Criteria for candidate species for aquaculture

The nature of the animal taxa that are the most probable candidates for an intensive, commercial aquatic animal husbandry industry is considered. A characterization is presented of those biological criteria that lend the species the necessary physiological and genetic malleability to be adapted and molded into a domesticated race. The animal cultivated must be amenable to intensive management in high-density confinements such as those now being engineered for high-yield aquaculture. Atributes considered are discussed in the context of the various aquacultural ecosystems in which the specific biotype is expected to achieve satisfactory growth and survival. Correlative with bionomic criteria, economic requirements are posed and evaluated in an effort to define a socially and financially profitable agribusiness system. Investment requirements and operating costs are considered in terms of expected returns. However, since production alone is insufficient to sustain an enterprise — i.e. the product must be sold — production costs must be judged against market values. Therefore, ultimate use or consumer acceptance criteria are incorporated into the list of essential requirements for a candidate species for aquafarming.     

浅谈养殖鱼类饵料蛋白的节约途径

本文综述了影响养殖鱼类对饵料蛋白质需求的因素，通过外在因素和内在因素两个方面分析了节约蛋白源的有效途径，并初步探讨了养殖鱼类饵料蛋白研究存在的问题与发展趋势。     

一株饵料微藻——亚心形扁藻的生长条件优化

为了促进营养价值比较高的饵料微藻—亚心形扁藻快速生长,对其最适培养条件进行了研究。采用单因素和正交实验分别对亚心形扁藻生长的光照、温度、氮源以及四种主要营养盐条件进行优化。结果表明:该亚心形扁藻的最适氮源为尿素,最适生长条件为光照强度3 000 Lx,温度28℃,尿素浓度0.0 375 g/L,Na HCO3浓度0.09 g/L,Fe Cl3·6H2O浓度5mg/L,KH2PO4浓度8.4 mg/L。在此条件下,亚心形扁藻的生长情况良好,生物量最大吸光度(OD680)可达0.686,是优化前的2.18倍。     

Instructions for Authors

Instructions for Authors

Instructions for Authors     

关于建立海洋安全生产长效机制的对策与措施

海上安全生产工作事关重大，安全生产必须警钟长呜，常抓不懈，本文结合本职工作实际，在认真总结加强海上安全工作经验的基础上，分析现状，针对存在的问题，提出如何建立海洋安全生产长效机制的意见，供上级领导参考。     

A simple method for calculating liming rates for fish ponds

The pH change in 40 ml of buffer caused by 20 g dry soil may be multiplied by 5600 to provide the lime requirement of mud in a fish pond. The buffer contains 10 g p-nitrophenol, 7.5 g boric acid, 37 g potassium chloride, and 5.25 g potassium hydroxide dissolved and diluted to 1000 ml with distilled water; the buffer pH is adjusted to 8.00.     

纳米科技(Nanost)与水族馆海洋世界

纳米科技应用于水族馆海洋世界可以大大简化其设备与工艺,降低造价、电耗。提高科技档次、可看性、娱乐性、科普性、全民性。降低成本,使消费平民化。全文分二大部分,一为本公司5年来在水族馆海洋世界中应用纳米科技的效果,二是讨论研究纳米科技在水族馆海洋世界应用的机理,也就是它特殊的效应。     

Remedies for pseudoreplication

Pseudoreplication is the failure of a statistical analysis to properly incorporate the true structure of randomness present in the data. It has been well documented and studied in the ecological literature but has received little attention in the fisheries literature. Avoiding pseudoreplication in analyses of fisheries data can be difficult due to the complexity of the statistical procedures required. However, recent developments in statistical methodology are decreasing the extent to which pseudoreplication has to be tolerated. Seven examples are given here, beginning with simple design-based remedies and progressing to more challenging examples including the model-based remedies of mixed-effects modelling, generalized linear mixed models, state-space models, and geostatistics.     

Spreadsheet tool for computing levee pond excavation costs for developing countries

The levee pond is by far the most popular pond type for fish production. The specific object of this study was to develop a tool enabling extension, nongovernmental organization (NGO) agents, contractors and engineers in developing countries for computing levee pond excavation costs. We developed a spreadsheet-based computational tool in English and Spanish on the Microsoft Excel^® platform. Knowing the original land slope and desired pond volume, one may compute excavation amounts that provide an acceptable cut-fill estimates based on a comparison with AutoCAD Civil 3-d^®. The model computes projected costs in user-selected currency. Guidelines are provided for establishing pond bottom elevations and achieving the desired water depth. The model is relevant for small to medium sized levee ponds customarily used in aquacultural production in developing countries.     

