黔南州直干桉引种栽培情况调查报告

对我省经种面积最大的黔南州直干桉栽培，利用，经济效果等情况进行了全面的抽样调查和分析评价，结果表明：（１）黔南州直干桉引种面种达３０６７ｈｍ＾２，保存面积２０６７ｈｍ＾８，其中有３０％的林分高，径，蓄积生长量达到柠檬桉速生工丰产指标要示；（２）以培育纤维原料林为主要目的，兼顾适量采叶提取桉叶油，以７年为一个轮伐期，２１年作为一个经营周期，直干桉项目动态投资回收期为５．１１年，内部收益率为３９．３５     

蓝桉、直干桉幼龄林生物量初探

经对样本进行相关和回归分析，用Ｗ＝ａＤｂ方程对云南澄江蓝桉，直干桉种子园的地上部分鲜生物量进行估测。经回归变因方差分析：用此方程建立的蓝桉、直干桉胸径与鲜树干，枝叶重的函数关系代表性极强。对蓝桉、直干桉地上部分生物量进行分析后，认为营建薪炭林、纸浆林蓝桉优于直干桉；油料林，胸径大于１５ｃｍ的用材林则直干桉比蓝桉好。     

贵州省直干桉种植经济分析

对贵州省林科院２０商直干桉试验林试验结果采用国际通用的产投比、内部收益率、投资回收期、净现值法进行经济分析，通过分析，直干桉的产投比为１０：１，每亩投资１５４元，５年总收入１５４５元．投资回收期（静态）为１．６６年，内部收益率为６０．８％，净现值（１０％）５３６１．７元．５年生时直干桉材积达４．２５ｍ３．     

蓝桉、直干桉木材密度在家系内和株内的变异

在蓝桉、直干桉子测林中各抽3个家系，从不同的区组按径阶等距抽样测定木材的密度，研究纱内木材密度的变异；在种子园中抽取蓝桉30株、直干桉36株作试验研究木材密度株内变异。结果表明：蓝桉家系内不同径阶的木材密度差异不显著，直干桉极显著；蓝桉的木材密度在区组和家系间的差异都显著，而直干胺都不显著。株内不同方向的木材密度差异两种树均不显著，而不同高度和不同年龄的木材密度差异都极显著；在亲缘关系混杂的群体中两树种的树高和胸径与木材密度均呈负相关，而在3个蓝桉家系内，胸径与密度呈正相关，直干桉3个家系中两个呈正相关，1个呈负相关，但都不显著。为将这两个树种纸浆材的主伐年龄定为6年提供了充分的科学依据，且在2年生时对蓝桉、直干桉作早期选择可取得满意的效果，对直干桉尤为明显。     

豫南地区杨树插干造林对比试验

对杨树植苗和插干造林进行造林对比试验，共设2个区3组。结果表明；杨树插干造林第1年生长量较植苗造林生长量大；插干造林一个育苗周期比植苗造林育苗节约资金32．9％；插干造林成活率高于植苗造林；插干造林投资比植苗的节约资金44．4％。     

蓝桉、直干桉木材密度在家系内和株内的变异

在蓝桉、直干桉子测林中各抽3个家系，从不同的区组按径阶等距抽样测定木材的密度，研究家系内木材密度的变异；在种子园中抽取蓝桉30株、直干桉36株作试材研究木材密度株内变异。结果表明蓝桉家系内不同径阶的木材密度差异不显著，直干桉极显著；蓝桉的木材密度在区组和家系间的差异都显著，而直干桉都不显著。株内不同方向的木材密度差异两树种均不显著，而不同高度和不同年龄的木材密度差异都极显著；在亲缘关系混杂的群体中两树种的树高和胸径与木材密度均呈负相关，而在3个蓝桉家系内，胸径与密度呈正相关，直干桉3个家系中两个呈正相关，1个呈负相关，但都不显著。为将这两个树种纸浆材的主伐年龄定为6年提供了充分的科学依据,且在2年生时对蓝桉、直干桉作早期选择可取得满意的效果，对直干桉尤为明显。     

