我国农业气象灾害减灾研究

简析了我国农业气象灾害影响地域广、区域差异明显以及发生频率逐渐变大、灾情逐渐加重等基本特征,揭示了导致我国农业气象灾害频繁发生以及灾情巨大的原因,并提出应改变传统灾害管理体制,依靠科技进步和加强农业灾害保险建设等减灾对策。     

气候变化对我国农业气象灾害及病虫害的影响

气候变化一直对农业生产的影响极大,农作物的长势与农业气象的更变息息相关,在农作物的生长过程中,若气候变化过大,农业气象危害就十分大,病虫害问题也会产生,对农作物的生长极其不利,气候变化对我国农业气象灾害及病虫害都有影响。基于此,从气候变化的角度来介绍气象灾害的类型,探讨病虫害的影响原因。     

《中国农业气象》征稿启事

《中国农业气象》是中华人民共和国农业农村部主管,中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所(原农业气象研究所)主办的反映农业气象科学研究进展的学术刊物。主要刊登农、林、水、畜、牧等产业与气象、环境有关的学术论文、研究报告和国内外有关专题研究动态综合评述等,涉及气候变化影响、区域农业气候、局地农业气候、农业气候资源利用、农业气候区划、动植物物候变化、温室气体排放;农业生态环境、旱作节水农业、农业设施的结构优化与小气候调控;作物气候生产力、农业生物气象(作物气象、畜牧气象、森林气象、智慧气象、品质气象等);农业气象数值模拟、农业气象仪器与监测;农业气象灾害(各种灾害对农林水产品的影响及其机理,灾害防御和保险理赔等)、农业昆虫迁飞的气候条件等;信息技术在农业气象上的应用(原始资料获取、数据分析提取、信息扩散各环节);农业气象情报、预报等方面。     

《中国农业气象》征稿启事

《中国农业气象》是中华人民共和国农业农村部主管,中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所(原农业气象研究所)主办的反映农业气象科学研究进展的学术刊物。主要刊登农、林、水、畜、牧等产业与气象、环境有关的学术论文、研究报告和国内外有关专题研究动态综合评述等,涉及气候变化影响、区域农业气候、局地农业气候、农业气候资源利用、农业气候区划、动植物物候变化、温室气体排放;农业生态环境、旱作节水农业、农业设施的结构优化与小气候调控;作物气候生产力、农业生物气象(作物气象、畜牧气象、森林气象、智慧气象、品质气象等);农业气象数值模拟、农业气象仪器与监测;农业气象灾害(各种灾害对农林水产品的影响及其机理,灾害防御和保险理赔等)、农业昆虫迁飞的气候条件等;信息技术在农业气象上的应用(原始资料获取、数据分析提取、信息扩散各环节);农业气象情报、预报等方面。     

《中国农业气象》征稿启事

《中国农业气象》是中华人民共和国农业农村部主管,中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所(原农业气象研究所)主办的反映农业气象科学研究进展的学术刊物。主要刊登农、林、水、畜、牧等产业与气象、环境有关的学术论文、研究报告和国内外有关专题研究动态综合评述等,涉及气候变化影响、区域农业气候、局地农业气候、农业气候资源利用、农业气候区划、动植物物候变化、温室气体排放;农业生态环境、旱作节水农业、农业设施的结构优化与小气候调控;作物气候生产力、农业生物气象(作物气象、畜牧气象、森林气象、智慧气象、品质气象等);农业气象数值模拟、农业气象仪器与监测;农业气象灾害(各种灾害对农林水产品的影响及其机理,灾害防御和保险理赔等)、农业昆虫迁飞的气候条件等;信息技术在农业气象上的应用(原始资料获取、数据分析提取、信息扩散各环节).     

气候变化对中国农业生产的影响

未来气候变化下中国农业的稳定事关中国的长远持续发展,国内外气候变化研究界和农业气象研究界对气候变化对中国农业生产的影响的评估未有一致的认识。本文从农业科学角度讨论了气候变化对中国农业生产涉及的气象资源、土地资源、农业生物环境和生态系统的影响,并从作物生长和经济产量形成的角度讨论和分析了气候变化对中国种植业、养殖业不同产业行业的影响,气候变化中一些趋势性变化因不同作物和不同区域而异,例如温度和CO2浓度变化对农业生产的影响因不同作物和不同时相而异,反之,极端性气候／天气事件对农业不同行业的生产都显得危害很大,而气候变化中区域性干旱将成为我国未来农业生产愈来愈严重的挑战。气候变化对中国农业生产的影响甚为复杂,一些气候变化因子的实际影响还存在很大不确定性。当前,定量评价气候变化对中国农业生产的影响还存在困难。     

《中国农业气象》征稿启事

《中国农业气象》是中华人民共和国农业农村部主管,中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所(原农业气象研究所)主办的反映农业气象科学研究进展的学术刊物。主要刊登农、林、水、畜、牧等产业与气象、环境有关的学术论文、研究报告和国内外有关专题研究动态综合评述等,涉及气候变化影响、区域农业气候、局地农业气候、农业气候资源利用、农业气候区划、动植物物候变化、温室气体排放;农业生态环境、旱作节水农业、农业设施的结构优化与小气候调控;作物气候生产力、农业生物气象(包括作物气象、畜牧气象、森林气象、智慧气象、品质气象等);农业气象数值模拟、农业气象仪器与监测;农业气象灾害(各种灾害对农林水产品的影响、机理、防御、保险理赔等)、农业昆虫迁飞的气候条件等;信息技术在农业气象上应用(原始资料获取、数据分析提取、信息扩散各环节);农业气象情报、预报等方面。随着农业气象学与其它学科间交叉的增加,相应的研究成果都可在《中国农业气象》上发表展示。     

湖北省主要农业气象灾害变化分析

利用1961—2004年湖北省71个气象台站实测气候资料，采用气候倾向率分析湖北省主要农业气象灾害的变化趋势。分析显示，在26种农业气象灾害中，有17种呈减少趋势。有9种呈增加趋势，但并不意味着气候变化对农业有利。所得结论增强了气象部门为“三农”服务的针对性，也为政府和农业部门充分利用气候资源、趋利避害提供决策依据。     

辽源市玉米大斑病和水稻稻瘟病气象风险预警标准初探

随着全球气候变暖的同时,各种农业病虫害的发生越来越频繁,利用2011年至2015年农作物病害资料和气象资料将农业病虫害的气象服务标准统一化。从现有资料中找出检测规律针对玉米和水稻不同时期,不同农业患病程度给与一定预警从而为农业病虫害气象服务建立一个基本标准,为保护国家粮食安全作出贡献。     

福建省2009年气象条件对水稻生产的影响评价

通过分析福建省2009年气温、降水和日照等气象因子,得出气温为显著偏高,降水量偏少,日照时数正常到偏多。分析了全年气候条件对早稻、中稻和晚稻等3类主要粮食作物生长发育期的影响,总体为农业气候资源条件良好,光温充足,虽然有农业气象灾害的影响,但是比较而言利大于弊,有利于作物的发育生长。水稻生长发育期间发生的主要农业气象灾害有低温、台风、暴雨、气象干旱等,这些气象灾害都对农业生产造成了直接或间接的影响,其中造成灾害损失严重的是台风和暴雨。本研究旨在为气象减灾和灾害评估提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.