施肥、刈割和土壤镇压对鸭茅丛枝菌根形成的影响

施磷肥、强度刈割和土壤镇压都能显著降低鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata L.)的菌根形成。磷肥增加土壤有效磷浓度,而刈割减少根系生长和光合产物向根部的分配,土壤镇压则减少土壤空气、孔隙和根系生长,这些都不利于菌根形成。施肥、刈割和土壤镇压的交互作用对菌根形成的影响相对较小。     

柠檬酸对石灰性土壤磷的释放效应

在盆栽条件下,以不施磷肥和不施柠檬酸为对照(CK1),研究了在不施磷和施磷情况下施用柠檬酸对土壤有效磷、小麦地上部和根部吸磷状况以及生物学产量的影响。结果表明,施用柠檬酸明显降低了土壤pH,增加了土壤中的有效磷的含量;在施用磷肥条件下,随着柠檬酸施用量的增加,土壤pH值逐步降低,土壤有效磷逐步提高,小麦地上部,尤其根部吸磷量增加,生物学产量显著增加。     

不同形态磷肥对棉花生长和AM真菌接种效应的影响

通过两室根箱栽培棉花新陆早13号实验,研究了磷酸二氢钾、植酸钠(Na-phytate)2种磷源形态对AM真菌Glomus mosseae接种效应的影响及棉花生长的影响。结果表明:在不施磷肥的条件下,接种Glomus mosseae真菌时,棉花的生长势没有显著差异,棉株地上部磷含量显著高于没有接种Glomus mosseae真菌的处理。施磷酸二氢钾时,接种Glomus mosseae真菌对棉花生长势起到显著的促进作用,棉株地上部磷含量也显著提高;施用植酸钠时,接种Glomus mosseae真菌对棉花生长势与棉珠地上部磷含量都没有显著影响。对Glomus mosseae真菌接种处理而言,不同形态磷素处理,植物室土壤有效磷的含量大小顺序为磷酸二氢钾>植酸钠>对照。磷素形态对Glomusmosseae真菌的侵染率没有显著影响。不施磷肥Glomus mosseae真菌的侵染率要显著高于施用磷酸二氢钾、植酸钠磷肥的处理,这说明,Glomus mosseae真菌在土壤磷较低时有利于侵染棉花根系。     

水分胁迫条件下接种菌根对玉米抗旱性的影响

采用土培试验研究了水分胁迫条件下接种菌根对玉米生长发育、光合作用、养分吸收和水分利用的影响。结果表明：土壤干旱使植株地上部及根系的生长量比对照显著下降，植株的形态发育受到抑制；接种VA菌根菌的植株体内磷营养状况得到改善，提高了土壤磷的有效利用率。接种菌根减轻了水分胁迫对植株生长的抑制程度，提高了植株叶片光合强度，增加了干物质积累。试验结果表明，菌根可以改善植株的水分状况，使叶片相对含水量增加，复水试验表明菌根植物比非菌根植林从干旱逆境中恢复水分的速度要快得多，同时也提高了植株水分利用效率。     

镉氮交互作用对小白菜生长及其体内镉累积的影响

采用温室盆栽试验,研究了镉氮交互作用对小白菜植株的干重和镉累积的影响。结果表明:在试验范围内,土壤施氮显著改善小白菜植株的生长状况,土壤镉污染水平对小白菜植株地上部分和根系干重的影响差异不显著。土壤镉污染显著导致镉在植株体内的累积,镉污染水平对小白菜植株镉浓度和镉累积量的影响差异显著。施氮条件下植株镉浓度的变化趋势因土壤镉污染水平不同而异,施氮在促进生长的同时,在一定程度上也促进了植株对镉的吸收和累积。植株地上部镉累积明显大于根系镉累积,且土壤外源镉污染水平下小白菜植株没有表现出镉毒害症状,说明小白菜植株地上部具有耐镉并累积镉的特性。     

