拜田净防治稻田杂草试验效果

为明确拜田净对水田杂草的防治效果，在田间采用大区对比法进行药效试验。结果表明，拜田净50%可湿性粉剂300g/hm^2 草克星10%可湿性粉剂225g/hm^2，在水稻移栽田一次性施用，对禾本科杂草防效100%，对阔叶杂草防效93%，对水稻不但安全，而且使水稻分蘖多，无效分蘖少，生长快，增产显著。比禾大壮 草克星或丁草胺 草克星效果好。     

苄·二氯（苄嘧磺隆+二氯喹啉酸）复配依据及其在直播稻田的应用前景

 就除草剂苄·二氯（苄嘧磺隆+二氯喹啉酸）对稗草的生物活性、共毒系数、配方依据，对水稻的安全性以及在直播稻田的应用效果进行了试验。结果表明，苄嘧磺隆和二氯喹啉酸复配，比单剂有显著的增效，尤以二氯喹啉酸和苄嘧磺隆在复配剂中的含量分别为34％和2％时增效最为显著。苄·二氯的6个配方对水稻株高、分蘖数和植株鲜质量无不良影响，安全性良好。苄嘧磺隆+二氯喹啉酸（18+150） g/hm2至(24+198) g/hm2对稗草、异型莎草、陌上菜和四叶萍的密度防效和植株鲜质量防效均达到优良水平。36%苄·二氯可湿性粉剂（WP）用于水稻直播田，在水稻2叶1心至3叶期处理，使用剂量162~270 g/hm2(有效成分）对水稻生长无不良影响，安全性好。使用剂量216~432 g/hm2对稗草、水蓼、陌上菜、鸭舌草和丁香蓼的密度防效和植株鲜质量防效均达到了优良水平。与单剂苄嘧磺隆和单剂二氯喹啉酸相比，36%苄·二氯WP的杀草谱提高，杂草整体防效得到改善。     

40%苄·丙可湿性粉剂防除水稻移栽田杂草试验初报

为验证40%苄.丙可湿性粉剂对水稻移栽田禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草及莎草科杂草的防除效果及安全性进行试验。结果表明:40%苄.丙可湿性粉剂能有效防除水稻移栽田的稗草、狼巴草、野慈菇、三棱草,株防效为84.3%~97.7%,鲜重防效为85.8%~99.1%,在试验剂量范围内对水稻安全。     

30%吡嘧·双草醚可湿性粉剂对水稻直播田一年生杂草的防效

30%吡嘧·双草醚可湿性粉剂是防除水稻直播田中一年生杂草的除草剂,随着用药量增加,它对水稻直播田中一年生杂草株防效和鲜重防效也随之增加。30%吡嘧·双草醚可湿性粉剂在本试验剂量范围内不但对当茬水稻安全,且对水稻有增产作用。     

30%必宁特防除稻田杂草试验报告

试验结果表明:30%必宁特可湿性粉剂(WP)900～1050g/hm2,于水稻插后7d,采用药肥法施药,水层3～5cm,保水5～7d,对稗草、牛毛草、泽泻、野慈姑防效好,对三棱草有一定防效,对匐茎剪股颖防效差,对水稻安全。     

12种除草剂对冬小麦田阔叶杂草的防除效果

为了筛选出对麦田阔叶杂草防效较高的药剂,选择12种目前生产中常用的除草剂进行大田试验。结果表明,施药后15d,对播娘蒿、荠菜、猪殃殃三种杂草总体株数防效最好的是对杂草致死速度快的唑草酮,40%唑草酮水分散粒剂30g(a.i.)·hm-2(指每公顷有效成分用量为30g,其余类推)处理的株数防效达91.78%;施药后30d对三种杂草总体株数防效最好的是55%苯·唑·2甲钠可湿性粉剂412.5g(a.i.)·hm-2处理,株数防效为96.53%,鲜重防效为98.79%;总体株数防效和鲜重防效仅次于55%苯·唑·2甲钠可湿性粉剂处理的分别是58g·L-1双氟·唑嘧胺悬浮剂11.8g(a.i.)·hm-2处理(株数防效为93.59%)、37%炔·苄·唑草酮可湿性粉剂222g(a.i.)·hm-2处理(鲜重防效为98.76%);总体鲜重防效最低的是30%二氯吡啶酸水剂202.5g(a.i.)·hm-2处理(鲜重防效仅为35.29%)。三种杂草对同种药剂的敏感性存在差异。12种除草剂对小麦的安全性有一定差异,唑草酮及其混剂处理后小麦产生的触杀型药害斑及啶磺草胺处理的小麦叶片黄化均可恢复,对小麦的产量无不良影响,其他处理均对小麦安全。     

