专用小麦胚乳背部和腹部淀粉粒发育的差异

为从微观角度了解小麦胚乳淀粉体的发生和发展过程,以强筋小麦徐麦30、中筋小麦扬麦11和弱筋小麦扬麦13为材料,利用显微技术研究了小麦胚乳背部和腹部淀粉粒的大小、数量和发育等特性。结果表明：（1）小麦胚乳淀粉粒粒径在颖果发育前期增加速率较快,而在发育后期增加较慢。同一品种腹部大淀粉粒粒径长度高于背部。品种间大淀粉粒粒径表现为扬麦13>扬麦11>徐麦30,小淀粉粒径表现为扬麦13>徐麦30>扬麦11。（2）在小麦胚乳发育过程中单位面积大淀粉粒的数量呈现先降后升的变化趋势。小麦胚乳大淀粉粒数量表现为徐麦30>扬麦11>扬麦13。胚乳细胞中小淀粉粒数量呈现持续增加的趋势,前期增加速率较快,后期较慢,品种间大小淀粉粒总数量均表现为扬麦13>扬麦11>徐麦30。（3）不同专用小麦成熟籽粒背部和腹部淀粉粒的形态及分布存在差异。同一品种腹部大淀粉粒数量较多,小淀粉粒数量较少,而背部小淀粉粒数量较多,大淀粉数目较少。三种专用小麦相比,弱筋小麦扬麦13小淀粉粒的数量最多,且排列疏松;而强筋小麦徐麦30小淀粉粒数量较少,且与蛋白体紧密结合,质地致密;中筋小麦扬麦11介于两者之间。     

花后干旱对小麦胚乳淀粉粒发育和理化特性的影响

我国小麦主产区在籽粒灌浆期往往频发干旱,常导致小麦产量下降和品质变劣。为了解花后干旱对小麦籽粒淀粉粒发育及淀粉理化特性的影响,以中强筋小麦新冬20号和新冬23号为供试材料,在花后干旱胁迫下对小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉粒形态、粒径、淀粉降解酶活性以及淀粉相对结晶度、持水力、膨胀势、溶解度和破损淀粉粒含量进行了研究。结果表明,花后干旱处理下两个参试小麦品种的淀粉粒基本形态未发生明显变化。对比新冬20号,花后干旱对新冬23号淀粉粒的形成、发育影响更大。花后干旱处理下,新冬20号和新冬23号胚乳中的淀粉降解酶活性均在灌浆后期达到峰值,花后35 d时,籽粒淀粉降解酶活性均明显高于同时期的对照。花后干旱未改变参试小麦品种淀粉粒的结晶类型,但降低了其相对结晶度。花后干旱处理的新冬23号籽粒中淀粉粒的持水力和破损淀粉含量显著低于对照。试验说明花后干旱胁迫影响了小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉降解酶活性,进而作用于淀粉粒的表观结构,最终对淀粉粒的理化特性产生影响,影响程度与参试小麦品种的遗传特性有关,干旱敏感型品种受其影响更为明显。     

不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的比较研究

为揭示不同类型专用小麦品种胚乳发育的差异,以强筋小麦皖麦38和弱筋小麦扬麦9号为材料,比较了两者胚乳细胞游离核分裂状况、细胞数目的增殖变化、细胞体积的变化、糊粉层发育、淀粉体和蛋白质体发育等内容,主要结果如下：（1）皖麦38游离核有丝分裂所占比例较大,扬麦9号无丝分裂所占比例较大,且受温度影响较大;（2）胚乳细胞增殖均呈"S"型曲线变化,皖麦38胚乳细胞增殖较快,胚乳体积较大,最终粒重较高;（3）皖麦38胚乳细胞中大淀粉体数目多于扬麦9号,而小淀粉体数目表现却相反;（4）皖麦38与扬麦9号相比较,糊粉层出现时间较晚,而且糊粉层细胞壁较厚,被甲苯胺蓝染色更浓;（5）成熟籽粒中淀粉粒形状有饼形、椭圆形和近圆球形三种。皖麦38胚乳中饼形和椭圆形淀粉粒较多,且相互结合较紧密;扬麦9号饼形和近球形淀粉粒较多,胚乳结构疏松。     

