湿陷性黄土地区土壤洞穴侵蚀研究

土壤洞穴侵蚀是湿陷性黄土地区普遍发生的一种独特的土壤侵蚀方式，其危害具有多重性。目前土壤洞穴还缺乏统一的分类与命名，土壤洞穴侵蚀成因机制尚未形成统一的认识和定量的表述。在大量野外调查和前人研究成果的基础上，首先提出了一套统一的土壤洞穴分类命名方法，在总结目前关于土壤洞穴侵蚀成因观点的基础上结合各种现场与室内试验成果，对土壤洞穴侵蚀的成因机制进行了新的探讨，阐明了对土壤洞穴侵蚀的一些新的看法和观点，为土壤洞穴侵蚀的进一步深入研究提供了基础。     

黄土高原的洞穴侵蚀与防治

本文通过野外调查和实验分析,运用区域对比的方法,从类型特征、地理分布和形成机制方面,分析讨论了洞穴侵蚀的基本特点和形成原因。文中作出了各种洞穴形成演化的示意图和黄土高原洞穴侵蚀略图,分析探讨了洞穴侵蚀的地理分布和形成过程。结果表明:洞穴侵蚀是一种特殊的流水侵蚀类型。是沟蚀发生的重要环节和胚胎。洞穴侵蚀发育与黄土的疏松结构和节理裂隙密切相关。它具有一定的区域差异。以黄土高原典型黄土带和六盘山以西地区最为发育。并通过分析其危害和成因,为研究沟蚀发生、发展规律和洞穴侵蚀防治提供了依据。     

植物篱-农作模式坡耕地土壤综合抗蚀性特征

土壤抗剪强度、抗蚀性与抗冲性不仅反映了土壤对水力侵蚀不同发育阶段（雨滴溅蚀、薄层水流片蚀与股流沟蚀）的侵蚀力大小,还通过共存、耦合决定对抗水力侵蚀的综合能力（综合抗蚀性）的大小。利用植物篱控制水土流失的长期定位试验,采用数理统计法研究了植物篱-农作坡耕地土壤综合抗蚀性特征。结果表明,由于植物篱模式下土壤理化性质得以改善,加之网状植物篱根系的固结等作用促使土壤综合抗蚀性增强。紫穗槐、香根草、紫花苜蓿和蓑草植物篱-农作模式土壤综合抗蚀指数分别比常规横坡农作模式增加102.9%、91.9%、87.9%、82.9%。不同植物篱模式增强土壤综合抗蚀性效应的大小为,20o坡地紫穗槐>香根草,13o坡地紫花苜蓿>蓑草。植物篱模式也增强了各坡位土壤综合抗蚀性,改善了土壤综合抗蚀性的过大坡面异质性。该论文为进一步探究植物篱模式控制水土及氮磷等污染物流失提供参考。     

陡坡的细沟间侵蚀与径流

本文测定了504mm×504mm土盒中扰动Hagerstown粉砂粘壤土的细沟间侵蚀和径流,试验持续降雨20min,雨强为92mm/h,坡度为5%~85%。稳定状态下的土壤流失量(径流中的土壤悬移质)随坡度的增加而增加,5%坡侵蚀率为3.34g/m~2·min,85%坡增到22.47g/m~2·min。随坡度的增加土壤溅蚀的变化为:坡面下部增加,坡面上部减小,侧面稍有增加。土壤溅蚀总量(坡顶+坡底)与净坡底溅蚀量(坡顶-坡底)也随坡度的增加而增加。85%坡净土壤溅蚀达3.5g/m~2·min,85%的坡面上99%的土壤溅蚀运动到坡底。15%~85%坡面的稳定径流率没有区别,其平均径流率为66.5mm/h。单位面积的冲蚀和溅蚀总量同坡度呈线性关系。比较了实测的冲蚀和溅蚀总量与WEPP模型的估算值,结果表明坡度大于30%时实测值要大于WEPP模型的预测值(85%时要大1倍)。     

元谋干热河谷潜蚀洞穴的环境灾害效应

元谋干热河谷地区潜蚀洞穴分布十分广泛,发达的洞穴不仅破坏地表形态,加速土地退化,还对当地居民生活构成威胁。同时由于地下洞穴排沙,洞内大体积悬空从而诱发其他地质灾害的产生,加剧了元谋干热河谷地区生态环境的恶化。采用野外实地调查、文献资料分析的方法,对元谋干热河谷潜蚀洞穴的危害进行了分析,为干热河谷洞穴灾害的防治和当地生态环境的恢复提供了科学依据。     