仿刺参配合饲料中蛋白源及脂肪源的替代研究

为降低仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)饲料成本,寻找鱼粉、鱼油的有效替代蛋白源、脂肪源,用发酵豆粕和扇贝裙边粉替代饲料中的鱼粉;用扇贝裙边油替代饲料中的鱼油,制作实验饲料投喂仿刺参。实验随机选取大小均匀,体色相近、健康无病的仿刺参幼参进行实验。共设置2个处理组,即商业饲料组(D1)和实验饲料组(D2),每组设3个重复。饲养56 d后测定各组仿刺参的生长指标及体壁营养指标。结果表明:实验饲料组仿刺参的存活率、增重率均显著高于商业饲料组(P<0.05),组间仿刺参的特定生长率、饲料系数无显著差异,组间仿刺参的水分、粗蛋白、粗灰分、粗脂肪等组分无显著差异。因此用发酵豆粕、扇贝裙边粉替代鱼粉,并用扇贝裙边油替代鱼油是可行的,且效果优于市面所售的优质仿刺参配合饲料。     

Strategies for alkalinity and pH control for ozonated shrimp pond water

In order to derive the full benefits of ozonation technology for the destruction of toxic metabolites in shrimp grow-out ponds, strategies to supplement and control high alkalinity loss during ammonia oxidation in a model ozonation system were studied. Alkalinity loss and pH profiles were investigated in the ozonated model system containing artificial seawater and ammonia, and alkalinity compensation ability of supplements such as calcium carbonate-based limes, hydrated limes and sodium bicarbonate were evaluated. In some experiments, application of these supplements during ozonation were combined with other treatments like recarbonation (external CO₂ supply). Results showed that calcium carbonate-based limes were not anymore effective for alkalinity supplementation when ozonation is applied to seawater containing ammonia. Although recarbonation improved the effectiveness of CaCO₃ as an alkalinity supplement, application in large ozonated grow-out ponds were considered not practical. The effective alkalinity supplements for ozonated seawater containing ammonia were the more soluble materials, high purity sodium bicarbonate and hydrated lime applied at a proper dosage. Sodium bicarbonate and hydrated lime would be more appropriate alkalinity control strategies for in situ¹ ozonated shrimp grow-out ponds; however, for application of hydrated lime, the problem of overdosage should be taken into consideration.     

Impacts of climate change for coastal fishers and implications for fisheries

Coastal Social–Ecological Systems (SESs) are subject to several stresses, including climate change, that challenge fisheries and natural resource management. Fishers are front‐line observers of changes occurring both on the coast and in the sea and are among the first people to be affected by these changes. In this study, we perform a meta‐analysis of observations and adaptations to climate change by subsistence‐oriented coastal fishers extracted from a global review of peer‐reviewed and grey literature. Fishers' observations compiled from across the globe indicate increased temperatures and changes in weather patterns, as well as coastal erosion, sea level rise and shifts in species range and behaviours. Coastal areas offer a wide array of resources for diversifying livelihoods, but climate change is reducing these options. Specifically, climate change could reduce the resilience of fishers' communities, limiting options for diversification or forcing fishers to abandon their houses or villages.     

Spreadsheet tool for computing levee pond excavation costs for developing countries

The levee pond is by far the most popular pond type for fish production. The specific object of this study was to develop a tool enabling extension, nongovernmental organization (NGO) agents, contractors and engineers in developing countries for computing levee pond excavation costs. We developed a spreadsheet-based computational tool in English and Spanish on the Microsoft Excel^® platform. Knowing the original land slope and desired pond volume, one may compute excavation amounts that provide an acceptable cut-fill estimates based on a comparison with AutoCAD Civil 3-d^®. The model computes projected costs in user-selected currency. Guidelines are provided for establishing pond bottom elevations and achieving the desired water depth. The model is relevant for small to medium sized levee ponds customarily used in aquacultural production in developing countries.     

Capture for culture: artificial shelters for grouper collection in SE Asia

This paper addresses a little‐discussed relationship between wild capture and mariculture, when the latter involves grow‐out of small wild‐caught fish or invertebrates in captivity. Seafood generated in this way is typically considered to be a form of aquaculture because it is assumed that, for animals removed from the wild when natural mortality is still very high, the protection conferred by culture operations will improve survivorship and enhance production. This assumption does not necessarily, however, apply when animals are removed well past the time of early high mortality. As one example of the implications of an early life‐history phase (ELP) fishery supplying culture operations, a preliminary study was conducted on an ELP fishery supplying live reef fish, especially groupers, in Southeast Asia. Grouper culture depends on both hatchery‐produced and wild‐caught fish which are then grown out to market size. Following interest to develop grow‐out operations in Indonesia, a pilot study was conducted to determine the sizes and capture rates of species of interest to the live fish trade, and to determine the likely environmental footprint of an artificial shelter (gango) type of capture method. From the results of the 15‐month study, we drew inferences regarding the sustainability of this fishing method and requirements of space, fish and materials for a viable grow‐out operation. The results showed that gangos were unselective for either species or size. Only 1.4% of the total fish catch (by number) were target species, mainly the grouper Epinephelus coioides, and most were large (mean total length was 13.6 cm) enough to have bypassed the early high mortality phase. Moreover, there were large non‐target catches that included many food fish species too small to be useful in catches. Given the large number and area of gangos needed for a viable operation, and that many groupers captured could probably have survived to reproduce, the ecological footprint of this approach could be substantial. These results, and literature on other ELP fisheries, suggest that these may often need management, have important links to other capture fishery sectors, and require careful evaluation of potential costs and benefits before introduction or development.