小麦淀粉粒蛋白表达差异及其与淀粉糊化特性的关系

为探明小麦淀粉粒蛋白与淀粉糊化特性的关系,对河南省18个主栽小麦品种淀粉粒蛋白进行分离,并对淀粉粒蛋白类型、淀粉含量、糊化特性参数进行了研究.结果表明,18个小麦品种分离出了8种主要的淀粉粒蛋白,9种组合带谱,并以组合类型Ⅰ和组合类型Ⅶ所占比例最高,为55.56%,均表现为7条谱带.通过对淀粉粒蛋白条带数量以及谱带光密度总量和淀粉特性的相关性分析表明,淀粉粒蛋白光密度总量和直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度呈显著负相关,表明淀粉粒蛋白表达量影响淀粉的糊化特性.同时选取6个小麦品种,分别采用盐、SDS、蛋白酶对淀粉进行处理后,淀粉峰值黏度显著提高,其中以盐处理提高幅度最大,且不同处理之间差异达显著水平.对处理后淀粉粒蛋白进行电泳分析表明,处理后的条带明显减少,说明处理后小麦淀粉粒蛋白含量下降.综合试验结果,不同小麦品种淀粉粒蛋白表达存在差异,同时淀粉粒蛋白表达量高低影响淀粉峰值黏度.     

啤酒大麦与饲用大麦籽粒结构和淀粉粒的比较研究

为了探索大麦籽粒结构和淀粉粒与其用途的关系，利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和差示扫描量热分析仪（DSC）对啤酒大麦（港啤1号和扬农啤2号）与饲用大麦（扬饲麦1号）的籽粒结构和淀粉粒进行了比较研究。结果表明，3个品种表现相似的胚乳结构，但啤酒大麦的淀粉粒与蛋白质结合不紧密，饲用大麦的淀粉粒和蛋白质结合较紧密，且饲用大麦的蛋白质基质含量高于啤酒大麦。采用碱处理和差速沉淀法分离了籽粒胚乳大、中、小淀粉粒，虽然品种间淀粉粒的形态无明显差别，但大、中、小淀粉粒的大小和含量差异很大。DSC分析所得参数表明，大淀粉粒糊化时的起始温度（To）、峰值温度（Tp）和终结温度（n）高于相同品种的中、小淀粉粒，且糊化过程所需的热焓（△H）也较高。     

小麦淀粉的粒度分布、组分及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应

为明确氮硫肥对小麦淀粉粒度分布及主要理化特性的影响,以强筋小麦品种西农9718和中筋品种陕农138为材料,采用不同氮硫肥水平进行处理,系统分析了小麦A、B淀粉的粒度分布、淀粉组成、膨胀势及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应。结果表明,强筋和中筋小麦品种的淀粉粒度分布基本一致。A淀粉粒体积分布占总淀粉的74.95%～75.43%,但淀粉粒数量远少于B淀粉粒。A淀粉的直链淀粉、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度以及回生值高于B淀粉,而B淀粉有更高的支链淀粉、膨胀势和糊化温度。不同氮硫肥处理改变了小麦淀粉的粒度分布,进而影响淀粉的组成和糊化特性。在施氮(230kg.hm-2)条件下,强筋品种西农9718和中筋品种陕农138的A、B淀粉分别在硫肥施用量为46和56kg.hm-2时有较低的直链淀粉含量、较高的膨胀势及较好的糊化特性。陕农138淀粉的粒度分布、组成及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应比西农9718更敏感。适当的氮、硫肥配施有利于改善小麦的淀粉品质。     