黄土高原长期施肥对小麦产量及土壤肥力的影响

重点分析黄土高原长武试验站长期定位施肥试验地2004年长期施肥对小麦产量、肥料利用率及土壤肥力影响的试验结果,表明:单施磷肥和单施氮肥的产量很低,与对照的产量无明显差异,氮磷钾配施与氮磷配施能显著提高小麦的产量。单施磷肥的磷肥利用率最低,为1%;单施氮肥的氮肥利用率为12.5%;氮磷配施的氮、磷肥利用率均较高,磷肥利用率比单施磷肥提高5.7%,氮肥利用率比单施氮肥提高42.1%。氮磷钾配施较氮磷肥配施的氮肥利用率降低了4.5%,而磷肥利用率升高了2.2%,钾肥的利用率不高,仅为7.3%。单施磷肥只增加土壤磷素含量而降低了氮素含量,单施氮肥能增加土壤中氮素的含量,速效磷含量增加了31%,氮磷肥配施增加了土壤中有机质和氮、磷养分含量。氮、磷配施或氮、磷、钾配施是提高黄土高原小麦产量和土壤肥力的有效措施。     

土层水分非均匀供应下施锌对玉米植株中Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu吸收积累的影响

进行分层盆栽试验,模拟田间土壤剖面上下层水分不均匀分布条件,研究表层土壤施锌对玉米植株吸收Ca、Fe、Mn和Cu养分的影响。结果表明:上层土壤干旱抑制了苗期玉米植株生长,降低了地上部Ca、Fe、Mn分配比例。上层土壤干旱情况下,增加下层土壤水分供应,并没有提高植株生长和养分元素的吸收量。施锌明显促进了玉米地上部生长,在土壤水分充足时,施锌对植株生长效果更明显。不论土壤水分状况如何,施锌显著降低了植株中Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu浓度,对植株吸收积累Fe有拮抗作用;上层土壤干旱条件下,施锌还降低了地上部和整株中Mn以及根部Cu的积累量。施锌对植株体内Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu向上运输没有显著性影响。研究表明土壤表层干旱条件下,即使增加土壤水分,尚不能提高玉米植株生长和对Ca、Fe、Mn、Cu等养分的吸收利用。施用锌肥可以提高作物对土壤水分利用,但要注意对作物吸收Fe与Mn的拮抗作用,适当配合铁锰等养分供应。     

梯度扩散薄膜技术在干旱区土壤中原位测定磷素的方法及其应用

薄膜扩散梯度技术（diffusive gradients in thin films technique,DGT）是近年来广泛应用于水体、沉积物和土壤中有效态元素生物有效性研究的一种新技术,为确定测定土壤磷素生物有效性的DGT最佳测试条件以及肥料磷在土壤中迁移特性,采用盆栽试验,分析了土壤与DGT作用时间、环境温度、土壤相对含水量对DGT测定的磷素生物有效性影响,并利用DGT测定肥料磷在表面撒施和滴施（4种土壤类型：潮土、灌淤土、灰漠土和草甸土）方式下土壤剖面的迁移规律。结果表明：DGT-P随土壤与DGT作用时间（0-24 h）的增加而增加,在24 h后趋于稳定;DGT-P随土壤相对含水量（20%-100%）的增加而增加,在含水量为80%-100%时最大,当相对含水量增加到120%时,DGT-P则降低;DGT-P随环境温度的增加而增加,在25℃后趋于稳定。与表面撒施处理相比,滴施可以增加5-15 cm肥料磷的分布。而滴施处理的磷的移动性也受到土壤类型和质地的影响,在草甸土（71%砂粒）上运移性较大,在潮土（46.65%砂粒）上运移性较小。总之,DGT测定的土壤磷素生物有效性最佳测试条件为土壤与DGT作用时间在24 h,土壤相对含水量为80%-100%,环境温度25℃,磷肥滴施优于表面撒施,滴施的磷肥能够迁移到更深的土层。     

