5种植物提取物对红火蚁的杀虫活性比较

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta是入侵我国的重要害虫。利用索氏提取器提取红背桂Excoecaria cochinchinensis、马樱丹Lantana camara、夹竹桃Nerium indicum、黄花夹竹桃Thevetia peruviana和黄婵Allemanda neriifolia的杀虫活性物质,并测定了这些提取物对红火蚁的毒杀活性。结果表明:5种植物提取物均对红火蚁产生杀虫毒性,随着提取物浓度的升高,红火蚁死亡率升高;同一种植物提取物各浓度作用下的红火蚁死亡率间均有显著差异;毒力测定显示5种植物对红火蚁24 h毒力由高到低依次为黄婵、黄花夹竹桃、红背桂、马樱丹、夹竹桃,致死中浓度LD50分别是61.3477,89.9868,95.8682,110.9066,176.7998 mg/m L。     

5种植物茎叶提取物对夹竹桃蚜的毒力测定

夹竹桃蚜是危害夹竹桃的主要害虫.选用高阿丁枫、膏桐、辣蓼、竹柏、紫茎泽兰5种植物的茎叶,以95 %乙醇为溶剂,采用浸渍法,得到这5种植物的茎叶提取物.将此5种植物茎叶提取物稀释成1倍、5倍、10倍3种浓度,在室内作其毒杀夹竹桃蚜虫的毒力测定.结果表明:这5种植物的茎叶提取物对夹竹桃蚜虫的毒杀效果,以竹柏茎叶提取物最佳,其夹竹桃蚜虫的平均死亡率为17.7 %,其他4种植物茎叶提取物对夹竹桃蚜虫的毒杀效果依次为紫茎泽兰﹥高阿丁枫﹥辣蓼﹥膏桐.     

夹竹桃等七种植物野外栽培灭螺效果的试验研究

对灭螺植物材料夹竹桃、枫杨、乌桕、益母草和对照植物材料杨树、芦苇、杂草开展野外栽培灭螺试验。结果表明:灭螺植物材料的钉螺死亡率高于对照植物材料,并达到显著差异水平,其中夹竹桃灭螺效果最好,乌桕、益母草、枫杨相差不大且均大于杨树小于夹竹桃,对照植物杨树的灭螺效果好于芦苇和杂草。     

3种菊科植物提取物对松材线虫的毒杀作用研究

测定了菊科3种入侵植物乙醇提取物对松材线虫的生物活性。结果表明:飞机草、紫茎泽兰和薇甘菊以1.5g/L处理后72h校正死亡率分别为85.6%、87.6%和74.6%;飞机草、紫茎泽兰和薇甘菊乙醇提取液处理72h后的半致死质量浓度C50分别为0.6892、0.6813、0.7474g/L。即3种入侵植物乙醇提取物对松材线虫毒杀活性顺序强弱依次为紫茎泽兰>飞机草>薇甘菊。     

6种木本植物叶浸液对钉螺驱杀作用及其生殖器官解剖结构的影响

通过应用乌桕、夹竹桃、大叶冬青、珊瑚朴、薄壳山核桃、苦楝6种木本植物叶浸液对钉螺驱杀实验及其解剖结构的影响研究,结果表明：（1）薄壳山核桃、珊瑚朴叶浸提液较短时间对钉螺几乎没有毒杀作用,苦楝叶浸液对钉螺毒杀作用最明显,其依次是夹竹桃、乌桕、大叶冬青;随着时间的推移,6种叶浸液对钉螺毒杀作用均达100％。（2）不同树种叶浸提混合液对钉螺的毒害作用明显大于单种植物浸提液。钉螺分别在大叶冬青×薄壳山核桃、夹竹桃×苦楝、冬青×乌桕、珊瑚朴×乌桕4种叶浸提混合液处理下,从5-30min,冬青X薄壳山核桃处理组的钉螺逃逸率10％～12％。假死率88％。99％;夹竹桃×苦楝处理组的钉螺逃逸率始终是0％,假死率始终是100％;冬青×乌桕处理组的钉螺逃逸率0。2％,假死率98％。100％;珊瑚朴×乌桕处理组的钉螺逃逸率8％-24％,假死率76％-97％。（3）钉螺分别在珊瑚朴、薄壳山核桃、乌桕、夹竹桃、大叶冬青、苦楝6种叶浸提液处理24h后,6种处理的雄性螺的阴茎、雌性螺的卵巢解剖结构分别与对照相比,均无明显变化。因此,在建设血防林时,可以考虑利用像大叶冬青、乌桕、夹竹桃、苦楝等树种营造混交林,对钉螺的分布与驱散有一定的作用。     

