赤豆(Phaseolus angularis Wight)种子带菌检验

以河北省广泛栽培的6个赤豆品种为材料,进行种子带菌分析.利用洗涤检验法和琼脂平板法获得种子表面带菌21个属,其中数量较大的是:青霉属(Penicillium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、镰刀菌属(Fusariun)、茎点霉属(Phoma)和枝孢属(Cladosporium).利用吸水纸法分离出种内寄藏真菌22个种隶属于18个属,还有一个未定名种.其中细交链孢(Alternaria alternata),蜡叶枝霉(Cladosporium herbarum),串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme),半裸大孢变种(Fusarium semitectum var.majus)和微紫青霉(Penicillium janthinellum)的分离频率最高.同时还确定了各种菌在种子内部的定殖部位.     

罗汉松和珙桐内生真菌的分离及其多样性研究

为了深刻认识罗汉松和珙桐内生真菌的多样性,分离了183株罗汉松和珙桐内生真菌,结合形态学和分子分类方法对分离内生真菌进行种属鉴定;采用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法研究分离菌株的遗传多样性。结果表明96株罗汉松内生真菌鉴定为曲霉属Aspergillus、刺盘孢属Colletotrichum、拟茎点霉属Phomopsis、丝枝霉属Aphanocladium、脉孢菌属Neurospora和无孢菌群,Shannon多样性指数为1.73;87株珙桐内生真菌分属于曲霉属Aspergillus、刺盘孢属Colletotrichum、拟茎点霉属Phomopsis、青霉属Penicillium、炭角菌属Xylaria sp.和无孢菌群,Shannon多样性指数为1.53。采用RFLP方法,对全部内生真菌rRNA基因间隔区(ITS)的核苷酸多样性进行了分析,罗汉松和珙桐内生真菌分别聚为22个分枝,同属的菌株聚在一起,同属菌株的RFLP分类相似性在93%以上。罗汉松和珙桐内生真菌中都有无孢菌群,部分菌株与鉴定菌株同处一个分枝中,其他相距较远的无孢菌可能为新的种属。本研究结果提示,罗汉松和珙桐内生真菌的多样性丰富。     

向日葵种传真菌的初步检测

采用洗涤离心法和PDA培养基法对来自我国内蒙古自治区、黑龙江省、吉林省的12个向日葵主栽品种进行了种传真菌检测.结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)、镰刀菌属(Fusarium spp.)、青霉属(Penicillium spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、根霉属(Rhizopus spp.).种子内部寄藏真菌主要为链格孢属、镰刀菌属、青霉属和曲霉属,其中向日葵种子内部寄藏镰刀菌为国内首次报道.不同品种之间种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不明显;果皮带菌率一般高于种胚带菌率.     

河北省冬小麦种子表面粘附真菌的分离鉴定

从唐山、秦皇岛等5个地区收集45个冬小麦品种（系），通过洗涤检验法和吸水纸培养检验法，在供试的45个冬小麦品种种子表面分离到9个属真菌。分别为；链格孢属的细链格孢菌（Alterndrid tenuis Nees）和小麦链格孢菌（A.triticold Prasada）、丹尼链格孢菌（A.dennisii M.B.Ellis）；离蠕孢属的小麦根腐离蠕孢菌9Bipoldris Sorokinidnd Shoem.）；镰刀菌属的禾谷镰刀菌（Fusdrtum grdminedrdm）和尖孢镰刀菌（F.oxysporum）；弯孢霉属（Curvularia）；突脐孢属（Exserohilum）；德氏霉属的小麦穗氏霉菌（Drechslerd tritici-repentis Shoemaker）；茎点霉属的勒韦茎点霉菌（Phomd leveillet Boerema）；哈氏霉属的顶孢哈氏霉菌（Hdrzia acremonioides Harz.）；侧隔霉属（Pleurophraium）。其中Alternaria分离频率最高，达58.06%，其次是Bipolaris和Fusarium，分别为22.11%和7.44%，对分离得到的各种孢子进行萌发率测定结果表明，离蠕孢属（Bipolaris）孢子萌发率最高，有6种真菌对小麦具有致病性。     

西瓜砧木种传真菌的初步检测

采用洗涤离心法和PDA培养基法对14个西瓜砧木主栽品种进行了种传真菌检测.结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)、青霉属(Penicillium spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、根霉属(Rhizopus spp.)、链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)真菌.种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、青霉属和曲霉属真菌,其中西瓜砧木种子内部寄藏镰刀菌为国内首次报道.不同品种的种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不明显,种壳带菌率一般高于种胚带菌率.     

