高效液相色谱法同时测定饲料中5种合成类抗氧化剂含量

本文旨在建立同时测定饲料中没食子酸丙酯（PG）、特丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）、乙氧基喹啉（EQ）、丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）和二丁基羟基甲苯（BHT）5种合成类抗氧化剂含量的高效液相色谱法。试样经超声波辅助乙腈直接提取,提取液经有机相针式滤器过滤净化后,采用十八烷基键合相（C18）柱为色谱柱（长150 mm×内径4.6 mm,粒径5 μm）,乙腈-2%乙酸溶液（65 + 35,V1+V2）为流动相,流速为0.5 mL/min,检测波长为280 nm,柱温为20 ～ 30 ℃。在此实验条件下,PG在质量浓度0.50 ～ 25.00 μg/mL,TBHQ、EQ、BHA和BHT在质量浓度1.00 ～ 50.00 μg/mL内均与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（相关系数 r2 ＞ 0.999）|PG、TBHQ、EQ、BHA和BHT的检出限分别为1.8、1.9、2.0、1.9、5.0 mg/kg,定量限分别为8.8、8.6、8.9、8.7、10.0 mg/kg|PG、TBHQ、EQ、BHA和BHT加标回收率（RSD,n=5）分别为76.2% ～ 98.8%（RSD 1.1% ～ 9.5%）,77.2% ～ 97.8%（RSD 0.9% ～ 4.3%）,77.3% ～ 98.0%（RSD 0.7% ～ 6.9%）,76.7% ～ 95.8%（RSD 1.1% ～ 6.2%）和75.3% ～ 95.8%（RSD 0.9% ～ 7.1%）。本法操作简便、快速、结果准确,适用于同时测定饲料中5 种合成类抗氧化剂含量。 [关键词] 合成类抗氧化剂|饲料|高效液相色谱法     

五氯柳胺混悬液中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯含量的HPLC测定

建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定五氯柳胺混悬液中防腐剂对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯的含量。色谱柱采用Hypersil BDS C18(150 mm×4.6 mm;5μm),流动相为0.025 mol/L无水磷酸氢二钠溶液(磷酸调pH 6.5)∶乙腈=65∶35,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm,进样量为20μL,柱温为25℃。结果表明,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯在0.923μg/mL^9.230μg/mL线性范围内,对羟基苯甲酸丙酯在0.615μg/mL^6.15μg/mL线性范围内均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数均达到1.000,平均回收率分别为100.03%和100.33%,平均RSD分别为0.087%和0.077%。结果表明,该方法具有操作简单,灵敏度较高、结果准确等特点,适用于五氯柳胺混悬液中对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯的检测。     

HPLC法同时测定复方吡喹酮浇泼剂中有效成分的含量

本试验旨在建立一种同时测定复方吡喹酮浇泼剂中吡喹酮和乙酰氨基阿维菌素含量的HPLC方法.色谱条件为 C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),柱温30 ℃,流动相为乙腈-水-三氟乙酸(70:30:0.01),流速1.0 mL/min,进样量20 μL,检测波长245 nm.吡喹酮在0.7506~7.5063 mg/mL范围内,乙酰氨基阿维菌素在31.266~312.660 μg/mL范围内线性关系均良好,相关系数(r)均为0.9999,平均回收率分别为99.0%、98.1%,RSD分别为1.02%、0.32%.本试验所建立的HPLC法快速简便、准确可靠,可用于复方吡喹酮浇泼剂中吡喹酮和乙酰氨基阿维菌素含量的测定.     

HPLC同时测定复方二甲硝咪唑可溶性粉中地美硝唑、甲氧苄啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶的含量

建立同时测定复方二甲硝咪唑可溶性粉中地美硝唑、甲氧苄啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶含量的高效液相色谱法.采用Discovery C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.60 mm,5 μm);以0.1%磷酸溶液-乙腈(90:18)为流动相;检测波长为230 nm;流速为1.0 mL/min;进样量为10 μL.地美硝唑在20μg/mL～1...     