70%苄嘧·苯噻酰WP防除水稻移栽田杂草效果研究

试验表明:70%苄嘧·苯噻酰WP是目前防除水稻移栽田中一年生杂草十分优秀的除草剂,施药后45 d,用70%苄嘧·苯噻酰WP 900 g/hm2对一年生杂草的总株防效达86.79%,对一年生杂草的总鲜重防效达91.95%,高于同期用50%苯噻酰草胺WP 900 g/hm2和32%苄嘧磺隆WP 150 g/hm2的总株防效和鲜重防效,差异都达极显著水平。     

15%麦极对小麦的安全性及防除禾本科杂草药效研究

15%麦极可湿性粉剂是目前防除小麦田中禾本科杂草十分理想的茎叶处理剂,冬前每公顷施用300 g,施药后30 d,它对小麦田中禾本科杂草的株防效可达82.00%,药后90 d,它对小麦田中禾本科杂草的株防效可达92.21%、鲜重防效可达95.86%,高于用900 m l/hm216.9%骠马的同期株防效80.38%、鲜重防效86.33%,并且它对小麦田中禾本科杂草除草速度明显比每公顷用750 m l/hm26.9%骠马除草速度快。     

苄·二氯泡腾粒剂防除水稻插秧田杂草试验

应用31%苄.二氯泡腾粒剂防除水稻插秧田杂草,试验结果表明,该除草剂能有效防除稗草、狼巴草、野慈菇、三棱草等杂草,株防效为85.7%～98.6%,鲜重防效为87.6%～99.8%。且对水稻安全,最佳推荐用量为1 050～1 200 g/hm2。     

5%唑啉草酯EC防除大麦田中禾本科杂草药效研究

5%唑啉草酯EC是目前防除大麦田中禾本科杂草十分优秀的茎叶除草剂,冬前制剂用1 200 g/hm2,施药后30 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达72.99%,药后120 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达91.92%,鲜重防效可达94.89%,明显高于同期用50%异丙隆制剂1 875 g/hm2的株防效和鲜重防效;春季制剂用5%唑啉草酯EC 1 500 g/hm2,施药后30 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达82.18%,药后60 d它对禾本科杂草的株防效可达96.26%,鲜重防效可达97.61%,同样明显高于同期用50%异丙隆3 750g/hm2的制剂株防效和鲜重防效.     

Comparison of various weed control programs for potatoes

All weed control programs resulted in satisfactory weed control. Costs of controlling weeds ranged from $10 to $93/ha. Cultivation alone was the cheapest method of controlling weeds. Controlling weeds by using herbicides alone with no cultivation resulted in the highest weed control costs but tended to give the best weed control at harvest. Herbicides saved one to two cultivations. EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) gave slightly better control of green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.] and slightly poorer control of broadleaf weeds than trifluralin (α,α,α,-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Cultivation helped control weeds but had no other apparent beneficial or adverse effect on potatoes. The correlation coefficient between total tuber yield and dry weight of weeds was ?0.97 at Grand Forks, North Dakota and ?0.85 at Casselton, North Dakota.     

