Maintenance of genome stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Most human cancer cells show signs of genome instability, ranging from elevated mutation rates to gross chromosomal rearrangements and alterations in chromosome number. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that generate this instability or how it is suppressed in normal cells. Recent studies of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have begun to uncover the extensive and redundant pathways that keep the rate of genome rearrangements at very low levels. These studies, which we review here, have implicated more than 50 genes in the suppression of genome instability, including genes that function in S-phase checkpoints, recombination pathways, and telomere maintenance. Human homologs of several of these genes have well-established roles as tumor suppressors, consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanisms preserving genome stability in yeast are the same mechanisms that go awry in cancer.     

年度间同期木槿上节肢动物群落动态及棉蚜分布格局比较

对1999年5月2日和2003年5月1日木槿树节肢动物群落进行调查和分析。结果表明,2003年5月1日的物种丰富度大于1999年5月2日,涉及的分类阶元数前者多于后者;2年间的优势集中性指数、多样性指数、相对丰盛度指数和均匀度指数均略有差异;2年以株为单位,各株4个方位的棉蚜分布格局均为聚集分布;2年以5株总计,4个方位的棉蚜分布趋势也是聚集分布;2年以株为单位的棉蚜水平分布均为聚集格局,但2年间棉蚜数量差异极显著。     

Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome

We have synthesized a 582,970-base pair Mycoplasma genitalium genome. This synthetic genome, named M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, contains all the genes of wild-type M. genitalium G37 except MG408, which was disrupted by an antibiotic marker to block pathogenicity and to allow for selection. To identify the genome as synthetic, we inserted "watermarks" at intergenic sites known to tolerate transposon insertions. Overlapping "cassettes" of 5 to 7 kilobases (kb), assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, were joined by in vitro recombination to produce intermediate assemblies of approximately 24 kb, 72 kb ("1/8 genome"), and 144 kb ("1/4 genome"), which were all cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli. Most of these intermediate clones were sequenced, and clones of all four 1/4 genomes with the correct sequence were identified. The complete synthetic genome was assembled by transformation-associated recombination cloning in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then isolated and sequenced. A clone with the correct sequence was identified. The methods described here will be generally useful for constructing large DNA molecules from chemically synthesized pieces and also from combinations of natural and synthetic DNA segments.     

Mobile elements: drivers of genome evolution

Mobile elements within genomes have driven genome evolution in diverse ways. Particularly in plants and mammals, retrotransposons have accumulated to constitute a large fraction of the genome and have shaped both genes and the entire genome. Although the host can often control their numbers, massive expansions of retrotransposons have been tolerated during evolution. Now mobile elements are becoming useful tools for learning more about genome evolution and gene function.     

黄丹木姜子叶绿体基因组特征分析

【目的】分析黄丹木姜子（Litsea elongata）叶绿体基因组特征,为木姜子属物种鉴定、遗传多样性分析和资源保护提供理论参考。【方法】基于Illumina HiSeq 2000高通量测序平台对黄丹木姜子叶绿体基因组进行测序,利用GeSeq在线工具对叶绿体基因组进行注释,并利用REPuter、MISA、CodonW和IQ-TREE等生物信息学软件对其基因组结构、基因数目、序列重复、密码子使用偏性和系统发育进行分析。【结果】黄丹木姜子叶绿体基因组全长为154028 bp,具有典型的四分结构,编码126个基因,其中蛋白编码基因82个,rRNA基因 8个,tRNA基因 36个。叶绿体基因组的注释基因中,有9个基因含1个内含子,有3个基因含有2个内含子,其余基因均不含内含子;44个基因编码蛋白参与光合作用信号途径,21个基因编码蛋白构成了核糖体大小亚基。黄丹木姜子叶绿体基因组含有32对长序列重复和90个SSR位点,其中,正向重复和回文重复最多,均为12对,反向重复和互补重复分别为6和2对;95.56%的SSR位点位于单拷贝区［大单拷贝区（LSC）和小单拷贝区（SSC）］,仅4.44%的SSR位点位于反向重复区（IR）。黄丹木姜子叶绿体蛋白编码基因GC含量为39.14%,GC3s为27.95%,平均有效密码子数（ENC）为49.04,说明其密码子偏性弱;相对同义密码子使用度（RSCU）大于1.00的密码子31个,其中13个以A结尾,16个以U（T）结尾。系统发育进化树分析结果显示,木姜子属的14个物种聚为两组,其中黄丹木姜子和10种木姜子属植物聚在一个组,与日本木姜子的亲缘关系最近。【结论】黄丹木姜子叶绿体基因组结构保守,偏好A或U（T）结尾的密码子,鉴定的SSR位点可用于物种鉴定和群体遗传学研究。     

东北野猪线粒体DNA序列的测定与分析

通过PCR扩增获得东北野猪(Northeastern wild boar)线粒体全基因组序列,研究表明东北野猪线粒体全基因组序列全长16581bp,共有13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个D-loop区。利用MEGA4软件构建系统进化树,推测东北野猪在分类上属于亚洲群,是亚洲猪种中最为古老的。     

Phytophthora genome sequences uncover evolutionary origins and mechanisms of pathogenesis

Draft genome sequences have been determined for the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae and the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. O?mycetes such as these Phytophthora species share the kingdom Stramenopila with photosynthetic algae such as diatoms, and the presence of many Phytophthora genes of probable phototroph origin supports a photosynthetic ancestry for the stramenopiles. Comparison of the two species' genomes reveals a rapid expansion and diversification of many protein families associated with plant infection such as hydrolases, ABC transporters, protein toxins, proteinase inhibitors, and, in particular, a superfamily of 700 proteins with similarity to known o?mycete avirulence genes.     