火炬松短周期工业材不同高度上干缩性能的研究

对湖南同一立地指数（１８）下，５株１７．５年生的火炬松（ＰｉｎａｓｔａｅｄａＬ．）短周期工业材１．３，３．６，５．６，７．６，９．６ｍ５个高度的木材干缩系数、基本密度、生长轮宽度、晚材率和微纤丝角度，按生长轮取样，进行了测量和统计分析．结果表明，弦向、径向、体积干缩系数和干缩比，在树于５个高度之间的差异，均达到了显著水平；各高度干缩系数与生长轮的年龄（离髓心的距离）以及与上述各主要构造因子之间呈显著的线性相关，且相关度度随树干高度的增加而减弱．     

蓝桉、直干桉纤维用材林合理轮伐期的研究

经对保山市蓝桉及富民县直干桉的固定样地观测，结果表明：蓝桉7年生以前材积增长率大于22．3％，7年生以后小于22．3％；7年与8年生投入、产出比接近，分别为1：2．97，1：2．99；木材基本密度变化不大，因此，蓝桉轮伐期定为7年较为合理。直干桉7年生以前材积增长率大于40．1％，7年生以后小于40．1％，但8年生材积增长率仍大于20％，7。8年木材基本密度变化不大，因此直干桉实生林轮伐期定为8年比较合理。萌芽林轮伐期可提前1～2年。     

柳杉木材干缩性能指标研究

本文测定了长岭岗林场不同立地条件下23a生柳杉人工林的木材干缩性能指标，进行了不同立地条件下各指标的差异性的F检验。结果表明：在不同立地条件下，柳杉全干径向干缩率和全干体积干缩率存在显著差异(0=0．05)，立地对全干弦向干缩率、差异干缩以及气干干缩指标影响不显著；土层较厚，柳杉干缩率越高，差异干缩则越低。得出了该场柳杉林分木材干缩性能指标的平均水平。     

乳源木莲优质干材混交培育的研究

研究证实，乳源木莲生长迅速，树干通直圆满，较少病虫害，其木材密度超过同龄的杉木，乳源木莲早期生长缓于混交树种杉木，10a生左右进入干材速生期，16a生时干材料积接近杉木的3倍。这说明通过与杉木混交可以培育优质的大径阔叶材。乳源木莲侧枝形成分叉特性显著，适时的除萌修枝方能保证高质量干材的培育。研究发现，在南方低山丘陵区。影响澌昆交乳源木莲干材生长的主要生育地因子是坡度，缓坡地土层深厚，立地条件较好，乳源木莲干材生长最大，枝下高长，生长在下坡和半阴（阳）坡的乳源木莲之高径生长有高于其它坡位和坡向的趋势。根据林分密度和杉莲比之于乳源木莲干材培育的作用机理。应适当降低混交林的初植密度和单位面积乳源木莲的株数。采用3：1或更高的杉莲比混交造林，并通过适时的间伐，以达到枝下高长，径阶大的干材培育目标。     

大青山米老排树干径向生长变化及其对环境因子的响应

【目的】研究南亚热带大青山林区乡土珍贵树种米老排径向生长日变化特征及对环境因子的响应,为理解米老排生长-气候响应的生理机制、森林培育和保护等提供基础数据。【方法】利用点状树木径向生长变化记录仪对米老排径向生长变化进行连续观测,采用气象站同步测量辐射总量、土壤含水量、相对空气湿度、空气温度等环境因子数据。通过径向生长与环境因子的相关分析,研究米老排生长季第一个高峰期(5月)的不同分化等级径向生长日变化规律、不同天气条件下生长变化及径向生长-环境因子相互关系。【结果】1)不同分化等级米老排5月份的径向生长日变化量优势木(17.08μm)>平均木(13.94μm)>被压木(-1.81μm),差异极显著(P<0.01),且不同阶段的起始时间、阶段时长、变化量也有所不同。2)不同天气条件下,三种分化等级米老排径向日净生长量和日变化幅度均表现为雨天>晴天>阴天,受雨水影响,雨天条件下径向变化量远超其自身生长量;同种天气条件下,径向日净生长量优势木最大,日变化幅度则表现为平均木最大。3)不同分化等级米老排径向生长与相对空气湿度、降雨量呈极显著正相关关系,与气温、总辐射呈极显著负相关关系,而20 cm土壤含水率无显著性相关,且各影响因子均存在不同时间滞后效应。【结论】不同分化等级米老排由于林木生长状况的差异,导致其受到环境因子影响程度的不同,进而使得其径向生长变化量产生差异。     

杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树体干部电指标的影响

对杨树溃疡病及松材线虫病对树木电指标的影响进行研究.结果表明:杨树溃疡病胁迫下,毛白杨扦插苗POD酶活性先增大后减小,PPO酶活性持续增大,树木干部电容和单位电容呈减小趋势,而树木干部阻抗呈增大趋势,最先表现出统计学差异性的指标是POD酶活性,其次为树木干部电容,之后为树体干部阻抗,最后是PPO酶活性;树木干部电容和单位电容与马尾松枯针率均有显著的正相关关系,同时利用树体干部电容0.5 nF为阈值,判断马尾松是否感染松材线虫的准确率可达89.26%.     

干旱区杏李树干液流时滞特征研究

为探讨树干液流速率与气象因子之间的时滞特性,采取PS-TDP8型热耗散式树干液流测定系统持续监测,以掌握树体蒸腾耗水规律,从而为杏李科学灌溉提供理论依据。研究结果表明:杏李生长季液流速率日均最大值在6月18日;决定其第1主成分大小的是温度及水气压亏缺,决定第2主成分大小的是光照强度及空气相对湿度。4—8月液流速率均与1 h前第1、2主成分相关性最大;杏李生长季液流与1 h前光照强度相关性最大,相关系数为0.810,与1 h后的气温、空气相对湿度、水汽压亏缺相关性最大,系数分别为0.757,-0.572,0.736;回归方程中液流与实时气象因子拟合决定系数最大,为0.751。杏李生长季液流速率与实时气象因子回归拟合模型效果最好,体现了杏李在长期树干液流数据模拟中,可以不用考虑液流速率与气象因子的时滞效应。     

Measurement of diurnal changes in stem and branch diameters using strain gauges

The applicability of a strain gauge for monitoring the diurnal changes of tree stem diameters and the differences in diurnal shrinkages between a stem and branches were investigated. Estimates of stem diameter changes obtained by a strain gauge were compared with changes obtained by a differential transformer. Patterns of strain changes obtained by a strain gauge were remarkably similar to the changes in the tree trunk diameter. This results demonstrated that a strain gauge is an effective technique for examining the behavior of changes in tree trunk diameter. Diurnal changes of diameter at various parts of the a tree were also measured with the help of several strain gauges. Diurnal strain changes of a stem and branches showed similar patterns of shrinkage during the day and swelling at night. However, the precise times at which the branches had their maximum and minimum strains differed from those observed in the stem, and the maximum rates of the strain changes lagged behind the stems in a day. These results lead us to believe that there is a time lag in the supply of water, which is required for compensating the water deficit between the stem and its branches. A part of this paper was presented at the 105th Annual Meeting of Japanese Forestry Society (1994).     

A model for the relationship between form-factors for stem volume and those for stem surface area in coniferous species

A model that describes the relationship between the form-factors for stem volume and those for stem surface area in coniferous species is proposed. The model is derived assuming that the stem form of a tree can be expressed by Kunze's equation. The model indicated that the form-factor for stem surface area was directly proportional to the square root of the form-factor for stem surface volume, independent of the stem position. The proposed model expressed the relationship of the form-factors for Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) trees well. Therefore, the form-factors for stem surface area could be estimated from those for stem volume. No significant difference in the coefficient was found between Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress trees, indicating that the proportional coefficient would be common between the two species. Many studies have shown that the form-factors for stem volume at 0.7 and 0.5 in relative height were, respectively, almost steady at 0.7 and 1.0, independent of species, district, density control, and growth stage. Substituting these universal values into the proposed model, the form-factors for stem surface area at 0.7 and 0.5 in relative height were estimated to be 0.730 and 0.873, respectively. The estimated values of the form-factors for stem surface area would be universal for coniferous species. The proposed model also showed that the breast height form-factor for stem surface area decreased sharply with the increase in total tree height, when the height was less than 10 m. However, after the tree attained the total height of 10 m, the breast height form-factor gradually decreased with the total tree height approaching its asymptotic value of 0.605. In conclusion, the model proposed here can be used to describe the relationship between form-factors for stem volume and those for stem surface area successfully.     

