沼肥替代部分化肥对杂交水稻产量、土壤肥力及养分表观平衡的影响

通过田间试验,研究沼肥替代部分化肥后对杂交水稻产量、土壤肥力及农田养分表观平衡的影响。结果表明,相比减量施肥处理,随配施沼肥用量的增加,水稻产量呈先升高后下降的趋势;施用沼肥后农田有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量明显增加,氮、磷养分出现盈余,钾素亏缺降低;沼肥用量为16.50 t/hm2时可减少30%的化肥用量。施用沼肥可以减少化肥投入,提高土壤养分含量,维持土壤养分平衡。     

生物炭对花生生长发育及土壤肥力的影响

为探究生物炭对花生生长发育及土壤肥力的影响，本研究以农花5号为试材，设置不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、生物炭+常规施肥(BC+CF)和生物炭+化肥减量20%(BC+20%CF)4个处理，分别对花生的植株形态、光合特性、干物质积累、产量构成、籽仁品质及土壤理化性状进行了测定。结果表明，与CK相比，施用生物炭可有效增加花生的叶面积，BC+CF和BC+20%CF处理下结荚期的叶面积分别增加50.59%和58.19%,同时单株产量分别提高47.86%和43.33%;施用生物炭能显著增加花生籽仁中的蛋白质和亮氨酸含量，而降低硬脂酸和油脂含量；施用生物炭会降低土壤容重的增加幅度，显著提高土壤孔隙度，BC+CF和BC+20%CF处理下花生各时期土壤速效钾含量的平均增幅分别为35.37%和41.04%。本研究证明了生物炭对化肥减施和土壤肥力维持的作用，为生物炭在花生生产中的合理应用提供了理论依据。     

冬小麦夏直播花生两熟制栽培钾肥用量与分配研究

采用二次饱和D-最优设计,建立了冬小麦夏直播花生两熟制条件下全年钾肥用量及其分配比例与小麦、花生产量及全年效益数学模型。分析表明,本试验条件下(土壤肥力中等偏上),小麦产量最高可达7631.9kg/hm2,当茬需施K2O169kg/hm2;产量>6000kg/hm2小麦当茬K2O适宜用量为138～219kg/hm2。花生对钾分配比例的反应,与全年施钾量有很大关系,当全年钾肥不足时,花生产量随前茬小麦分配比例的增加而下降;当全年钾肥充足,花生少施或不施,均可获得高产,因此,后茬花生施肥必须考虑前作小麦的施肥量。全年效益最高可达20921.2元/hm2,此时需施K2O247.5kg/hm2,前茬小麦占71.4%;全年效益>18000元/hm2K2O适宜用量为204.0～331.5kg/hm2,前茬小麦占66.3%～84.0%。     

起垄覆盖秸秆对土壤理化性质及花生产量和质量的影响

采用大田随机区组设计,在花生起垄种植方式下,研究了秸秆覆盖方式对土壤理化性质及花生产量和质量的影响。结果表明,不覆盖秸秆的垄面和垄沟土壤温度均最高,垄沟秸秆覆盖、全部秸秆覆盖显著增加了垄沟土壤水分含量;覆盖秸秆能不同程度地降低土壤的碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的含量;垄沟覆盖秸秆对花生生长发育及产量构成影响较小,产量仅降低3.9%;秸秆覆盖能增加花生籽粒中蛋白质含量,提高棕榈酸、亚油酸、花生一烯酸、木焦油酸的含量,减少粗脂肪的含量,降低油酸、硬脂酸、花生酸的含量。本试验条件下,小麦秸秆覆盖量为4500kg/hm~2,花生能获得较高的荚果产量、蛋白质和粗脂肪产量,分别为4480.95kg/hm~2、1169.5kg/hm~2和2029.9kg/hm~2。起垄种植+垄沟覆盖秸秆方式是既能够充分利用小麦秸秆资源,又保证花生丰产的合理栽培方式。     

膜下滴灌对麦茬夏花生土壤理化性状及肥料农学效率的影响

为保障夏花生出苗和高产高效,本研究采用漫灌和膜下滴灌两种灌溉方式,系统研究了不同灌溉方式对夏花生田土壤理化性状、植株养分积累、肥料利用率及花生产量的影响。结果表明,膜下滴灌各土层地温在昼间7:00、9:00、11:30及14:30均高于漫灌,但滴灌处理土壤容重在0～15 cm土层显著低于漫灌。滴灌处理显著增加了0～30 cm土壤含水量,且提高了各土层的有机质含量和花生茎、叶、果壳中氮和磷含量,显著提高了花生荚果氮含量及积累量和花生茎、叶中磷和钾的积累量。与漫灌相比,滴灌处理氮、磷、钾肥的农学效率分别提高33.0%、33.9%、36.4%;夏花生产量显著提高,达17.8%。综合分析表明,膜下滴灌提高了花生产量,增加了经济效益,增强了作物对土壤养分与水分的有效利用。     