南疆地区棉田蚜虫种群数量动态研究

2002～2004年研究了南疆地区棉花蚜虫的发生和种群动态及棉花品种的影响.结果表明为害棉花的蚜虫有棉蚜(Aphis gossypii Glover)、棉长管蚜(Acyrthosiphon gossypii Mordvilko)、桃蚜(Myzus persicae Sulzer)、拐枣蚜(Xerophilaphis plothikovi Nevsky)和棉黑蚜(Aphis atrata Zhang),其中棉蚜和棉长管蚜是主要为害种类.2002、2003和2004年,棉蚜和棉长管蚜的最高密度分别为15 138和2 787头/百株,25 333和1 213头/百株,343 925和13 643头/百株.对转基因抗虫棉GK19(表达Cry1A杀虫蛋白)、SGK321(表达Cry1A+CpTI杀虫蛋白)和普通棉花泗棉3号、石远321的研究表明几种蚜虫在不同品种上的季节性数量动态没有显著性差别.     

网纹蟒非入侵式采样和线粒体基因组分析

采用非入侵式采样,提取网纹蟒Python reticulatus粪便和新鲜蛇蜕的基因组,探讨非入侵式采样在蛇类研究中的可能性。利用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）测定和拼接网纹蟒线粒体基因组全序列,结合GenBank中蟒科Pythonidae线粒体基因组全序列,对蟒科物种进行比较分析。结果发现:蛇蜕中提取的DNA优于粪便,液氮处理能提高DNA质量浓度。网纹蟒线粒体基因组全长17 641 bp,基因排布和结构同蟒科物种一致,但部分基因起始密码子和终止密码子存在差异。根据系统发育树分析推测,与蚺科Boidae相比,蟒科和闪鳞蛇科Xenopeltidae进化关系更接近。对蛇类物种进化过程的分析发现:热点区域存在2个相似度非常高的控制区,系统树上的拓扑结构呈簇状排列,推测2个控制区的结构来源于一个祖先。这种种内进化的模式为协同进化。     

The fine-scale structure of recombination rate variation in the human genome

The nature and scale of recombination rate variation are largely unknown for most species. In humans, pedigree analysis has documented variation at the chromosomal level, and sperm studies have identified specific hotspots in which crossing-over events cluster. To address whether this picture is representative of the genome as a whole, we have developed and validated a method for estimating recombination rates from patterns of genetic variation. From extensive single-nucleotide polymorphism surveys in European and African populations, we find evidence for extreme local rate variation spanning four orders in magnitude, in which 50% of all recombination events take place in less than 10% of the sequence. We demonstrate that recombination hotspots are a ubiquitous feature of the human genome, occurring on average every 200 kilobases or less, but recombination occurs preferentially outside genes.     

旱柳扩展蛋白基因家族与基因组分化

[目的]扩展蛋白是植物中重要的基因家族之一,在生长发育和逆境抗性过程中发挥重要的作用.本研究拟探讨旱柳中的扩展蛋白基因组成变化,为理解旱柳AA、BB基因组的分化提供理论依据,也为柳树分子设计育种提供参考.[方法]本研究基于毛果杨扩展蛋白基因氨基酸序列,鉴定旱柳中的扩展蛋白基因;通过生物信息学软件,分析旱柳AA、BB基因...     

禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)几丁质酶基因特征分析

禾谷镰刀菌是引发麦类赤霉病的优势种,对禾谷镰刀菌基因组中几丁质酶基因的研究可以帮助理解其致病机理。通过对禾谷镰刀菌基因组数据库的搜索分析,发现了16个ORFs编码的假定几丁质酶,它们都属于糖水解酶18家族。通过与它们的糖水解酶家族比较,对这些几丁质酶进行了系统的命名,按pI值从小到大进行编号为Chi18-1～Chi18-16,研究分析这些几丁质酶蛋白的信号肽、活性位点和亚细胞定位,进行了多序列比对,并建立了系统发生树,为禾谷镰刀菌中的几丁质酶在其致病性和相关生物防治方面的研究奠定了基础。     