病虫草危害对稻米品质的影响

大力发展优质稻米产业已成为农业科研和生产的热点。影响稻米品质的因素除了品种因素、环境因素、栽培措施等外,病虫草危害也是一个重要方面。概述了病虫草危害对稻米外观品质、碾磨品质、食味品质、营养品质和卫生品质的影响。建议采用以“种苗处理+生态调控+应急防控”为核心的病虫草害绿色防控技术,能有效控制病虫草危害、保障粮食产量安全、提高稻米品质。     

3种喷雾助剂对东北春大豆除草剂减量增效的影响

为降低除草剂使用量,提高东北春大豆杂草防除效果,在常用土壤封闭处理剂和茎叶处理剂减量25%的基础上,分别添加3种喷雾助剂(有机硅类助剂施倍丰、表面活性剂类助剂激健、植物油类助剂速捷),比较杂草防除效果和大豆生物学性状、产量、收益等指标,探明3种助剂对除草剂减量的作用影响。结果表明:3种喷雾助剂对杂草总防效优异,鲜重防效、株防效均高达90%,添加3种喷雾助剂的减药处理与常规不减药处理比较没有显著差异。施倍丰对禾本科杂草、阔叶杂草的防效最好,对2类杂草的最高鲜重防效和最高株防效均达到90%以上;速捷对禾本科杂草的鲜重防效最高,达94.2%,但株防效最低,为86.7%,对阔叶类杂草的鲜重防效和株防效约为86%;激健对禾本科杂草防效与施倍丰相当,株防效和鲜重防效约为90%,激健对阔叶类杂草的鲜重防效和株防效比速捷略低,防效约85%。3种喷雾助剂对大豆株高、荚数、百粒重等生物学性状及产量、收益与常规不减药处理比较没有显著差异。激健对产量的影响最大,能增产4.47%,增效3.43%,其次是施倍丰,增产1.6%,增效2.12%,速捷没有增产增效作用。结果表明除草剂使用中添加喷雾助剂能达到减量增效的作用,本研究结果可以为推广除草剂减施技术提供方法参考。     

北方地区豆田杂草防除技巧

北方春季干旱多大风,严重影响除草剂药效,因此掌握豆田杂草防除技巧对指导豆田杂草防除工作具有十分重大的现实意义.本文阐述了豆田苗前封闭除草和苗后茎叶处理的化学除草技巧,以期为农业科技人员提供防除豆田杂草的理论参考.     

氯氟吡氧乙酸与顶尖或骠马混用对小麦田间杂草的防除效果

为了研究除草剂混配对小麦田间杂革的防效,测定了15%顶尖WP或6.9%骠马EW与20%氯氟吡氧乙酸EC混配对小麦田杂草的防效、田间透光率、杂草对水肥的吸收量和小麦产量.结果表明,除草剂混配对小走田间杂草的综合密度防效和综合鲜重防效分别达到98.21%～100.00%和99.46%～100.00%,显著优于单剂的防效.除草剂混配能有效抑制杂革的株高,顶尖WP与最低剂量的氯氟吡氧乙酸混配,野燕麦即被全部防除,大巢莱和猪殃殃的株高亦显著降低.除草剂混配使用能显著提高小麦田间不同部位的透光率,小麦顶部透光率比时照增加54.08%～57.20%;离地50 cm的透光率比对照增加47.21%～52.73%;离地10 cm的透光率比对照增加22.84%～27.44%.除草剂混配使用降低了杂草对水肥的吸收,高剂量的组合中,杂草的水肥含量均降为零.除草剂混配喷施后增产效果显著,增产率达到124.63%～172.88%.     

海南芦笋园杂草种类调查及杂草防除技术研究

系统调查海南芦笋种植区的主要杂草种类,明确芦笋园的杂草优势种群,并以此为基础进行盆栽芦笋化学除草药效试验及覆盖控草试验。结果表明,海南芦笋园常见杂草有21科106种,其中优势种群由马齿苋、红尾翎、短颖马唐、龙爪茅、牛筋草、砖子苗、假臭草、伞房花耳草及鳢肠9种构成。采用覆盖控草和化学除草可在一定程度上控制杂草的发生：覆盖9种植物60 d后,防效可达60%以上,且覆盖葛藤、毛蔓豆、飞机草、薇甘菊、肿柄菊后,芦笋抽笋数和新笋径围都显著高于其余各处理;施用4种除草剂60 d后,盖草能和乙草胺对盆栽芦笋的防效较高且安全。因此,在实际生产中,通过覆盖控草和化学除草相结合,可最大限度的控制芦笋园中杂草。     