26种树木的不同提取液抑制白蚁效能试验

采集26种树木的叶、花或果实,以不同的溶剂分步提取并制备了86种提取液,分别测定其含量和浓度。采用滤纸接触法进行防治白蚁效能测定。结果表明,有22种树木提取液处理后2d,对白蚁的校正死亡率达80%～100%,可提供进行复筛试验。     

筋骨草内昆虫蜕皮激素类似物对杨干象的杀虫作用

从不同地点、不同时间采集的多花筋骨草植株不同部位中提取出昆虫蜕皮激素类似物,通过向幼虫人工饲料中添加昆虫蜕皮激素类似物的方法,研究了筋骨草中植物源蜕皮激素对杨干象2龄幼虫的杀虫作用。实验结果表明:(1)在人工饲料中加入1-3 ml的筋骨草提取物,在24天内可以杀死 58%~100%的幼虫;(2)从开花前的筋骨草中提取出的物质的杀虫效果明显优于从花期和开花后的植物中提取出的物质的杀虫作用, 其1 mL、2 mL和3 mL剂量全株提取物的杀虫效果分别达到65.22%、85.07%和98.11%(幼虫校正死亡率);(3)植株的根部提取的昆虫蜕皮激素类似物的杀虫效果要比茎部或叶部提取的好,1 mL、2 mL、3 mL剂量提取物的杀虫效果分别达到100%、98.20%和98.32%;(4)筋骨草提取物的杀虫速度较慢,处理杨干象2龄幼虫16天后杀虫率才超过50%;(5)幼虫取食加有筋骨草提取物的饲料时间长短直接影响幼虫死亡率,16天的取食,幼虫死亡率达到80%以上。筋骨草采集地点和填加植物源蜕皮激素的方式对杀虫效果的影响较小。图3表3参21。     

蒲螨对食叶害虫室内寄生性室内试验

为了测试蒲螨是否能够捕食食叶害虫松阿扁叶蜂和椰心叶甲,开展了蒲螨捕食这2种害虫的室内实验。结果表明,蒲螨可有效捕食这2种害虫,6d后松阿扁叶蜂的死亡率在90%以上,3d后椰心叶甲的死亡率达到100%。同时还探讨了试验环境、油松树皮、叶甲习性和高温对试验结果的影响。     

15个生防菌株乙酸乙酯提取物对松材线虫的杀虫活性

筛选的15个生防菌株乙酸乙酯提取物对松材线虫的杀虫活性研究表明,淡紫拟青霉菌株PT1杀虫效果最佳,24 h、48 h和72 h校正死亡率均达到100%;木霉菌株T-28在24 h校正死亡率达到78.64%,48 h为97.12%,72 h达到100%;T-19和T-43在72 h校正死亡率分别达到63.17%,63.59%。     

6个沿海防护林树种冻害调查与分析

对临海市6种平原防护林树种在最低温度降至-7℃时的受冻害情况进行了实地调查,并按照冻害程度进行了分级。通过计算树种冻害指数,6种植物的冻害程度由重到轻的顺序为:乌桕红叶石楠木麻黄舟山红楠华棕夹竹桃,夹竹桃基本无冻害发生;66.67%乌桕全部冻死,受冻害最严重。通过此次防护林树种冻害调查与分析,可为今后台州地区防护林植物种类选择、应用养护提供重要依据。     