冬麦不同施磷水平下土壤磷素淋溶试验

盆栽冬小麦条件下设置常规施磷,2倍施磷,4倍施磷三个施磷水平,观测不同磷肥施用量及施用方式对土壤磷素淋溶的影响,结果表明:①随着磷肥施用量的增加,淋出液中总磷(TP)浓度也随之提高,可溶性无机磷(MRP)占TP的比例也明显增加,而可溶性有机磷(DOP)占TP的比例却明显降低.②施肥方式不同,磷素淋失的特征也不同,集中施肥(磷肥施在表层3 cm内或与一半土壤混合)能明显地减少磷素淋溶出土体,而与土壤混合均匀施用磷肥会增加磷素的淋溶量,且与土壤混合施用磷肥也会增加可溶态磷的淋溶量.③淋溶发生的时间对磷素的淋溶也有影响,最先淋溶出土壤的磷是附着在细小土壤颗粒上的(PP),它们随着土壤中的优先流流出;其次是有机磷(DOP),与土壤的吸附较弱.随着水分的增加以及淋溶的延续,更多的可溶性磷被溶解而随水流出土壤(MRP).④土壤磷素含量较低时,主要是可溶性有机磷(DOP)淋溶出来,当土壤含磷水平高或施磷(无机磷肥)量大时,可溶性无机磷(MRP)就成为淋溶的主要形态.     

磷肥种类和施用方式对新疆棉田磷素利用及棉花产量的影响

通过研究不同磷肥种类和施用方式对新疆棉田棉花磷吸收、产量和土壤磷平衡的影响,明确适合新疆棉田的磷肥种类和施用方式。采用田间试验方法,设置6个处理:不施磷肥(CK)、重过磷酸钙基施(TSP-B)、磷酸一铵基施(MAP-B)、磷酸脲基施(UP-B)、磷酸一铵滴施(MAP-D)、磷酸脲滴施(UP-D),在棉花花蕾期、花铃期、吐絮期分别采集土壤及植物样品,测定土壤有效磷含量、棉花各器官吸磷量和籽棉产量,并计算磷肥利用效率和棉田磷平衡。结果表明:磷酸一铵和磷酸脲处理的土壤有效磷含量、植物吸磷量高于重过磷酸钙处理,并且吐絮期时,滴施处理(MAP-D、UP-D)土壤有效磷含量比基施处理(MAP-B、UP-B)增加了46.34%和105.12%。与不施磷肥和重过磷酸钙处理相比,磷酸一铵和磷酸脲处理的籽棉产量显著提高,且滴施处理略高于基施处理,磷酸一铵滴施处理的籽棉产量相较于不施磷肥和重过磷酸钙处理增加了41.38%和37.82%。磷酸一铵滴施的磷肥当季利用率和农学效率最高,分别为25.44%和19.59 kg·kg~(-1),且棉田磷素盈余最少,为-39.99 kg·hm~(-2)。综上,在新疆棉花种植体系中,磷酸一铵和磷酸脲提高土壤有效磷含量、籽棉产量、磷肥利用率和植物利用土壤磷素的效果优于重过磷酸钙,且滴施略优于基施。     

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Alleviate the Negative Effect of Temperature Stress in Millet Lines with Contrasting Soil Aggregation Potential

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) establish a mutualistic symbiosis with several plants and play a key role in improving plant growth, tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses as well as the soil structure. This work aimed at elucidating the AMF temperature stress modulating impact on four pearl millet lines plant growth and soil aggregation. Experimental trials were carried out in both greenhouse and growth chamber to determine the response of the four millet lines to inoculation with two AMF strains (Rhizophagus aggregatus and Funneliformis mosseae) under heat and non-stress conditions. We first investigated the mycorrhizal colonization (MC) and the mycorrhizal growth response (MGR) of millet lines in relation with their soil aggregation potential (root adhering soil/root biomass, MAS/RB) in the greenhouse. Secondly, the four millet lines were grown in two separated growth chambers and subjected to a day/night temperature of 32/28?°C as the control treatment and 37/32?°C as the temperature stress treatment. Plant growth, mycorrhization rate and several physiological, mycorrhizal and soil parameters were measured. Results showed that the mycorrhization rates of millet lines were low and not significantly different. Funneliformis mosseae (31.39%) showed higher root colonization than Rhizophagus aggregatus (22.79%) and control (9.79%). The temperature stress reduced the mycorrhizal colonization rate, shoot and root biomass, and the soil aggregation for all tested lines. L220 and L132 showed more MC rate and MGR than the other lines under control and high-temperature treatment. The MGR was significantly better under temperature stress conditions than in the control. Under the temperature stress conditions, inoculation with R. aggregatus and F. mosseae increased chlorophyll concentration, root dry weight and shoot dry weight as compared to non-inoculated plants. AMF inoculation, particularly with F. mosseae had a positive influence on the tolerance of millet lines to temperature stress. This study demonstrates that AMF play an important role in the response of these four millet lines to temperature stress. AMF is therefore an important component in the adaptation of crops to climatic variations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