梨枣茎直径微变化的气象因子

枣树(ziziphus jujuba)作为陕北黄土高原地区的主要经济林树种,因其可观的经济效益与生态效益,成为国家退耕还林(草)工程的优选树种与工程后续良性发展的优势树种。实施精确灌溉是现代节水农业的发展趋势,而掌握作物的需水信息是实现精     

Twist of wood studs: dependence on spiral grain gradient

Distortions due to moisture changes during drying or in service are a major problem for construction timber. Twist, caused mainly by the cylindrical geometry, the orthotropic nature of the wood material, and the tendency of the wood fibers to grow in a spiral around the stem, is often regarded as the most detrimental distortion of sawn timber. There is a need for a basic mechanical understanding of how the twist distortion arises and also a need for a simple formula to predict the amount of twist distortion. In this article such a formula is proposed, and theory and experimental data that indicate the validity of the formula are shown. The first term in the formula is a modification of a traditional expression which is proportional to the mean value of the spiral grain angle in the cross section in question. The second term in the formula is new and is proportional to the gradient of the spiral grain angle, and this term normally counteracts the first term so that a stud with a left-handed spiral grain might achieve a right-handed twist. Linear elastic finite element method (FEM) results and comparisons with experimental data show that the formula works well and that linear FEM calculations exaggerate the twist, which is probably partly due to nonlinear effects. The formula could be used to predict the twist of sawn timber from measured spiral grain angles on the log surface.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Quality of timber products from Norway spruce

Summary In a previous paper in this series it was concluded that the warp (twist, crook and bow) of structural timber products is of utmost importance for end-user satisfaction. In this paper, a study of the spatial variation of warp of fast-grown Norway spruce is presented. The material, 372 studs (45 × 70 × 2900 mm²), was cut from different radial and longitudinal positions in trees from two stands.The results indicated that twist and crook were at maximum near the pith. However, twist decreased much more rapidly with the distance from pith compared with crook. Crook associated with core studs was larger in the butt log than in the top log, while twist and bow in core studs appeared not to vary longitudinally. Heartwood formation in the butt log juvenile core did not diminish warp propensity. Twist was rather well correlated to the distance between pith and centroid of cross section. The ratio of grain angle to pith distance was the best parameter to predict twist. Presence of compression wood increased bow and crook significantly, while ring width, density and knot area ratio did not substantially contribute to explain warp variation.A moisture content change from 18% to 12% decreased the overall acceptability, expressed by stud grade yield, from 76% to 43%. Thus, timber products should be delivered at a moisture level close to the one expected in the finalized building in order to avoid excessive warp after delivery.The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from EEC Forest programme, Contract No MA2B-0024, from NUTEK project No 9100554 and from Södra Timber AB     

Vitality characterization of stressed trees based on non-destructive and real-time monitoring of stem water content

The detection of stem water content is necessary as it is an important indicator for measuring woody plant vitality. However, the relationship between stem water content, determined by non-destructive, real-time, and long-term monitoring, and woody plant vitality remains undefined. In this study, the response of woody plant vitality to stem water content under different stress (freeze–thaw, pest, or drought) was analysed by mining the dynamic characteristics of the stem water content in different woody plants at the temporal scales of year, month, and day. Compared with unstressed trees, stressed trees had contrasting diurnal patterns. The stem water content in Populus koreana Rehd. during the freeze period was much lower than that during the thaw period, and opposite diurnal variation trends were observed during the freeze and thaw periods. The stem water content in infected Lagerstroemia indica was lower than that in uninfected L. indica, and the amplitude of the diurnal variation curve was lower in infected than in uninfected L. indica. Under drought stress, the more severe the water shortage, the lower the stem water content in Malus micromalus. When it was below a certain threshold, the diurnal variation trend was opposite to that without water shortage. In conclusion, stem water content dynamics can be used to evaluate the cold, pest, and drought response of trees, which could monitor tree health and guide forest assessment.