Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation and N2O emission of forest soil

Soil samples were taken from depth of 0–12 cm in the virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain in April, 2000. 20 μL·L⁻¹ and 200 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ and N₂O concentration were supplied for analysis. Laboratory study on CH₄ oxidation and N₂O emission in forest soil showed that fresh soil sample could oxidize atmospheric methane and product N₂O. Air-dried soil sample could not oxidize atmospheric methane, but could product N₂O. However, it could oxidize the supplied methane quickly when its concentration was higher than 20 μL·L⁻¹. The oxidation rate of methane was increased with its initial concentration. An addition of water to dry soil caused large pulse of N₂O emissions within 2 hours. There were curvilinear correlations between N₂O emission and temperature (r²=0.706, p<0.05), and between N₂O emission and water content (r²=0.2968, p <0.05). These suggested temperature and water content were important factors controlling N₂O emission. The correlation between CH₄ oxidization and temperature was also found while CH₄ was supplied 200 μL·L⁻¹ (r²=0.3573, p<0.05). Temperature was an important factor controlling CH₄ oxidation. However, when 20 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ was supplied, there was no correlation among CH₄ oxidization, N₂O emission, temperature and water content. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: ZHANG Xiu-jun (1960-), female, Ph. Doctor, lecture in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

影响土壤N_2O排放和CH_4吸收的主控因素的研究(英文)

本文于2000年7月,在实验室模拟条件下,以长白山阔叶红松林鲜土壤为对象,采用正交试验设计法对土壤进行培养实验,研究了影响土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的主要因素。考察了温度、水分、pH值、NH4+及NO3-五因素对森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响。实验结果显示:在本试验设计的因素、水平条件下,N2O排放速率、CH4吸收速率二者均与土壤pH值和温度这两个因素呈显著正相关。并且N2O排放速率与CH4吸收速率间呈显著线性正相关关。     

Advances of study on atmospheric methane oxidation （consumption） in forest soil

Next to CO2, methane (CH4) is the second important contributor to global warming in the atmosphere and global atmospheric CH4 budget depends on both CH4 sources and sinks. Unsaturated soil is known as a unique sink for atmospheric CH4 in terrestrial ecosystem. Many comparison studies proved that forest soil had the biggest capacity of oxidizing atmospheric CH4 in various unsaturated soils. However, up to now, there is not an overall review in the aspect of atmospheric CH4 oxidation (consumption) in forest soil. This paper analyzed advances of studies on the mechanism of atmospheric CH4 oxidation, and related natural factors (Soil physical and chemical characters, temperature and moisture, ambient main greenhouse gases concentrations, tree species, and forest fire) and anthropogenic factors (forest clear-cutting and thinning, fertilization, exogenou saluminum salts and atmospheric deposition, adding biocides, and switch of forest land use) in forest soils. It was believed that OH4 consumption rate by forest soil was limited by diffusion and sensitive to changes in water status and temperature of soil.CH4 oxidation was also particularly sensitive to soil C/N, Ambient CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations, tree species and forest fire.In most cases, anthropogenic disturbances will decrease atmospheric CH4 oxidation, thus resulting in the elevating of atmos-pheric CH4. Finally, the author pointed out that our knowledge of atmospheric CH4 oxidation (consumption) in forest soil was insufficient. In order to evaluate the contribution of forest soils to atmospheric CH4 oxidation and the role of forest played in the process of global environmental change, and to forecast the trends of global warming exactly, more researchers need to studiesfurther on CH4 oxidation in various forest soils of different areas.     

Factors controlling N_2O and CH_4 fluxes in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain, China

IntroductionTheincreasinggreenhousegasconcentrationshavereceivedmuchattention.TwoofthesegasesthatscientistsareveryconcernedaboutareN2oandCH`,becauseoftheirrapidincreaseandtheirim-portantchemistryintheatmosphere(Bouwman199o).ThemoIecuIegIobalwarmingpotentialofN2OandCH4areabout58and2o6timesthanthatofCO2.Inaddition,atmosphericconcentrationsofN2OandCH`areincreasingatahnualratesofo.25%ando.9%respectively(HoughtonetaI1992).Forestecosystemhasbeenknownasanimportantterres-trialecosystemattheasp…     

中亚热带森林转换对地表CH4氧化的影响

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对中亚热带常绿阔叶天然林与杉木人工林地表CH4氧化速率进行17个月的定位观测研究.结果表明:在观测期间(2009 - 04-2010 - 08),天然林与人工林均表现为大气CH4汇,天然林与杉木人工林地表CH4年均氧化速率分别为32.01和25.31 μg·m -2h-1,天然林地表CH4氧化速率为10.83 ～75.02μg·m -2h-1,人工林地表CH4氧化速率为7.66 ～46.40 μg·m-2h-1;地表CH4氧化速率受土壤温度、含水量及其交互作用的影响,土壤体积含水量显著影响地表CH4氧化速率,而土壤温度对地表CH4氧化速率的影响则因土壤体积含水量和土壤深度而异.     