     

The influence of water level and nutrient availability on growth and root system development of Myriophyllum aquaticum

Myriophyllum aquaticum is an aquatic plant of still or slow flowing waters. The species mostly occurs in its emerged growth form in dense stands, but submerged shoots can also be found. Due to its rapid growth, M. aquaticum is considered one of the most important aquatic weeds worldwide. In southern Europe, M. aquaticum occurs in irrigation and drainage systems, rice fields and lowland wetlands. In this study, root development and growth response of M. aquaticum to different water levels and nutrient availabilities were investigated in a rhizotron experiment under Central European climatic conditions. The species shows an ability to respond to drained soil conditions by a rapid root growth (up to >1 cm day⁻¹), resulting in a deep root system under drained conditions. In waterlogged soil, the root system spreads more horizontally. Root density increased with increasing nutrient availability. Root:shoot ratio increased significantly with decreasing nutrient availability. In addition, total shoot length, shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass differed significantly between different water levels and different nutrient availabilities. Relative growth rate increased with increasing water level and nutrient availability. Shoot porosity was higher in nutrient rich substrate than in nutrient low substrate. Root porosity increased with increasing water level. In conclusion, M. aquaticum shows a high tolerance to different water levels, which may be important for future habitat conditions in waterbodies and wetlands in Central Europe under the impact of global change with increased water level fluctuations.     

Optimal root system strategies for desert phreatophytic seedlings in the search for groundwater

Desert phreatophytes are greatly dependent on groundwater, but how their root systems adapt to different groundwater depths is poorly understood. In the present study, shoot and root growths of Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. seedlings were studied across a gradient of groundwater depths. Leaves, stems and roots of different orders were measured after 120 days of different groundwater treatments. Results indicated that the depth of soil wetting front and the vertical distribution of soil water contents were highly controlled by groundwater depths. The shoot growth and biomass of A. sparsifolia decreased, but the root growth and rooting depth increased under deeper groundwater conditions. The higher ratios of root biomass, root/shoot and root length/leaf area under deeper groundwater conditions implied that seedlings of A. sparsifolia economized carbon cost on their shoot growths. The roots of A. sparsifolia distributed evenly around the soil wetting fronts under deeper groundwater conditions. Root diameters and root lengths of all orders were correlated with soil water availabilities both within and among treatments. Seedlings of A. sparsifolia produced finer first- and second-order roots but larger third- and fourth-order roots in dry soils. The results demonstrated that the root systems of desert phreatophytes can be optimized to acquire groundwater resources and maximize seedling growth by balancing the costs of carbon gain.     

不同供硼水平对绿豆植株形态和生长发育的影响

在生长室利用水培研究了不同供硼水平对绿豆植株形态和生长发育的影响.结果表明,缺硼抑制绿豆生长,对地下部的影响比对地上部的影响大,冠根比增加;缺硼明显抑制叶面积,比叶面积(SLA)下降;缺硼使叶重比(LWR)提高和叶片脉间失绿、变厚、变脆.与适量供硼相比,过量供硼也影响绿豆的生长,但对冠根比没有影响,过量供硼对植株地上部和地下部具有相同的抑制作用;硼中毒导致成熟叶片过旱脱落,使光合面积变小;过量供硼对比叶面积和叶重比没有影响.     