菜豆种子携带病原真菌的检测及其致病镰刀菌的室内药剂筛选

以京津冀地区4个菜豆主栽品种为材料,开展菜豆种子携带真菌病原的检测研究,并测定4种常用种衣剂对种子携带致病镰刀菌的药剂敏感性。通过吸水纸检测和PDA平板法对4个菜豆品种进行种子外部和内部带菌检测。结果表明,菜豆种子上携带的致病病原为镰刀菌属(Fusarium spp.)和链格孢属(Alternaria spp.)2种,还携带曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、青霉属(Penicillium spp.)、木霉属(Trichoderma spp.)和毛壳菌属(Chaetomium spp.)类腐生菌。种子内部寄藏真菌较少,疑似病原菌检出率显著降低。对种子上分离的镰刀菌进行致病力鉴定,32株分离到的镰刀菌中获得4株致病菌株。通过生长速率法测定4株致病镰刀菌对4种常用种衣剂的药剂敏感性,发现25g/L咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂对镰刀菌抑制作用较强,EC50为0.596~2.173mg/L。     

黄瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对10个品种的黄瓜种子进行带菌检测,并测定5种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉属(Pen icilliumspp.)、根霉属(Rhizopusspp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillusspp.)、枝孢属(C ladosporiumspp.)、交链孢属(Alternariaspp.)和镰孢霉属(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为根霉属、曲霉属、枝孢属和镰孢霉属;不同品种的种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,而种子内部寄藏的真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15%噁.霜.福悬浮种衣剂、适乐时和福美双对种子的消毒效果优于甲霜灵、多菌灵、噁霉灵等供试药剂。     

中国辣椒主产区重茬土壤病原真菌的分布

为了了解中国辣椒主产区重茬土壤病原真菌的种类及分布,从山西、河北、山东、广西、四川和海南6省11块辣椒重茬土壤中分离获得了393株真菌,经菌丝形态观察和分子生物学鉴定,将其归为19属38种,其中镰刀菌（33.3%）、被孢霉（27.5%）和疫霉（18.7%）为中国辣椒重茬土壤的优势病原真菌,但其分布存在一定的地域差异,山西、河北地区以镰刀菌、疫霉、被孢霉为主,而山东则以镰刀菌和疫霉为主,广西为镰刀菌和长蠕孢,四川和海南则为疫霉和轮枝菌。这些结果为有针对性地防治辣椒重茬病害有重要指导意义。     

药用植物滇黄精寄生真菌的分离与鉴定

为了解滇黄精寄生真菌及其优势居群,采集滇黄精种植区云南省丽江地区玉龙县和华坪县的样品,采用组织分离法、样品保湿法和三点接种法分别对滇黄精寄生真菌进行分离、培养和纯化。对纯化菌株进行传统形态学及分子生物学鉴定。玉龙县鲁甸乡采集到15株寄生真菌（1株青霉属Penicillium、12株尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum、1株木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti、1株链格孢菌Alternaria alternata）,华坪县采集到22株滇黄精寄生真菌（12株黑绿木霉Trichoderma atroviride、9株芬芳镰刀菌Fusarium redolens、1株木贼镰刀菌Fusarium equiseti）。2个试验地所采集的滇黄精镰刀属真菌菌株占比较大,为优势寄生真菌,研究结果将为滇黄精病害防治提供理论依据。     

筒鞘蛇菰内生真菌的分离及拮抗菌筛选

为了考察筒鞘蛇菰（Balanophora harlandii Hook. f.）内生真菌的类群组成,寻找高活性的抗菌物质,用组织块分离法和杯碟法筛选出能产生高抑菌活性的蛇菰内生真菌菌株。从神农架野生筒鞘蛇菰不同组织内共分离、纯化得到49株内生真菌,对其中生长良好的28株内生真菌归属于半知菌亚门丝孢纲的2目2科7个属,分别是丝核菌属（Rhizoctonia）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）、青霉属（Penicillium）、地霉属（Geotrichum）、小孢霉属（Microsporum）、从梗孢属（Monilia）和粉孢属(Oidium)。这28株内生真菌对于3种供试靶标细菌表现不同的抑菌活性,其中SG47菌株的抑菌作用较强。这些内生真菌能够产生丰富的抑菌活性物质,极具从中寻找新型杀菌剂或药物先导化合物的潜力。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.