排水造林对泥炭沼泽湿地碳循环的影响

湿地在全球气候变化中扮演着重要作用,当湿地排水后,地表水位下降,湿地土壤有氧层增加,CO2排放速率增加,CH4排放速率减少,进而影响全球温室气体的浓度。本文综述了国内外有关湿地排水对土壤CO2、CH4、N2O温室气体和土壤碳储量影响的研究进展,指出了应加强研究的方向,可为湿地恢复和碳管理的研究提供参考。     

阔叶红松林土壤CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的研究

为研究凋落物对CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响,从2002年9月3日到2003年10月30日,采用静态密闭箱技术对长白山阔叶红松林两种类型土壤生态系统的CO2,N2O和CH4的通量进行测定。两种土壤类型分别为表层有凋落物覆盖和没有凋落物覆盖。研究结果表明,凋落物对CO2,N2O和CH4通量有显著性影响(P<0.05)。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的日变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的日变化趋势相似,且CO2,N2O和CH4的日通量峰值都出现在18:00。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的季节变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的季节变化趋势也相似,但在一年之中,CO2和CH4的峰值出现在六月,N2O的峰值却出现在八月。研究结果还表明有凋落物样地CO2,N2O的日排放通量和年均排放通量明显大于无凋落物样地中两种气体的排放通量,但有凋落物样地的CH4日吸收通量和年均排放通量却小于无凋落物样地的CH4吸收通量。     

亚热带三种林型甲烷通量及其影响因子

利用静态箱-气相色谱法,观测中亚热带三种森林类型(杉木人工林(CL)、青冈-石栎常绿阔叶林(CG)和马尾松-石栎针阔叶混交林(PM))土壤CH4通量,及土壤温度、含水率、土壤有机质(SOC)和全氮含量等相关因子。结果表明:亚热带三种森林类型土壤CH4通量总体变化趋势相似,均表现出一定的月变化规律,冬季高、春夏季逐渐降低。其通量平均值为-1.71μg/(m2·h)(CL),-4.14μg/(m2·h)(CG)和-9.48μg/(m2·h)(PM),均表现为大气CH4的汇。土壤CH4通量与土壤温度(地表、地下5 cm和地下10cm)之间相关性显著(p0.01)。杉木林和马尾松-石栎林土壤CH4通量与土壤5 cm含水率显著相关(p0.05)。土壤CH4通量与青冈-石栎林SOC含量,杉木林、马尾松-石栎林的全氮含量的相关性显著(p0.05)。     

森林土壤N_2O产生与排放影响因子研究进展

影响森林土壤N2O产生和排放的主要因子为土壤理化性质(如土壤温度、土壤含水量、pH值以及土壤C/N等),同时,森林类型以及环境干扰(如氮沉降、土地利用/土地覆被变化等)也会影响土壤N2O产生和排放。文中首先论述了土壤N2O产生机制,然后综述了目前国内外关于上述影响因子对土壤N2O产生和排放影响的研究结果,最后提出未来应重点研究的方向。     

磷添加对南亚热带森林土壤有机碳氮矿化影响的培养实验研究

采用室内培养的方法,分析了磷添加对南亚热带鼎湖山马尾松林（PMF）、针阔叶混交林（PBMF）和季风常绿阔叶林（MEBF）土壤（0～10cm）CO小CH4排放／吸收和有机氮矿化的影响。结果表明：28周的培养,100mg磷添加处理土壤C—CO2累积排放量依次为PMF、PBMF和MEBF对照的82．4％、84．4％和102．8％,2000mg磷处理土壤依次为其对照的107．2％、101．2％和109．1％;100mg磷处理土壤CH4累积排放量依次为其对照的69．9％、102．7％和66．3％,2000mg磷处理土壤依次为其对照的-57．4％、25．3％和22．4％,其中,磷在处理初期较一致的提高土壤CO2和CH4排放,磷对土壤有机碳矿化的影响与森林的土壤状况有关,添加的磷浓度越高,其促进作用越强。1周的培养,100mg磷处理土壤有效氮净矿化量依次比PMF、PBMF和MEBF对照少37．06％、39．60％和28．62％,2000mg磷处理土壤依次比其对照少70．97％、84．14％和187．97％,100mg磷处理土壤硝态氮净矿化量依次比其对照少48．06％、40．45％和28．03％,2000mg磷处理土壤依次比其对照少254．09％、115．32％和238．50％,磷显著的抑制土壤有机氮的矿化和硝化。结果建议,在研究P对土壤有机碳氮矿化过程时应充分考虑土壤对P的吸附作用。     