高效液相色谱法测定阿苯达唑的含量

为建立高效液相色谱法测定阿苯达唑含量,实验优化出最佳色谱条件：检测波长为295 nm,流动相为甲醇﹕水=70﹕30,流速0.8 mL/ min,色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-ODS(150 mm?4.6 mm,5 μm);柱温为室温。结果显示：阿苯达唑的浓度在1~1000 μg/ mL范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系,R2=1;加样平均回收率为98.1﹪,RSD为0.5﹪;检出限和定量限分别为0.03 μg/ mL和0.1 μg/ mL。该方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可用于阿苯达唑的含量测定及质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定赛鸽用复方恩诺沙星胶囊中恩诺沙星和甲氧苄啶的含量

用高效液相色谱法同时分离测定赛鸽用复方恩诺沙星胶囊中恩诺沙星和甲氧苄啶的含量.采用Nova-PakC18柱(150 mm×3.9 mm,4 μm),以乙腈-磷酸溶液(0.025 mol/L的磷酸溶液用三乙胺调节至pH 3.5,摇匀,经0.45 μm滤膜滤过)(15∶ 85,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm,柱温25 ℃.在此色谱条件下,恩诺沙星和甲氧苄啶的分离良好,它们的峰面积响应与浓度分别在25.1～150.4 μg/mL和12.6～75.5 μg/mL范围内呈良好线性关系(r>0.999);按外标法进行测定,以峰面积计算,恩诺沙星和甲氧苄啶的平均回收率分别为(99.5±0.49)%和(99.6±0.72)%,n=9;RSD分别为0.49%和0.72%.该法操作简便易行,系统适用性良好,适用于赛鸽用复方恩诺沙星胶囊中恩诺沙星和甲氧苄啶含量的测定.     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定阿维菌素粉中非法添加非泼罗尼的研究

建立了阿维菌素粉中非法添加非泼罗尼的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法,色谱柱为C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm),以水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源负离子检测模式(ESI-)和多反应监测(MRM)模式测定,外标法定量。结果表明,非泼罗尼进样浓度在0.025~20 ng/m L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r2=0.9995);检出限和定量限分别为0.04 mg/g和0.1 mg/g;在0.1、1、30 mg/g三个添加水平下,回收率在84.6%~112.6%之间,相对标准偏差为1.0%~7.7%。本方法简便、准确、快速、灵敏,适用于阿维菌素粉中非法添加非泼罗尼的检测。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定对羟基肉桂酸口服液中对羟基肉桂酸的含量

本试验旨在建立高效液相色谱法测定对羟基肉桂酸口服液中对羟基肉桂酸的含量。采用Waters XTerra〖KG-*4〗〖XC1.TIF〗RP18（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以甲醇－1%乙酸溶液（40∶60）为流动相,检测波长为310 nm,流速1 mL/min,温度为室温。结果显示对羟基肉桂酸在2～500 μg/mL范围内,线性关系良好（r＝0.999952）,相对标准偏差（RSD）为0.5%,平均回收率为98.22%～101.07%。该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于对羟基肉桂酸口服液的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定芍药甘草汤中芍药苷和芍药内酯苷的含量

本研究旨在建立一种同时测定芍药甘草汤中芍药苷和芍药内酯苷含量的高效液相色谱分析方法.采用C18色谱柱,流动相为0.1％磷酸溶液(A)-乙腈(B)等度洗脱(A∶ B=86∶14,V/V),分析时间仅为13min.芍药苷和芍药内酯苷的线性范围分别为5～200 μg/mL(r=0.9996)、1.25 ～ 50 μg/mL(...     

高效液相色谱法测定复方聚维酮碘凝胶中氢化可的松的含量

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定复方聚维酮碘凝胶中氢化可的松的含量。以C18(4.6mm×250 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,乙腈-甲醇-醋酸铵(20∶45∶35)为流动相,流速1 mL/min,检测波长240 nm,柱温37℃。结果显示:氢化可的松在0.025~0.122 mg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 3),回收率为96.06%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.45%。试验表明,采用高效液相色谱法测定复方聚维酮碘凝胶中氢化可的松的含量灵敏、快速、准确,可用于该复方制剂的质量控制或检验分析。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.