5种滩地造林树种水浸液灭螺效果初步研究

对枫杨、乌桕、苏柳172、夹竹桃、35杨5个树种叶片及其不同组合叶片水浸液抑螺效果进行了比较研究,同时对夹竹桃不同器官水浸液的杀螺效果进行了研究。结果表明：（1）单一树种乌桕、枫杨、夹竹桃叶片的水浸液均有较好的灭螺活性,灭螺效果依次增强;而苏柳172、35杨的灭螺效果较差。（2）在相同的实验条件下,枫杨＋乌桕＋夹竹桃组合处理明显优于单一植物材料水浸液的灭螺效果,而枫杨＋乌桕（水浸液）组合对钉螺的抑制率则低于单一树种。（3）夹竹桃不同部位灭螺效果有一定差异,根的灭螺效果明显低于叶和花,不同器官水浸液的平均灭螺效果排序为：叶〉花〉根,而不同花色灭螺效果无显著差异。     

7种杀虫剂对黄野螟的药效试验

利用浸渍法在室内测定了7种不同化学药剂毒杀黄野螟高龄幼虫的药效试验,结果表明:处理后24h,森得保原药、25%灭幼脲3号增效粉剂30倍滑石粉粉剂、绿僵菌400倍溶液、白僵菌300倍溶液对高龄幼虫的校正死亡率均达100%,3%苯氧威2000倍溶液、1.2%烟碱·苦参碱100倍溶液和240g/l甲氧虫酰肼2000倍溶液对高龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为96.6%、72.7%和29.6%。处理后48h,森得保10倍滑石粉粉剂、25%灭幼脲3号增效粉剂50倍滑石粉粉剂、绿僵菌500倍溶液、白僵菌500倍溶液、3%苯氧威4000倍溶液对高龄幼虫的校正死亡率均达100%,1.2%烟碱·苦参碱100倍水溶液和240g/l甲氧虫酰肼2000倍水溶液对高龄幼虫的校正死亡率分别为94.2%和85.0%。     

红树植物海芒果树叶中的挥发油和脂肪酸研究

用气相色谱-质谱联用仪,分析测定红树植物海芒果(Cerbera manghas)叶片的挥发油和脂肪酸。结果表明,挥发油中分离出24个峰,鉴定出22种化合物,其中2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚含量丰富,占挥发油总量的40.89%;脂肪酸中分离出17个峰,鉴定出16种化合物,脂肪酸有7种,其中十六酸(棕榈酸)和9,12-十八碳二烯酸(亚油酸)含量比较高,分别占脂肪酸总量的38.98%和8.71%。     

5种药剂对黄野螟幼虫的林间防治试验

近年来,西双版纳白木香人工林大面积的爆发了食叶害虫黄野螟,对白木香人工林造成严重危害。为探索防治该虫的有效办法,在西双版纳普文镇4 a生白木香人工林里,选择5种杀虫剂进行林间防治试验。结果表明:5种杀虫剂对黄野螟的幼虫均有一定的防效,以甲维·茚虫威和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的杀虫效果较好,3种浓度药后1 d校正死亡率均达到100%,其次是氯氰·毒死蜱,药后2 d达到100%,2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯在药后4 d也达到100%,而生物农药5%的苦参碱在药后1 d防效表现最弱,但药后4 d均能达到75%以上。     

Important insect pests of poplars in agroforestry and strategies for their management in northwestern India

Today, more than 143 species of insects infest both indigenous as well as exotic species of poplars in northwestern India, with about 65 species infesting Populus deltoides alone. Random sampling surveys (1984-2002) were undertaken in lower hills and plains of six states (Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir) in this region. The survey included 36 nurseries, 84 large ( ≥ 3 ha) and 255 small (< 3 ha) block and bund plantations and recorded seven species causing outbreaks. However, eight insects having wide spread distribution in this region were identified as posing a threat to agroforestry with P. deltoides and need to be managed. Amongst these, three species (Clostera cupreata, C. fulgurita and Apriona cinerea) were ranked as 'major pests' as they had relatively higher incidence (> 50% of attack) and caused extensive economic loss during outbreaks, coupled with tree mortality which persisted for several years in succession over large areas. Five insects were identified as 'potential pests', as they also caused heavy infestation and economic loss, but only in some years, on a localized scale and with no large scale plant mortality, but need to be checked to improve productivity. The 'potential pests' were: one species in plantations (Ascotis selenaria) and four insects in nurseries [(Eucosma glaciata , Phalantha phalantha, Nodostoma waterhousie and white grubs) with >50% incidence]. Integrated pest management practices, comprising cultural methods, use of bio-pesticides, tolerant poplar varieties/clones, natural enemies, recommended safe insecticides and avoiding alternate host plants of the pest, are discussed for important pests.     