花后高温胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉积累及晶体特性的影响

为给小麦抗高温胁迫栽培提供依据,采用高温胁迫与自然温度对比的方法,通过盆栽试验和人工气候室控温(温室控制误差±2℃,湿度控制误差±1%),研究了花后高温胁迫对弱筋小麦扬麦15号籽粒淀粉积累动态、破损淀粉及晶体特性的影响.结果表明,花后不同时期35℃以上高温处理后,籽粒直链、支链及总淀粉积累量和粒重均低于对照(CK,常温),表现为CK＞花后25～27 d＞花后20～22 d＞花后15～17 d＞花后10～12 d＞花后5～7 d,且淀粉直/支比谷点不同程度前移,籽粒破损淀粉增加.35℃和40℃高温胁迫下,淀粉粒晶体结构仍呈典型的A型特征,但籽粒淀粉相对结晶度下降,随着处理时间的后移,相对结晶度降低,且淀粉晶体在2θ为15°、17°和18°左右的尖峰强度均低于CK.花后前期高温较后期高温对小麦淀粉积累和破损淀粉影响更大,相对结晶度则后期高温影响更大.     

施氮量对糯小麦和非糯小麦籽粒淀粉组分与理化特性的影响

为探明氮肥对小麦籽粒淀粉组分和理化特性的影响,采用田间试验,分析了4个施氮量(0、100、200、300kg·hm~(-2))对糯小麦(农大糯50222)和非糯小麦(轮选987)籽粒淀粉组分与理化特性的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,小麦籽粒淀粉含量降低,轮选987籽粒中B型淀粉粒的数目占比增加,而农大糯50222籽粒的B型淀粉粒数目占比呈减少趋势;增施氮肥能显著提高小麦籽粒淀粉的峰值黏度和谷值黏度。相同施氮量处理下,轮选987淀粉的被测糊化特征参数(除谷值黏度外)均大于农大糯50222。施氮量不同,2个品种籽粒淀粉X-衍射图谱中各峰的位置和相对强度明显不同。随施氮量的增加,轮选987淀粉的相对结晶度增大,而农大糯50222淀粉的相对结晶度减小。相关分析表明,小麦籽粒的直链淀粉含量和直支比与最终黏度、稀澥值、反弹值、糊化温度和峰值时间呈显著正相关,与谷值黏度和相对结晶度呈显著负相关;支链淀粉含量反之。小麦籽粒的B型淀粉粒数目占比与峰值黏度、稀澥值呈显著负相关。综上所述,施氮量可影响小麦籽粒的淀粉含量和粒度分布,进而改变其糊化特性和晶体特征。     

不同糯小麦品种(系)品质及其烘烤制品研究

为推动糯小麦的品质改良及开发利用,以国内不同育种单位育成的多个糯小麦为试验材料,以普通强筋、中筋及弱筋小麦作为对照,分析其淀粉组分、糊化特性、面团流变学特性,并对其制作的酥条进行比较。结果表明,糯小麦的淀粉含量及直链淀粉含量显著低于普通小麦;在淀粉糊化特性上,糯小麦的低谷黏度、最终黏度、回生值显著低于普通小麦,峰值温度高于普通小麦;在粉质仪参数上,糯小麦的吸水率显著高于普通小麦,形成时间、稳定时间及粉质质量指数均显著低于师栾02-1,糯小麦弱化度较高,显著高于师栾02-1和扬麦158;糯小麦制作的酥条体积、酥性显著高于普通小麦,硬度显著低于普通小麦,气孔大且均匀,横截面积明显大于普通小麦。不同糯小麦品种(系)间比较,扬17G76、天糯158、扬14-282及扬糯麦1号在面团流变特性和制作酥条上表现较为优异,表明通过提高糯小麦筋力有助于改善糯小麦面团流变学特性及烘烤食品品质。本研究结果可为糯小麦育种及品质改良提供理论依据。     