核盘菌基因组微卫星序列分析

利用已经公布的核盘菌基因组测序结果,对已有的核盘菌基因组中SSR的类型、大小及分布等数据进行统计分析.在核盘菌基因组内发现1 693个SSR序列,其中出现频率最高的为6碱基和4碱基的SSR序列,分别达到577次和449次,1碱基、3碱基和5碱基的SSR则分别出现97、180、57次.其中有340个SSR序列出现在308个基因内.大多数基因(284个基因)都只含有1个SSR,占含SSR基因总数的92.21％; 17个基因中含有2个SSR,6个基因中含有3个SSR,含4个SSR的基因只有1个.在基因序列内,出现最多的是3碱基与6碱基的SSR,这表明较之基因间区,在选择压力下基因内SSR多趋向于密码子的整数倍,这与其他物种的分析结果一致.为了解含有较多SSR序列与核盘菌基因功能的关系,将含2个以上SSR的基因预测蛋白序列根据NCBI网站CDD软件进行比对发现,24个基因只有6个具有保守的蛋白结构域,且这些结构域多与转录、DNA修复有关.     

利用SSR标记分析19份山羊草属种D基因组遗传多样性

具有D染色体组的山羊草属种是六倍体普通小麦的二级基因源,蕴藏着丰富的抗性基因和遗传变异丰富,可供现代小麦改良利用。选用24对D染色体组特异性微卫星(SSR)标记引物,将19份山羊草属种的D染色体组与3个普通小麦的D染色体组的遗传多样性进行了比较分析。共检测出679个等位基因,每个SSR位点上能检测到1~44个等位基因,平均28.29个。聚类分析结果表明,同一属种的材料基本上聚为一类,19份山羊草属种的D染色体组与普通小麦的D染色体组之间存在较大的遗传差异,可供小麦远缘杂交以丰富栽培小麦遗传多样性。     

对虾科物种线粒体基因组特征和系统发育分析

综合分析对虾科(Penaeidae)21个物种线粒体基因组的全序列,发现其线粒体基因组的长度为15 893～16 071 bp, A+T含量为64.59%～70.61%。K_a/K_s分析表明,对虾科物种线粒体13个蛋白质编码基因(protein-coding genes, PCGs)中,atp8基因的K_a/K_s最高,表明在对虾科中atp8基因受到了较弱的选择压力;在差异位点的分析中,发现nd5和rrnL基因的差异位点比例较高,是理想的分子标记,可用于分析对虾不同群体之间的遗传多样性;在密码子的使用中,被编码的氨基酸均体现相似的偏好性。同时,采用ML(Maximum likelihood)和BI(Bayesian inference)方法构建系统发育树,结果显示,这两种方法构建的系统发育树拓扑结构完全一致,且同属物种也都归为一类或者单独归为一支。本研究为快速鉴定对虾科生物提供了可靠的分子标记,为分析对虾科物种遗传多样性提供理论依据。     

A comparison of whole-genome shotgun-derived mouse chromosome 16 and the human genome

The high degree of similarity between the mouse and human genomes is demonstrated through analysis of the sequence of mouse chromosome 16 (Mmu 16), which was obtained as part of a whole-genome shotgun assembly of the mouse genome. The mouse genome is about 10% smaller than the human genome, owing to a lower repetitive DNA content. Comparison of the structure and protein-coding potential of Mmu 16 with that of the homologous segments of the human genome identifies regions of conserved synteny with human chromosomes (Hsa) 3, 8, 12, 16, 21, and 22. Gene content and order are highly conserved between Mmu 16 and the syntenic blocks of the human genome. Of the 731 predicted genes on Mmu 16, 509 align with orthologs on the corresponding portions of the human genome, 44 are likely paralogous to these genes, and 164 genes have homologs elsewhere in the human genome; there are 14 genes for which we could find no human counterpart.     

温州光唇鱼线粒体基因组结构及系统发育分析

采用已公布的鱼类线粒体基因组全序列,设计8对引物扩增、测定并注释温州光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus wenchowensis)线粒体基因组(GenBank登录号:KC_495074)。序列全长16 591 bp,包括13个蛋白质基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个非编码区,各基因的位置及组成与已公布的鲤科鱼类一致;37个基因中,1个蛋白质编码基因(ND6)和8个tRNA基因(tRNAGln、tRNAAla、tRNAAsn、tRNACys、tRNATyr、tRNASer(UCN)、tRNAGlu和tRNAPro)由L链编码,其余的均由H链编码。A、T、G、C碱基组成分别为30.92%、24.86%、16.41%、27.81%;除tRNASer(AGN)外,其它21个tRNA的二级结构均具有典型的三叶草结构;13个蛋白编码基因中,除COⅠ起始密码子为GTG外,其余均以ATG为起始密码子,而COⅡ、ND4和Cytb基因的终止密码子为不完整的T,其它10个基因均具有完整的终止密码子。利用鲤科共17属18种线粒体基因组13个蛋白质基因的氨基酸序列,从线粒体基因组水平探讨了温州光唇鱼在鲤科鱼类中的系统进化地位,为光唇鱼属乃至鲤科鱼类的系统分类学研究提供基础资料。