orchard, Gobi and desert sites, indicating a significant energy imbalance at those three latter sites. After the corrections of BR and ER approaches that took into account of soil heat storage, the corrected LE was considerably larger than the EC-measured LE at five of six EC sites with an exception at Gobi site. The BR and ER approaches yielded approximately similar corrected LE at vegetated and mixed sites, but they generated dissimilar results at non-vegetated sites, especially at non-vegetated sites with low relative humidity, strong wind, and large surface-air temperature difference. Our findings provide insight into the applicability of BR and ER approaches to correcting EC-based LE measurements in different land-use types. We recommend that the BR-corrected and ER-corrected LE could be seriously reconsidered as validation references in dry and windy areas.     

卫星遥感结合地面观测估算中国西北区东部地表能量通量

采用定西麦田微气象观测站和试验区其它地区36个自动气象站、91个常规气象站资料,结合NOAA-16卫星的AVHRR资料,用地表能量平衡算法(SEBAL)推导中国西北区东部4~8月的日平均地表净辐射、感热、潜热、土壤热通量密度和波文比的区域分布特征,并按土地覆盖类型的不同分别统计沿黄灌区、冬春小麦雨养农田、草地、森林和沼泽草甸等不同地表的能量通量特征。结果显示:作物不同生育期,自南向北由湿润的常绿林区经半干旱雨养农业区直到干旱的荒漠地带,地表能量输送存在巨大的地区差异。计算结果与实测值之间的平均绝对百分误差为4%~21%,两者基本相符,该方法在算法上解决了用卫星资料反演地气温差的难点问题,提高了感热通量区域分布的计算精度。     

New evidence for the links between the local water cycle and the underground wet sand layer of a mega-dune in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Scientists and the local government have great concerns about the climate change and water resources in the Badain Jaran Desert of western China. A field study for the local water cycle of a lake-desert system was conducted near the Noertu Lake in the Badain Jaran Desert from 21 June to 26 August 2008. An underground wet sand layer was observed at a depth of 20–50 cm through analysis of datasets collected during the field experiment. Measurements unveiled that the near surface air humidity increased in the nighttime. The sensible and latent heat fluxes were equivalent at a site about 50 m away from the Noertu Lake during the daytime, with mean values of 134.4 and 105.9 W/m2 respectively. The sensible heat flux was dominant at a site about 500 m away from the Noertu Lake, with a mean of 187.7 W/m2, and a mean latent heat flux of only 26.7 W/m2. There were no apparent differences for the land surface energy budget at the two sites during the night time. The latent heat flux was always negative with a mean value of –12.7 W/m2, and the sensible heat flux was either positive or negative with a mean value of 5.10 W/m2. A portion of the local precipitation was evaporated into the air and the top-layer of sand dried quickly after every rainfall event, while another portion seeped deep and was trapped by the underground wet sand layer, and supplied water for surface psammophyte growth. With an increase of air humidity and the occurrence of negative latent heat flux or water vapor condensation around the Noertu Lake during the nighttime, we postulated that the vapor was transported and condensed at the lakeward sand surface, and provided supplemental underground sand pore water. There were links between the local water cycle, underground wet sand layer, psammophyte growth and landscape evolution of the mega-dunes surrounding the lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert of western China.     

Surface energy and water vapor fluxes observed on a megadune in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

The Badain Jaran Desert is the second-largest area of shifting sands in China. Our first measurements of the energy components and water vapor fluxes on a megadune using eddy covariance technology were taken from April 2012 to April 2013. The results indicate that the longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes exhibited large fluctuations and seasonal dynamics. The total radiative energy loss by longwave and shortwave radiation was greater on the megadune than from other underlying surfaces. The radiation partitioning was different in different seasons. The land-atmosphere interaction was primarily represented by the sensible heat flux. The average sensible heat flux(40.1 W/m2) was much larger than the average latent heat flux(14.5 W/m2). Soil heat flux played an important role in the energy balance. The mean actual evaporation was 0.41 mm/d, and the cumulative actual evaporation was approximately 150 mm/a. The water vapor would transport downwardly and appear as dew condensation water. The amount of precipitation determined the actual evaporation. The actual evaporation was supposed to be equal to the precipitation on the megadune and the precipitation was difficult to recharge the groundwater. Our study can provide a foundation for further research on land-atmosphere interactions in this area.     