Aquatic weed problems and their management: a review I. The worldwide scale of the aquatic weed problem

Water and its management are vital to the production of all major world crops. Weed control in irrigation and drainage channels, and associated waters, is an essential part of crop management in many parts of the world. This review considers the worldwide scale of problems caused by aquatic weeds; the distribution of such problems in America, Europe, Asia, Australasia and Africa; and current approaches to aquatic plant management. There are major differences between the problems caused by aquatic weeds in freshwater ecosystems, and weed problems in terrestrial agro-ecosystems. Aquatic plant management is a particularly complex problem in multiple-use waters, which make up an increasingly large proportion of water bodies world wide. Effective and environmentally acceptable management of aquatic vegetation must overcome difficulties of access to the target weeds, take into account the ecological complexity and vulnerability of freshwater ecosystem and avoid interference with the different uses of the target water, as well as coping with a potentially wide spectrum of weed species. Aquatic weeds are recognized as comprising some of the most intractable of weed problems, while at least one species (Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth) is listed as one of the top ten world's worst weeds. The need for improved monitoring and reporting of aquatic weed problems is stressed. Advances in the technology of remote sensing, coupled with the increasingly widespread availability of cheap computer databases, can provide the means for such improvements. Approaches to aquatic plant management currently rely on a wide range of physical, chemical and biological control techniques. Of these, physical control, mainly by manual or mechanical cutting, remains the most widespread approach on a worldwide basis.     

Efficacy of four post-emergence herbicides applied at reduced doses on weeds in summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields in North China Plain

Field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 in a typical location of North China Plain to evaluate weed control efficacy of four post-emergence herbicides nicosulfuron, mesotrione, topramezone and the combination of mesotrione/nicosulfuron when they were applied at reduced doses at different weed growth stages. Experimental results showed that nicosulfuron, topramezone and the combination of mesotrione/nicosulfuron provided better weed control efficacy than mesotrione when they were applied at their label recommended doses at the 2- to 3-leaf and 4- to 5-leaf stages of weeds; nicosulfuron and mesotrione/nicosulfuron could at least be reduced by 33% and topramezone reduced by 67% without sacrificing total weed control efficacy and maize grain yield. Nicosulfuron and its combination with mesotrione could effectively control broadleaved and grass weeds when their doses were reduced by 67% and by 33%, respectively. Topramezone could effectively control broadleaved and grass weeds when its dose was reduced by 67%. The efficacy of mesotrione in controlling grass weeds was bad even at the label recommended dose. All four herbicides tested did not affect the maize grain yield.     

绥化市大豆田主要杂草发生及防除对策研究

采用路线踏查与定点观察相结合方法对绥化市大豆田主要杂草种类及发生规律进行调查,并在此基础上对杂草的防除技术进行研究,结果显示:绥化市大豆田杂草共有15科24种,并且杂草发生期集中,高峰期的出草量占总出草量的85%左右.化学防除技术研究显示土壤封闭、茎叶处理所用不同除草剂单混效果不同.并对化学除草的注意事项进行说明,应根据气候条件、土壤墒情、大豆发育进度、杂草大小等灵活运用防除对策.     

茶园常用除草剂田间药效试验与残留动态

对比评价了草甘膦、草铵膦、复配剂型草甘膦-乙草胺及草甘膦-助剂对茶园主要恶性杂草的防治效果,并对试验小区土壤中各除草剂的残留水平进行了评估。试验结果表明,与草甘膦相比,草铵膦起效快,在施药第7天杂草覆盖度降低到9.15%,施药14βd后对野老鹳、续断菊、小飞蓬等杂草的防治效果在95%以上,草胺磷在茶园土壤中降解较快,30βd的消解率达到94%,残留水平较低（第58天残留量为0.01βmg·kg^-1）,可能是替代草甘膦除草剂的较优选择;乙草胺作为封闭型除草剂,能够抑制禾本科杂草出苗,且在土壤中消散较快（21βd后的消解率为97%）,可用于防治禾本科等杂草。