糯玉米胚乳重组淀粉的热力学和晶体特性

以7个糯玉米品种为材料,分离糯玉米大、小淀粉粒,以不同重量比的大、小淀粉粒配比组成重组淀粉,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和X-射线衍射仪(XRD)研究重组淀粉的热力学和晶体特性。结果表明,7个糯玉米品种按大、小淀粉粒配比的重组淀粉起始温度、峰值指数、热焓值和结晶度及各个衍射峰的尖峰强度整体上表现为3:02:11:11:20:3配比;峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围整体上表现为3:02:11:11:20:3配比。相关分析发现,7个糯玉米品种重组淀粉中大淀粉粒所占比例与起始温度(r=0.86~0.99)、热焓值(r=0.90~0.97)、峰值指数(黑糯4号除外,r=0.90~0.99)及结晶度(r=0.86~0.98)均呈(极)显著正相关;与峰值温度(西星黄糯6号除外,r=-0.88~-0.98)、终值温度(r=-0.89~-0.97)和糊化范围(r=-0.86~-0.98)呈(极)显著负相关;小淀粉粒所占比例恰好相反。重组淀粉中大淀粉粒比例越高,淀粉糊化起始温度、峰值指数、热焓值及结晶度越高;峰值温度、终值温度和糊化范围越低。     

Effects of heat,drought and their combined effects on morphological structure and physicochemical properties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) starch

High temperature (HT) and drought stress (WS) severely affect rice quality by altering the starch structure in rice. The morphological and physicochemical properties of starches isolated from two rice varieties grown under three stress treatment (HT, WS and WS + HT) during the grain filling stage were investigated. The results showed that WS increased amylose content (AC%) and the proportion of large starch granules (LSG) and made the surface of the starch granule smooth and flat. As a result, a lower relative crystallinity, surface order, swelling power, setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy were caused. HT decreased AC% and milled rice rate, but increased chalky rice rate, the number of LSG and the large air space and pits on the surface of the starch granules. As a result, a higher relative crystallinity, surface order, swelling power, setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy were caused. Similar results were observed under the treatment of WS + HT, indicating that there is a mild antagonistic effect on rice starch when the HT and WS occur simultaneously.     

谷氨酰胺对扬麦9号强势和弱势籽粒淀粉及蛋白质积累的调控

离体穗培养条件下,研究了培养基中不同谷氨酰胺供应水平对冬小麦品种扬麦9号强势和弱势籽粒粒重以及淀粉和蛋白质及其组分积累的影响。结果显示,弱势籽粒的蔗糖和氨基酸含量均较强势籽粒高,而其积累量均较强势籽粒低,可见弱势籽粒中同化物贮存量较强势籽粒少,其合成淀粉和蛋白质的能力较强势籽粒低。在一定范围内提高谷氨酰胺供应水平可显著促进弱势籽粒淀粉和蛋白质的积累,提高弱势籽粒粒重,可见一定范围内改善氮素营养有利于弱势籽粒物质积累;但相同谷氨酰胺浓度下强势籽粒淀粉、蛋白质和氨基酸积累量均高于弱势籽粒,强势籽粒四种蛋白组分的积累量均较弱势籽粒高。4和6 g／L谷氨酰胺处理下,强势和弱势籽粒淀粉、蛋白质及氨基酸含量的差异小于其他较高或较低谷氨酰胺浓度。强势籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白含量略低于弱势籽粒,而醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白在2-6 g／L时高于弱势籽粒,但差异较小。     

Differences of Physicochemical Properties Between Chalky and Translucent Parts of Rice Grains

Rice grain chalkiness is an important characteristic, but the difference between chalky and translucent parts in grains is still unclear. Here, we investigated the differences of flour made from the chalky or translucent part of rice grains in three indica and three japonica rice varieties. The chalky flour had significantly lower amylose and protein contents and looser starch granule morphology, and starches in the chalky flour had higher relative crystallinity, higher short chain content but lower long chain content than those in the translucent flour. The water states, determined with nuclear magnetic resonance, differed between the chalky and translucent flour after soaking, cooking and retrograding, and the chalky flour had more bound and free water but less constructural water than the translucent flour. Mostly, the chalky flour had lower viscosity and shorter gel consistency, but higher onset temperature and gelatinization enthalpy than the translucent flour. The results indicated that starch granule morphology would be more indicative than other attributions on pasting and gelatinization properties of chalky and translucent parts of rice grains.     