SELECTIVE ACTION OF DIPHENAMID AND NAPROPAMIDE IN PEPPER (GAPSICUM ANNUUM L.) AND WEEDS

Summary. A comparison was made between diphenamid and napropamide with regard to phytotoxicity to pepper and weeds under glasshouse and field conditions. Diphenamid was considerably less phytotoxic than napropamide in inhibiting root elongation and shoot growth of pepper seedlings. Plant growth was reduced when the roots were exposed to either one of the herbicides, but growth of the shoot through treated soil was not adversely affected. Since diphenamid was found to be more leachable into soil, it might become more available to the roots and damage the crop plants. Graminaceous weeds were very sensitive to both herbicides, whereas several dicotyledonous weeds were more susceptible to napropamide. Selectivity of both herbicides at a late pre-emergence application to direct-seeded pepper was found satisfactory in two field experiments on different soil types.
Action sélective de la diphénamide et de la napropamide sur le piment et les mauvaises herbes     

施肥和绿肥翻压方式对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验研究渭北旱原不同施肥处理(不施肥;40 kg P2O5/hm2;豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg/hm2)对夏闲期豆科绿肥生长和后茬小麦生长的效果,探讨了夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式(提前翻压、提前覆盖,播前翻压和不种绿肥即夏季休闲)对后茬冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响。研究表明:与不施肥处理相比,豆科绿肥专用肥显著提高绿肥盛花期地上部生物量,但对根系生长没有明显作用;施用磷肥则更有利于绿肥根系生物量的提高;施用绿肥专用肥和磷肥处理的后茬小麦产量较高,特别是绿肥提前翻压时。绿肥提前翻压时冬小麦分蘖数较高、春季总茎数较高、单位面积穗数较高,产量显著高于绿肥提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥处理,水分生产效率显著高于不种绿肥处理。从绿肥翻压、小麦播前直至小麦拔节期,绿肥翻压方式的3个处理土壤0~200 cm剖面水分含量与休闲处理始终有明显差异。提前翻压处理与提前覆盖、播前翻压处理的差异主要在40 cm以上土层。     

Phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in soil under different moisture conditions

The phytotoxic activity of soil-applied pethoxamid [2-chloro- N -(2-ethoxyethyl)- N -(2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propanyl) acetamide], (TKC-94), on the plant growth of rice ( Oryza sativa cv. Kiyohatamochi ) seedlings as an assay plant in soil was investigated under different soil moisture conditions. The phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid mixed with soil on the shoot and root growth of rice seedlings was uppermost under the highest soil moisture condition and it decreased with declining soil moisture content, while the inhibition was greater on the root growth than the shoot growth. The amount of pethoxamid adsorbed on soil solid and the concentration of pethoxamid in soil water from soil applied with this herbicide were not influenced by the soil moisture content. In addition, the phytotoxic activity on the growth of rice seedlings in sea sand culture applied with the soil water from the herbicide-applied soil was not influenced by the soil moisture content. In the sea sand culture, the phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid was significantly reduced in negative water potential as the concentration of polyethylene glycol-6000 added to the water increased. It is suggested that the phytotoxic activity of pethoxamid in the soil primarily depends on the concentration in soil water, but the phytotoxic activity was affected by soil moisture through the effect on absorption of this herbicide by rice seedlings.     

Characteristics of seeds and seedlings from weeds treated with sublethal herbicide doses

Size, germination and viability of seeds as well as growth of seedlings derived from three weed species were studied in a pot trial. Fallopin convolvulus (L.) A. Loeve, Galium. spurium L. and Thlaspi arvense L. were treated with MCPA or tribenuron-methyl at four doses and at five growth stages, from seedling stage to flowering, In G. spurium subnormal doses of tribenuron-methyl, applied at intermediate growth stages, greatly reduced seed weight, gennination, viability, seedling shoot biomass and root biomass. Germination and viability, as well as the shoot biomass and root biomass of seedlings, were highly correlated with seed weight. In addition, but to a smaller extent, seed weight was reduced in F. convolvidus and T. arvense by tribenuron-methyl and in G. spurium by MCPA. Germination was reduced in F. convolvulus by MCPA and in T. arvense by tribenuron-methyl. However, the effects varied greatly depending on the growth stage at application.