肟菌酯·戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂防治稻瘟病试验初报

田间药效试验结果表明,肟菌酯·戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂对水稻稻瘟病有较好的防治效果,其药效随用药量加大而显著上升,其中第2次药后15 d 17.5 g/667m2的防效达79.41%,与对照药剂拿敌稳15.0 g/667m2和43%戊唑醇SC 15.0 mL/667m2的防效相当,且安全性好,因此可以在生产上加以推广应用。     

肟菌·戊唑醇防治玉米叶斑病试验浅析

应用75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂16 g、20 g/667m2,18.7%醚菌酯·丙环唑悬浮剂50 g/667m2,25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油50 g/667m2防治玉米叶斑病。药后10 d病指防效分别为80.68%、83.41%、73.42%、75.02%,药后20 d病指防效分别为70.17%、72.89%、64.74%、65.27%。各施药处理以75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂20 g/667m2防效最佳,可有效控制玉米叶斑病的发生和为害。     

3种药剂对罗汉果炭疽病田间防效初探

为寻找能有效防治湖南桂东罗汉果炭疽病的药剂,2018年开展田间施药试验,比较了75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂、40%苯醚·甲环唑悬浮剂、500 g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂3种药剂对该病的防效。发现在第3次药后7 d,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂有效成分用量7.5 g/667m~2和40%苯醚·甲环唑悬浮剂7.5 g/667m~2对该病的病指校正防效均可达70%以上,500 g/L甲基硫菌灵悬浮剂37.5 g/667m~2的防效为63.29%,相对较低。     

75%戊唑醇·肟菌酯水分散粒剂防治水稻稻瘟病效果

试验用75%戊唑醇·肟菌酯水分散粒剂与对照药剂6%戊唑醇微乳剂对水稻稻瘟病进行防治效果评价。试验结果表明:该药剂对水稻稻瘟病有很好的防治效果,防效达到76%以上。建议在水稻破口抽穗期,采用75%戊唑醇·肟菌酯水分散粒剂1hm~2有效成分用量168.75g~225g(667m~2商品用量15g~20g),兑水675L进行喷雾防治,齐穗期再喷施1次,对水稻稻瘟病有较好的防治效果,具有较好的推广应用前景。     

3种药剂防治水稻纹枯病、稻曲病和稻瘟病田间药效试验

采用田间药效试验方法,比较3种药剂对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病的防治效果。结果表明:3种药剂对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病都有一定防效。其中75%肟菌戊唑醇水分散粒剂225 g/hm2对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病防效最好,防效分别为85.74%、85.19%;43%戊唑醇悬浮剂225 mL/hm2对稻曲病的防治效果最好,防效为88.25%。综合防治效果表明,75%肟菌戊唑醇水分散粒剂150～225 g/hm2对水稻纹枯病、稻曲病、稻瘟病的防效最好,43%戊唑醇悬浮剂225 mL/hm2对稻曲病和纹枯病防治效果较好,在实际生产上可广泛应用。     

75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对玉米大斑病和灰斑病的防治效果

为了更好地防治玉米大斑病和灰斑病,于2013年和2014年采用75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对其进行了两年田间试验。结果表明,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂各处理对玉米大斑病的防效与对照药剂70%丙森锌可湿性粉剂有效成分用量1 050g/hm~2的处理防效相当;对玉米灰斑病,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂有效成分用量168.75和225g/hm~2处理的防效显著高于对照药剂70%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂有效成分用量2 250g/hm~2的防效。第2次药后14d对玉米大斑病两年的防治效果分别为61.9%~79.7%和66.2%~83.7%;对玉米灰斑病两年的防效分别为67.0%~78.9%和69.5%~84.2%。此外,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂对玉米还有显著的保产效果,采用75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂225g/hm~2防治玉米大斑病,两年挽回产量损失分别为6.0%~9.2%和6.1%~13.2%;防治玉米灰斑病,两年挽回产量损失分别为1.7%~8.9%和13.6%~18.1%。本研究结果显示,75%肟菌·戊唑醇水分散粒剂是在生产中防治玉米大斑病和灰斑病的优良药剂。     

两种嘧菌酯与戊唑醇复配制剂防治草莓白粉病效果比较

研究了75%戊唑醇·嘧菌酯水分散粒剂和40%戊唑醇·嘧菌酯悬浮剂两种嘧菌酯与戊唑醇的复配制剂对草莓白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,75%戊唑醇·嘧菌酯水分散粒剂有效成分用量8.44 g/667m2处理和40%戊唑醇·嘧菌酯悬浮剂有效成分用量9.00 g/667m2处理对草莓白粉病的速效性较好,第1次药后7 d防效以后者最高,达59.63%;持效性方面,两种复配制剂第3次药后7 d防效分别为79.25%和78.08%,前者防效在供试药剂处理中最高。     

75%肟菌酯·戊唑醇水分散粒剂防治香蕉黑星病的应用效果

肟菌酯·戊唑醇混配剂是德国拜耳作物科学公司近年开发的新杀菌剂,2010-2011年进行了该药剂对香蕉黑星病的防治效果试验。两年的试验结果表明,75%肟菌酯.戊唑醇水分散粒剂是防治香蕉黑星病的优良杀菌剂,2 500倍液施药4次对香蕉黑星病防治效果达到75.13%～78.73%,优于3个对照药剂430g/L戊唑醇悬浮剂2 000倍液、50%肟菌酯水分散粒剂5 000倍液及250g/L苯醚甲环唑乳油1 500倍液施药4次后的防效,值得在香蕉产区推广应用。     

水稻纹枯病防治药剂筛选试验研究

为筛选防治水稻纹枯病的理想长效药剂,本站选择了10种药剂进行了田间药效试验,各期调查,均以每667m2用嘧菌酯·噻呋酰胺20%水分散粒剂70g、嘧菌酯·戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂10g、噻呋酰胺·已唑醇27.8%悬浮剂20m L、噻呋酰胺24%悬浮剂20m L、肟菌·戊唑醇75%水分散粒剂15g、嘧菌脂25%悬浮剂30m L等6种药剂处理对水稻纹枯病具有很好的防控效果,用药1次,可有效控制20d以上,对水稻生长安全,是防治水稻纹枯病的理想长效药剂。     

宝应县不同药剂对水稻纹枯病的防治效果研究

水稻纹枯病是江苏省宝应县水稻生产上的主要病害之一,给水稻生产带来巨大的损失,该研究对市场上防治纹枯病的主要药剂品种进行田间药效对比试验.结果表明,供试的7种药剂对水稻的长势没有产生不良影响,对生产安全,可有效防控水稻纹枯病.其中75%肟菌·戊唑醇可湿性粒剂10g/667m~2和75%戊唑·嘧菌酯可湿性粒剂10g/667m2防治效果最好,药后30d防效均可达80%以上,可作为防治水稻纹枯病的首选药剂.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.