Chemical Composition,Mineral Profile,and Functional Properties of Canna (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Canna edulis</Emphasis>) and Arrowroot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Maranta spp</Emphasis>.) Starches

The aim of the present study was to evaluate some chemical and mineral characteristics and functional and rheological properties of Canna and Arrowroot starches produced in the Venezuelan Andes. Canna starch showed a higher (P < 0.05) moisture, ash, and crude protein content than arrowroot starch, while crude fiber, crude fat, and amylose content of this starch were higher (P < 0.05). Starches of both rhizomes own phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, calcium, and zinc in their composition. Phosphorus, sodium, and potassium are the higher in both starches. Water absorption, swelling power, and solubility values revealed weak bonding forces in Canna starch granules; this explained the lower gelatinization temperature and the substantial viscosity development of Canna starch during heating. Arrowroot starch showed a higher gelatinization temperature measure by DSC, than Canna starch and exhibited a lower value of ΔH. Both starches show negative syneresis. The apparent viscosity of Canna starch was higher (P < 0.05) than the Arrowroot starch values. The size (wide and large) of Canna starch granules was higher than arrowroot starch. From the previous results, it can be concluded that Canna and Arrowroot starches could become interesting alternatives for food developers, depending on their characteristics and functional properties.     

皮裸燕麦胚乳淀粉形态结构及理化性质的比较

燕麦作为血糖生成指数较低的食品,被广泛应用于食品、医药工业。为比较皮、裸燕麦胚乳淀粉理化性质的差异,探究皮、裸燕麦在食品等加工利用方面的不同,以2个裸燕麦品种(白燕2号,坝燕18)以及2个皮燕麦品种(蒙燕1号,塔娜)为材料,通过扫描电镜观察燕麦胚乳淀粉颗粒的形态,采用X-射线衍射分析(XRD)、傅里叶变换远红外光谱、以及¹³C固体核磁共振等方法研究淀粉的理化性质,同时测定其支链淀粉链长和淀粉的消化速率。研究结果表明,燕麦胚乳中淀粉同时以复粒淀粉和单颗粒淀粉形式存在,复粒淀粉在淀粉提取中易破裂,形成不规则的多面体颗粒,粒径多在5~8μm。4个燕麦品种胚乳的淀粉均为A型晶体,但膨胀势和溶解度存在差异,裸燕麦坝燕18膨胀势最高,溶解度最低。皮、裸燕麦在淀粉晶体结构方面存在差异,皮燕麦淀粉较裸燕麦有更高的结晶度和表层有序度,裸燕麦淀粉无定形比例和表观直链淀粉含量更高,导致皮、裸燕麦在食品加工方面的差异。皮、裸燕麦支链淀粉链长分布不同,裸燕麦的长支链分布少,慢速消化淀粉(SDS)含量高,尤其坝燕18的SDS含量明显高于其他三个品种,更适合作为减肥食品。     

Understanding the mechanism of change in morphological structures,visualization features,and physicochemical characteristics of adlay seeds (Coix lacryma-jobi L.): The role of heat soaking

Heat soaking is an essential factor deciding the final quality of hard-to-cook grains. In this study, the morphological structures, visualization features, and physicochemical characteristics of adlay seeds soaked at 30–70 °C were investigated compared with waxy rice (easy to cook). The morphology of macromolecules and section cracks were observed by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy as these are the crucial factors for penetrate water penetration, which showed that starch granules were slightly eroded when adlay seeds were soaked at 70 °C. The MRI images showed that at higher soaking temperatures, the moisture of soaked adlay seeds was distributed more evenly across a gradient. Meanwhile, heat soaking has a minor effect on starch and protein content of adlay seeds, and the proportion of bound water of adlay seeds slightly declined after heat soaking. Moreover, hardness analysis and pasting measurements exhibited structural changes and viscosity transition in the grains. However, the contribution of heat soaking to the infrared spectrogram and relative crystallinity of adlay seeds was insignificant. This study provides effective methods to evaluate changes in adlay seeds during heat soaking and explains why it is hard to cook.