秸秆覆盖条件下滨海盐渍土蒸发对近地层微气候变化影响的模拟研究

为明确秸秆覆盖后微气候对盐渍土水盐运动的调控机理,通过室内土柱试验,模拟研究了盐渍土蒸发过程(0～17 717 min)中不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9 kg·m~(-2)和1.2 kg·m~(-2),分别以CK、A、B、C和D表示)对近地层微气象因素(地表土壤温度、空气温度、相对湿度)、湍流热通量、蒸发强度及水盐运动的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高近地层土壤温度和近地层空气温度,A、B、C和D处理的地表土壤温度比CK分别增加了21.9%、27.4%、27.2%和33.5%,地表上方15 cm处空气温度比CK分别增加了1.02%、0.59%、0.95%和1.54%;无外热源补给条件下,A、B、C和D处理的湍流交换系数比CK分别低了73.3%、62.8%、29.9%和51.7%,湍流热通量分别增加了80.2%、70.6%、52.8%和69.6%,潜热通量分别低了84.9%、79.4%、57.6%和69.8%,差异显著;秸秆覆盖对土壤蒸发强度的抑制作用主要在蒸发前期(0～10 000 min),且A、B、C和D处理的蒸发强度比CK处理分别降低了12.4%、52.5%、26.7%和60.3%(p0.05),随着秸秆覆盖量的增加表层0～1 cm土层土壤电导率呈降低趋势,表明秸秆覆盖在一定程度上可以抑制土壤盐分向地表积聚。     

Eddy covariance measurements of water vapor and energy flux over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Exploring the surface energy exchange between atmosphere and water bodies is essential to gain a quantitative understanding of regional climate change, especially for the lakes in the desert. In this study, measurements of energy flux and water vapor were performed over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert, China from March 2012 to March 2013. The studied lake had about a 2-month frozen period(December and January) and a 10-month open-water period(February–November). Latent heat flux(LE) and sensible heat flux(Hs) acquired using the eddy covariance technique were argued by measurements of longwave and shortwave radiation. Both fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation showed seasonal dynamics and daily fluctuations during the study period. The reflected solar radiation was much higher in winter than in other seasons. LE exhibited diurnal and seasonal variations. On a daily scale, LE was low in the morning and peaked in the afternoon. From spring(April) to winter(January), the diurnal amplitude of LE decreased slowly. LE was the dominant heat flux throughout the year and consumed most of the energy from the lake. Generally speaking, LE was mostly affected by changes in the ambient wind speed, while Hs was primarily affected by the product of water-air temperature difference and wind speed. The diurnal LE and Hs were negatively correlated in the open-water period. The variations in Hs and LE over the lake were differed from those on the nearby land surface. The mean evaporation rate on the lake was about 4.0 mm/d over the entire year, and the cumulative annual evaporation rate was 1445 mm/a. The cumulative annual evaporation was 10 times larger than the cumulative annual precipitation. Furthermore, the average evaporation rates over the frozen period and open-water period were approximately 0.6 and 5.0 mm/d, respectively. These results can be used to analyze the water balance and quantify the source of lake water in the Badain Jaran Desert.     

Impact of large-scale vegetation restoration project on summer land surface temperature on the Loess Plateau,China

A large-scale afforestation project has been carried out since 1999 in the Loess Plateau of China. However, vegetation-induced changes in land surface temperature (LST) through the changing land surface energy balance have not been well documented. Using satellite measurements, this study quantified the contribution of vegetation restoration to the changes in summer LST and analyzed the effects of different vegetation restoration patterns on LST during both daytime and nighttime. The results show that the average daytime LST decreased by 4.3°C in the vegetation restoration area while the average nighttime LST increased by 1.4°C. The contributions of the vegetation restoration project to the changes in daytime LST and nighttime LST are 58% and 60%, respectively, which are far greater than the impact of climate change. The vegetation restoration pattern of cropland (CR) converting into artificial forest (AF) has a cooling effect during daytime and a warming effect at nighttime, while the conversion of CR to grassland has an opposite effect compared with the conversion of CR to AF. Our results indicate that increasing evapotranspiration caused by the vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau is the controlling factor of daytime LST change, while the nighttime LST change is affected by soil humidity and air humidity.