Efficacy of spinosad and methoprene,applied alone or in combination,against six stored-product insect species

Efficacy of the insecticides spinosad and methoprene, applied alone or in combination to wheat, was evaluated against six stored-product insect species, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, S. granarius, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, and Liposcelis bostrychophila. The concentrations of the insecticides were 0.1 and 0.5 ppm for spinosad and 1 and 5 ppm for methoprene. Parental mortality of R. dominica was 100% on wheat treated with either rate of spinosad, with no progeny production in any combination treatment. Parental mortality of S. oryzae did not exceed 62%, and progeny production was not reduced by any insecticide treatment. All S. granarius adults exposed on wheat treated with spinosad alone at 0.5 ppm were killed, but parental mortality was reduced when methoprene was added. Progeny production was reduced in treatments containing spinosad. Mortality of adult C. ferrugineus was 97% or greater in treatments containing spinosad, but adult mortality of O. surinamensis and L. bostrychophila was not reduced by insecticide treatments. The specific combinations of spinosad and methoprene evaluated in our study would have no benefit over spinosad used alone for control of any of the six species tested.     

杭州市十种绿化树种净化大气能力比较

通过分析浙江省杭州市10种绿化树种的滞尘量和叶片中N、S、Cl等元素的含量,比较了这些树种对大气中粉尘、氯化物、硫化物、氮氧化合物等有害物质的吸收净化能力。单位面积滞尘量最高的树种是朴树,N、S、Cl吸收最高的树种分别是乌桕、银杏和杜鹃;乔木树种的全氮含量、全硫含量、单位面积滞尘量都比灌木树种的含量高,但是全氯含量比灌木树种的含量低;落叶树种的各净化指标平均值都比常绿树种的高。     

Versuche zur Bekämpfung der Kartoffelmotte,Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) (Lep., Gelechiidae) mit chemischen und natürlichen Insektiziden in der Republik Yemen

Zusammenfassung In Laborexperimenten wurden Drittlarven vonPhthorimaea operculella mit Sumithion (Fenithrothion 40EC, 10ml/10l) sowie mit Pflanzenextrakten vonMelia azedarach undAllium sativum (je 100g//10l) topikal behandelt. Nach wenigen Tagen zeigte Sumithion 100%, die beiden Extrakte aber noch weniger als 20% Mortalität. Nach 5 Wochen betrug die Gesamtsterblichkeit (gemessen an normal geschlüpften Faltern) beiMelia =91,7% und beiAllium=83%, wobei es unter dem Einfluß der Pflanzenextrakte zu Entwicklungsstörungen sowie Verpuppungs-und Mottenschlüpfstörungen kam. Mit der Anwendung dieser umweltschonenden Wirkstoffe eröffnet sich in der Republik Yemen ein neuer Weg der Kartoffelmotten-Bekämpfung.

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Studies on control of potato tuber moth larvae,Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) (Lep., Gelechiidae) by natural and chemical insecticides in the Republic of Yemen

The potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, (Zell.), is recognized as the most serious and destructive pest of the potato in the Republic of Yemen. Its larva mines the aerial parts of the potato plant, the subterranean and the stored tuber. Laboratory studies were done at 26±1°C, under natural humidity (45±5%) and with 12h of light and 12h of darkness. Sumithion (Fenitrothion, 40 EC) at the rate of 10 ml/10 l, as a standard insecticide and aqueous extracts of the outer pulp ofMelia azedarach L. andAllium sativum L. at the rate of 100g/10l were used for the control of potato tuber moth larvae. Separate batches of 30 third-instar larvae were treated. The control batches were treated with plain water. Mortality was assessed after 24 h and later at daily interval until the emergence of the moth. The applied chemical and natural insecticides were considerably effective. The mortality amounted to: Sumithion =100%,M. azedarach =91.7% andA. sativum =85%.In regard of controlling the potato tuber moth the results show the possibility of killing the pest by help of natural insecticides instead of environment-damaging chemical insecticides in the Republic of Yemen.

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Mit 3 Tabellen