不同施肥处理对杉木林土壤水源涵养功能的影响

【目的】林地土壤容重、孔隙度、蓄水性指标和土壤渗透性能反映土壤水源涵养功能大小,以连续施肥6 a的杉木林地为研究对象,研究不同处理的氮、磷肥对杉木林地土壤水源涵养功能的影响,为施肥杉木林地科学经营和水源涵养提供依据。【方法】对杉木林地进行不同的施肥处理:CK、N1 (50 kg·hm^-2a^-1)、N2 (100 kg·hm^-2a^-1)、P (50 kg·hm^-2a^-1)、N1P (50 kg·hm^-2a^-1+50 kg·hm^-2a^-1)和N2P (100 kg·hm^-2a^-1+50 kg·hm^-2a^-1)。试验测定了不同深度表层土壤(0~5 cm、5~10 cm和10~20 cm)容重、孔隙度、蓄水性指标和土壤渗透性指标,分析了土壤水源涵养功能与土壤理化性质的相关关系。【结果】1)在0~20 cm土层当中,P和N1P极显著降低了土壤容重(P <0.01),N1P增加了土壤非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度,P增加了毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度。随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重逐渐增大。2)N1P和N2P显著增加了土壤有机质碳、有效磷、速效钾,但与N2一样降低了土壤pH值。P显著降低了土壤有机质碳、速效钾含量,但增加了有效磷含量。随着土层深度的增加,有机质碳、有效磷、速效钾含量均显著降低,而pH值显著升高。3)P显著增强了5~20 cm土层的持水能力,N1P显著增强了10~20 cm土层的持水能力;在蓄水量当中,P显著增强了0~20 cm土层的最大蓄水量和毛管蓄水量。4)施肥6 a后杉木林土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透速率和渗透总量比未施肥杉木林土壤上升29.75%,5.45%,20.99%和10.50%。土层分析当中,土壤渗透性均表现为0~5 cm显著高于5~10 cm和10~20 cm土层,且表现为:初渗率>平均入渗率>稳渗率。5)土壤水源涵养功能与土壤容重呈极显著负相关(P <0.01);土壤蓄水性与毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度呈极显著正相关(P <0.01);速效钾与毛管蓄水量呈极显著负相关(P <0.01),与最大蓄水量呈显著负相关(P <0.05)。pH值与渗透性呈极显著负相关(P <0.01);有机质碳、有效磷、速效钾、孔隙度与渗透性呈极显著正相关(P <0.01)。【结论】综合6种施肥处理分析土壤水源涵养功能与土壤理化性质的相关关系,由此得出施用低浓度氮肥与磷肥,可以有效地提高杉木人工林涵养水源的能力,为该地区杉木林地持续经营提供理论参考。     

剔除林下灌草及添加固氮植物对华南地区4种人工林土壤甲烷(CH4)通量的影响

CH4是重要的温室气体之一,其主要排放源是森林土壤。本研究采用静态箱法对华南地区尾叶桉林（Eucalyptusurophylla）（B1）,厚荚相思林（Acacia crassicarpa）（B2）,10个树种的混交林（B3）和30个树种的混交林（B4）4种林型土壤CH4通量进行了原位测定,研究剔除林下灌草和添加翅荚决明（Cassia alata）对土壤CH4通量的影响。4个处理包括：（1）剔除林下灌草并添加翅荚决明（UR＋CA）;（2）仅剔除林下灌草（UR）;（3）仅添加翅荚决明（CA）;（4）对照（CK）。研究结果表明：林型变化对土壤CH4通量有重要影响,B1和B2表现为CH4的汇,而B3和B4为CH4的源,剔除林下灌草能改善土壤微生物活性,加快土壤矿化速度,促进CH4的吸收;而林下添加翅荚决明,由于翅荚决明根系的固氮作用,能加快土壤CH4的排放,表层土壤温度和湿度与土壤CH4通量具有强相关性;土壤有机碳（SOC）和可溶性N也是影响CH4通量的重要因子。本研究对探寻人工林管理措施对土壤CH4捧放影响机制具有重要的意义。     