不同茬口对小麦养分利用和产量的影响

为了探究不同茬口对小麦生产的影响,在测定玉米、大豆、花生、甘薯4种不同作物收获后土壤养分状况的基础上,对不同茬口下小麦植株养分吸收、利用和产量进行了研究。结果表明,与玉米茬相比,大豆茬的土壤速效磷含量降低,土壤速效氮和速效钾含量提高,花生茬的土壤速效氮和速效磷含量提高,甘薯茬的土壤速效氮和速效钾含量下降;大豆、花生和甘薯茬有利于小麦植株养分的积累,并能显著提高千粒重,但甘薯茬的小麦产量显著低于玉米茬。因此,大豆和花生可作为冬小麦种植区两熟复种模式的适宜前茬作物。     

控释肥用量对花生田土壤养分含量及产量品质的影响

为探究控释肥用量对花生田土壤养分含量及产量品质的影响,本试验以大花生品种"青花7号"为材料,选用金正大控释肥(N-P_2O_5-K_2O:28-6-7),设置了0、450、600、750、900kg/hm~2 5个施肥水平,在大田条件下研究了控释肥用量对花生产量、品质及耕层土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,花生整个生育期,土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均先升高后降低,且随着控释肥用量的增加呈递增趋势。花生整个生育期,土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均大于对照,后期差异显著。在0~750kg/hm~2用量范围内,控释肥用量与荚果产量之间呈显著正相关关系,控释肥用量为750kg/hm~2时,花生产量达到最高为8602kg/hm~2。此外,施用控释肥还可提高花生籽仁中脂肪、蛋白质、可溶性糖和O/L值,改善花生品质,在控释肥用量为750kg/hm~2时,花生品质改善效果较好。     

花生地膜覆盖施肥效应研究

花生覆膜施肥虽然所需养分仍绝大多数吸自土壤,但覆膜施肥改变了花生对肥料养分和土壤养分的吸收比率。中肥田亩施N7.5公斤、P_2O_55公斤、K_2O7.5公斤的肥料,花生亩产荚果300—400公斤,当年肥料的剩余率基本能补偿土壤养分的供应率。花生收获后土壤肥力没有递减趋势,下茬种小麦仍有后效。     

施钾量对花生养分吸收及产量品质的影响

田间试验研究钾肥用量对花生生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响.结果表明,0～60kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,花生荚果数增加,产量提高,60kg/hm2用量下,花生产量最高3640kg/hm2,比不施钾肥增产18.17％.0～90kg/hm2范围内,高施钾量可促进氮磷钾吸收,90kg/hm2用量下,花生粗脂肪含量最高为51.56％,比不施钾肥提高5.48％.超过90kg/hm2,增加施钾量导致花生养分吸收减少,荚果数下降,蛋白质、粗脂肪含量和产量随之下降.本试验条件下达到最佳经济效益的花生施钾量为63.3kg/hm2,产量可达到3611kg/hm2.     

氮钾肥运筹对花生——油菜轮作制作物产量及养分效率的影响

通过4年(2010-2013年)6季田间定位试验,研究了不同氮钾肥分配方式对花生-油菜轮作制作物产量、植株氮钾素累积量、氮钾肥吸收利用效率、土壤氮钾素平衡和施肥经济效益的影响。试验设空白对照(CK)、农户习惯施肥(FB)和轮作周年氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)单季均衡施肥(花生90-90-120,油菜180-90-120)、花生低氮油菜高氮(花生45-90-120,油菜225-90-120)、花生高钾油菜低钾(花生90-90-180,油菜180-90-60)和花生低钾油菜高钾(花生90-90-60,油菜180-90-180)等6个处理。结果表明:(1)施用氮磷钾肥花生、油菜和轮作周年产量平均分别提高10.9%、118.0%和32.1%,其中花生以花生高钾油菜低钾处理表现最好,油菜以花生低氮油菜高氮处理表现最好。(2)施用氮磷钾肥能显著提高花生和油菜的氮、钾素累积量,与单季均衡施肥相比,花生低氮油菜高氮处理能显著提高花生氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率,花生高钾油菜低钾处理能显著提高油菜钾肥偏生产力和钾素吸收效率。(3)试验结束后,空白对照与农户习惯施肥的土壤氮、钾素均表现为亏缺,4种氮钾肥分配方式的土壤氮、钾素均表现为盈余(分别盈余36.1kg/hm~2和24.0kg/hm~2)。(4)在经济效益上,花生、油菜和轮作周年的产投比均以花生高钾油菜低钾处理最高(花生2.12、油菜3.13、周年2.59)。综合考虑认为,湖北省花生和油菜的氮肥适宜用量是90kg/hm~2和180kg/hm~2,在轮作周年钾肥总用量有限条件下,将钾肥适当前移至花生季有利于提高肥料利用率和经济收益。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。