不同复合种植模式对土壤可蚀性K值与侵蚀量的影响研究

采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,把4种农作物引入复合种植模式中,以土壤可蚀性K值、径流量、侵蚀量为指标,对紫色土区不同复合种植模式与水土流失特征的关系进行分析和研究.研究结果表明:(1)与单一的种植模式相比,不同复合种植模式使水土流失敏感性增强,K值增大,土壤容易被侵蚀.(2)土壤可蚀性K值与土壤砂粒含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.957;与土壤黏粒含量、有机C含量呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.191,-0.637;与粉粒含量呈显著的正相关,相关系数为0.986.黏粒及有机质含量的高低是反映紫色土区土壤抗侵蚀能力强弱的有效指标.(3)与柚子纯林种植模式相比,复合种植模式的径流截留效益显著.综合各项指标发现,柚子—粉葛复合模式抗侵蚀效果最好,最适宜推广种植.     

土壤抗蚀性的研究动态

在综述土壤抗蚀性研究成果及抗蚀性研究方法的基础上 ,介绍了土壤抗蚀性研究的进展 ,并指出目前土壤抗蚀性研究方法存在的问题 ,提出土壤抗蚀性研究应建立在侵蚀动力和土壤抗侵蚀力作用过程的基础上 ,从土壤侵蚀过程中各种因素的作用机理出发 ,使土壤抗蚀性的研究标准化、定量化 ,为土壤流失预报及水土流失调控措施的设计提供科学依据     

花岗岩风化壳抗侵蚀特征研究 Ⅰ花岗岩风化壳物理特征

本研究根据室内外对花岗岩及其风化壳测试的物理和化学特征，利用有关土壤抗冲性和抗侵性指标以及野外实测资料，对花岗岩风化壳的地球化学过程，形成条件及抗侵蚀进行了综合分析与评价，指出垂节理发育的花岗岩体在持续的暖湿气候作用下形成的疏松深厚风化壳是土壤侵蚀特别是切沟和崩岗沟发育的物质基础，中粗晶花岗岩发育土壤表层砂砾作含量高而粘粒少，抗侵蚀性弱，有机质矿质化快，土壤生态系统脆弱，加上风化壳中抗侵蚀性极弱的砂土层存，这是导致花岗岩土壤侵蚀特别严重的内在原因，松耕土壤抗侵蚀能力仅为自然坡地未扰动土壤的1／。10，建议加强坡耕旱地面覆盖，作者指出，土壤的抗侵蚀能力强弱是一个相对概念，其随侵蚀动力类型和强弱不同而显示不同的特征，在侵蚀动力较弱情况下，抗蚀性是影响土壤抗侵蚀性能的主要方面，在较强侵蚀动力下，土壤的抗冲性将上升为影响土壤抗侵蚀性能的主导方面。     

花岗岩红壤侵蚀退化地不同治理模式土壤抗蚀性评价

为探究花岗岩红壤侵蚀退化地不同治理模式对土壤抗蚀性的影响，通过野外调查与室内外试验，以长汀县封禁（M1）、乔灌草混交（M2）、全坡面播草（M3）、低效林改造（M4）、条沟草灌带（M5）这5种治理模式的土壤为研究对象，选取开垦地（CK1）和裸露地（CK2）为对照，利用主成分分析法揭示土壤抗蚀性主要影响因子，并结合灰色关联分析和耦合分析对土壤抗蚀性进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）不同治理模式的土壤抗蚀性由强到弱依次为M5 > M2 > M3 > M4 > M1 > CK2 > CK1；（2）> 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和有机质含量是影响土壤抗蚀性的主要因子；（3）土壤抗蚀性与土壤理化性质的灰色关联度较高（0.696），M3的土壤抗蚀性与土壤理化性质之间系统耦合度最高（0.883）。研究结果为花岗岩红壤侵蚀退化地的水土流失治理及生态恢复提供科学依据。     

土壤水蚀模型中的融雪侵蚀模拟研究

在季节性或常年积雪地区,春季积雪融化产生的径流及其造成的侵蚀占全年总侵蚀量的比例很大,同时反复进行的冻融过程会影响土壤的物理性质,如团聚体稳定性、水分传导率、抗剪切力、可蚀性等,进而加重土壤侵蚀。因此在这些地区进行融雪侵蚀预报十分必要,它主要包括融雪径流的产生,及其形成的土壤侵蚀量,冻融过程导致土壤性状的变化,以及由此造成的对土壤可蚀性的影响。本研究总结了国内外融雪侵蚀的研究现状,并分析了几个代表性土壤水蚀预报模型中的融雪侵蚀过程,提出我国部分地区土壤侵蚀模型中考虑融雪侵蚀的必要性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.