亚热带典型丘陵坡地马尾松林土壤N2O的年通量特征

由人类活动所造成的大气中温室气体浓度急剧增加而引起的全球气候变暖和环境变化已引起全世界的广泛关注。氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的一种温室气体,在大气中含量较低却十分稳定,具有较大的增温潜能(其单分子的增温潜能是CO2的310倍)和较快的浓度增加速率(以每年0.25%的速率增加)(IPCC,2007)。N2O可吸收红外线,减少地球表面通过大气向外层空间的热辐射,导致地球表面温度增加。N2O能参与大气中许多光化学反应,破坏臭氧层(Crutzen,1970),导致到达地球表面的紫外线明显增加,给人类健康和生态环境带来多方面的危害。     

土壤水分胁迫对树木N2O排放速率的影响

采用封闭罩-气相色谱法观测研究了干旱胁迫对长白山阔叶红松林的几种优势树种-红松(Pinus koraiensis)、水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、胡桃楸(Juglans mandshurica)、椴树(Tilia amurensis)和蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)叶片N2O排放。并同步测定5种树木叶片净光合速率、呼吸速率和气孔导度。结果表明：土壤水分胁迫明显降低树木叶片气孔导度、净光合速率和N2O排放速率，叶片气孔是树木N2O排放的主要通道。树木N2O排放以白天为主，在相同的水分条件下，不同的苗木有不同的N2O排放速率，同种苗木的N2O排放随干旱胁迫的加重而减少，在受到不同干旱胁迫时，针叶树红松N2O的排放速率降至正常水分条件下的34.43％和100．6％、阔叶树种N2O排放平均降至31．93％和86.35％。不同干旱胁迫的红松、水曲柳、胡逃楸、椴树和蒙古栎幼树叶片N2O排放速率为34．43、14．44、33．02、16.48和32．33ngN2O．g^-1DW．h^-1。图1表1参12。     

Atmospheric CO2 enrichment and soil N fertility effects on juvenile ponderosa pine: Growth,ectomycorrhizal development,and xylem water potential

Interactive effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ and soil N fertility on above- and below-ground growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and water relations of juvenile ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) were investigated. One-year-old seedlings were planted in undisturbed field soil within open-top chambers which permitted creation of atmospheres with 700 μl l⁻¹, 525 μl l⁻¹, or ambient CO₂ concentrations. High and medium soil N treatments were imposed by incorporating sufficient (NH₄)₂SO₄ to increase total N by 200 μg g⁻¹ and 100 μg g⁻¹, respectively, while unamended soil, which had a total N concentration of approximately 900 μg g⁻¹, constituted the low N treatment. Following each of two consecutive field growing seasons, whole seedlings of every combination of CO₂ and N treatment were harvested to permit assessment of shoot and root growth and quantification of ectomycorrhizal development. Late in the second growing season, a simulated drought episode was imposed by withholding irrigation during which predawn and midday xylem water potential and soil water potential were measured. The initial harvest revealed that coarse and fine root weights were increased by CO₂ enrichment during the first growing season. This result was most apparent in the 525 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ treatment and high soil N, which produced the greatest root volume as well. Shoot/root ratio decreased with increasing CO₂ at the first harvest. After two growing seasons, elevated CO₂ increased seedling diameter, shoot and root volume, and shoot and coarse root weight, again most prominently in high N. Unlike the initial results, however, stimulation of seedling growth by the 700 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ atmosphere exceeded that in 525 μl l⁻¹ CO₂ after two growing seasons, and shoot/root ratio was unaffected by either CO₂ or N. At both harvests, seedlings grown in the enriched atmospheres generally had higher mycorrhizal counts and greater percentages of colonized root length, but differences among treatments in ectomycorrhizal development were nonsignficant regardless of quantification method. During the imposed drought episode, xylem water potential of seedlings grown in elevated CO₂ descended below that of seedlings grown in the ambient atmosphere as soil water potential decreased, most notably in the predawn measurements. These results suggest that CO₂ enrichment stimulates shoot and root growth of juvenile ponderosa pine under field conditions, a response somewhat dependent on soil N availability. However, below-ground growth is not increased proportionally more than that above ground, which may predispose this species to greater stress when soil water is limited.     

尖峰岭热带山地雨林林窗土壤甲烷通量研究

以海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林因2012年左右台风干扰形成的林窗样地为研究对象,开展土壤甲烷通量的原位观测试验,测定林窗和林下凋落物质量、土壤温度、土壤含水量、酶活性及其他土壤理化指标,运用最佳结构模型研究土壤甲烷通量与环境因子的关系,分析林窗土壤甲烷通量变化特征、影响因素及其与林下的差异。结果表明:海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林表现为甲烷吸收,林窗和林下的年平均甲烷通量分别为(-0.37±0.26)和(-0.36±0.24)nmol·m^-2·s^-1,林窗和林下的土壤甲烷通量月变化特征无显著差异(P>0.05),呈现旱季高雨季低的特征。土壤甲烷通量的最佳结构模型表明,全年和旱季的林窗与林下土壤甲烷的主要调控因子均为土壤含水量,但雨季土壤甲烷调控作用最强的因子是土壤温度。结果表明,因台风形成的6个林窗短期对土壤甲烷通量没有显著影响,但林窗和林下的土壤甲烷通量具有旱季大于雨季的季节变化特征。     

Converting conventional agriculture to poplar bioenergy crops: soil greenhouse gas flux

Conversion of agricultural fields to bioenergy crops can affect greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Soil GHG emissions were measured seasonally in poplar bioenergy and agricultural fields at three Northwestern US locations. A forest stand was also used at one location for comparison. A portable gas analyzer was used to measure CO₂ efflux and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were first measured with chambers and later with gradients. Agricultural soil had 17% larger CO₂ efflux rates than poplar soil. Chamber fluxes showed no differences in CH₄ uptake but did show higher N₂O fluxes in poplar than agricultural soil. Gradient CH₄ uptake rates were highest in agricultural soil in the summer but showed no N₂O flux differences. Forest soils had smaller quarterly CO₂ efflux rates than agricultural soils and greater CH₄ uptake rates than poplar soils. The largest GHG contributor to soil GHG flux was CO₂, with those being ～1000 times larger than CH₄ flux rates and ～500 times larger than N₂O flux rates based on CO₂ equivalences. Converting conventional agricultural cropland to poplar bioenergy production does not have adverse effects on soil greenhouse gas flux and these results could be useful for modeling or life cycle analysis of land use conversion.     

Factors controlling N2O and CH4 fluxes in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain, China

Using the closed chamber technique, thein situ measurements of N₂O and CH₄ fluxes was conducted in a broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest ecosystem in Changbai Mountain, China, from June 1994 to October 1995. The relationships between fluxes (N₂O and CH₄) and some major environmental factors (temperature, soil water content and soil available nitrogen) were studied. A significant positive correlation between N₂O emission and air/soil temperature was observed, but no significant correlation was found between N₂O emission and soil water content (SWC). This result showed that temperature was an important controlling factor of N₂O flux. There was a significant correlation between CH₄ uptake and SWC, but no significant correlation was found between CH₄ uptake and temperature. This suggested SWC was an important factor controlling CH₄ uptake. The very significant negative correlation between logarithmic N₂O flux and soil nitrate concentration, significant negative correlation between CH₄ flux and soil ammonium content were also found. This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Relationships between growing-season soil water-deficit, mineralizable soil nitrogen and site index of coastal Douglas fir

Relationships between measures of soil water availability, available soil macronutrients and site index of coastal Douglas fir were examined in 53 stands. Growing-season water-deficit was able to explain the most variation in site index of all soil water-balance measures examined (R² = 0.42). Of all soil chemical properties examined, mineralizable N in the surface 30 cm of the mineral soil and in the forest floor accounted for the most variation in site index (R² = 0.54). Multiple regression of the natural log of mineralizable N, and growing-season water-deficit on site index gave an R² of 0.63. Use of mineralizable N as a measure of N availability is supported, and interactions between water-use efficiency and stand N status are suggested.     

果园微气候及土壤养分对灰枣果实矿物元素含量的影响

为了遴选出影响灰枣果实矿物元素形成的关键因子,分别设计了树体阴阳面、遮阳、喷水及地表覆盖物等果园微气候处理方式,就不同处理下的气象因子及土壤碱解氮(N)、速效磷(P)、速效钾(K)、有机质(OM)及酸碱度(p H)对灰枣果实中的钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)和铜(Cu)等矿物元素的影响情况进行了试验,并采用显著性、通径系数及线性回归等分析方法,探究了枣果中矿物元素含量与气象因子及土壤养分因子之间的关系。结果表明:在一定范围内,p H值的升高,有利于枣果中Mg和Mn含量的增加;平均湿度相对较高,对枣果中Fe的含量有促进作用。土壤N含量能有效增加枣果中Cu的含量;枣果Ca含量的影响因素依次为平均湿度差、OM、N、平均最低温度及平均最小湿度,Ca含量与OM和平均最低温度间均有负相关,而与其他指标间均呈正相关;影响枣果Zn含量的因素依次为N、平均最低温度、平均湿度差、平均温度差和OM,其中Zn含量与N和OM间均存在负相关,而与上述其余各指标间均呈正相关。