我国海洋生态环境保护与渔业可持续发展问题初探

近年来我国沿海地区对渔业资源的过度开发导致渔业生态水域污染日益严重，渔业资源持续衰退，海洋生态环境问题日渐突出。要科学合理开发海洋，就必须合理配置渔业资源，积极引导传统海洋渔业向现代海洋渔业转变。必须寻求海洋渔业环境与经济发展之间的平衡关系。要将渔业地区的生态、环境、资源、经济和社会视为一个相互关联的大系统。同时，要树立海洋生态环境保护意识，加强渔业立法，促进海洋渔业可持续发展。     

我国海洋生态环境保护与渔业可持续发展问题初探

近年来我国沿海地区对渔业资源的过度开发导致渔业生态水域污染日益严重，渔业资源持续衰退，海洋生态环境问题日渐突出。要科学合理开发海洋，就必须合理配置渔业资源，积极引导传统海洋渔业向现代海洋渔业转变。必须寻求海洋渔业环境与经济发展之间的平衡关系。要将渔业地区的生态、环境、资源、经济和社会视为一个相互关联的大系统。同时，要树立海洋生态环境保护意识，加强渔业立法，促进海洋渔业可持续发展。     

渔业生态足迹指数模型研究进展

生态足迹是一种用来衡量人类对自然资源需求与消耗的有效工具,渔业生态足迹是用于分析评价渔业资源可持续利用性的方法。文章介绍了生态足迹和渔业生态足迹的概念和内涵,分析了渔业生态足迹模型产生的背景、理论基础及其在渔业资源研究领域的应用;概括了渔业生态足迹指数的计算方法,评述了渔业生态足迹指数计算应注意的事项以及在渔业资源可持续利用分析中渔业生态足迹指数计算结果的具体应用。同时简要分析了我国渔业生态足迹的研究状况及近期研究的重点内容,并就渔业生态足迹今后的研究方向进行了简要展望。     

基于Stella的江苏近海海域生态足迹模拟分析

为了量化人类活动对海洋渔业资源可持续利用干扰的程度,本研究基于渔业生态足迹的算法,对江苏近海1978―2014年的生态足迹进行计算,研究江苏省的渔业生态现状。在此基础上,依据系统动力学(System Dynamics,SD)原理,嵌入营养动态模式,构建了江苏近海海域渔业生态足迹SD模型。利用2006―2014年的历史渔业数据验证该模型是可行的,并运用模型预测了不同捕捞强度下江苏近海渔业生态系统的发展模式。结果表明:1978―2014年江苏近海渔业生态足迹由2.41×10~6 hm~2增长到6.61×10~6 hm~2,平均值为5.38×10~6 hm~2,已经高于生态承载力3.45×10~6 hm~2,约为承载力的1.5倍,表明江苏近海海域渔业生态资源已处于不可持续的发展状态中;根据模型仿真分析,如果进一步加强捕捞强度,渔业生态足迹会急剧下降,最终趋于0值,且随着加强程度的增大,生态足迹下降越快,趋于0值的时间也越短;根据海洋渔获量阈值的计算结果,需要在目前捕捞强度基础上降低约50%,渔业生态足迹才能回升,生态赤字也能平稳降低,从而防止渔业生态系统崩溃。该研究结果可为江苏省可持续发展决策提供有益参考,也可用于江苏近海海域生态效应的预警。     

基于生态足迹的江苏省渔业资源可持续利用评价

渔业资源可持续利用是实现渔业可持续发展的基础,如何评价其可持续利用是重要的科学问题。本文基于生态足迹理论构建了渔业可持续指数的评价框架,并利用该评价指数对江苏省1949～2007年的渔业资源利用状况进行了定量评价。结果显示:1949～1978年的近30年间,江苏省渔业资源基本处于可持续利用状态,但改革开放以后,尤其是1980、1990年代总体处在较强的不可持续利用状态,过度捕捞是导致渔业资源不可持续利用的重要原因;2000年以后不可持续性程度有所减缓,说明伏季休渔、增殖放流等生态保护措施已初见成效。最后就如何提高渔业资源可持续性水平,降低经济社会发展对渔业资源的负面影响提出了一些建议。     

基于生态足迹的江苏省渔业资源可持续利用评价

渔业资源可持续利用是实现渔业可持续发展的基础,如何评价其可持续利用是重要的科学问题.本文基于生态足迹理论构建了渔业可持续指数的评价框架,并利用该评价指数对江苏省1949～2007年的渔业资源利用状况进行了定量评价.结果显示:1949～1978年的近30年间,江苏省渔业资源基本处于可持续利用状态,但改革开放以后,尤其是1980、1990年代总体处在较强的不可持续利用状态,过度捕捞是导致渔业资源不可持续利用的重要原因;2000年以后不可持续性程度有所减缓,说明伏季休渔、增殖放流等生态保护措施已初见成效.最后就如何提高渔业资源可持续性水平,降低经济社会发展对渔业资源的负面影响提出了一些建议.     

基于生态足迹理论浅析三亚生态城市发展

基于生态足迹理论,对三亚生物资源及能源资源消耗进行汇总计算,并对得出的三亚生态足迹与生态承载力数值分析对比,结果表明三亚处于生态负载。鉴于三亚生态不可持续,三亚在推进城市建设时,要树立生态发展理念,加强三亚城市布局优化,进一步转化资源利用方式,提升生态效益,以实现三亚绿色发展。     

海洋渔业资源开发与可持续利用

渔业资源是渔业发展的基础,如何合理利用和保护渔业资源则是渔业管理的目标和任务所在,也是渔业生产可持续发展的重要保证。本文着重分析广西海洋渔业发展的基础条件和海洋渔业资源的开发利用现状,提出海洋渔业资源开发利用的方向与对策。     

我国生态渔业发展基础及前景展望

当今,渔业资源正面临着巨大危机,人们为了追求经济效益最大化,而忽视生态环境保护,导致资源破坏、环境污染、生态危机等现象日益严重,并且形成了恶性循环:日渐衰退的资源问题—环境污染的生态问题—生产成本增加收益减少的经济问题—生活质量下降的社会问题—无限制开发渔业资源导致资源严重恶化。要想解决这些问题,必须从根本入手,首先要保证现有渔业资源免受进一步破坏。因此,在开发和利用渔业资源时,既要考虑经济上的合理性,又要考虑渔业生态环境的承载能力,需要适时地建构一个高效有序的渔业循环经济体系,用全新的思想理念来指导渔业的…     

海参海蜇池塘生态混养技术探索

<正>近些年随着渔业经济的发展和海洋捕捞能力的增强,海洋渔业资源日渐衰竭。此外,海水污染的加剧,破坏了海洋生态环境,渔业资源尤其是经济     

Landing profiles of Portuguese fisheries: assessing the state of stocks

Long‐term trends in Portuguese fisheries landing profiles of biodiversity, assemblage composition, trophic groups and marine trophic index (1950–2009) were studied to understand the evolution of the fisheries from an ecological viewpoint and evaluate the effects of fisheries on stocks. The number of species landed has increased considerably since the 1980s. This indicates an expansion of the fisheries and also a better use of the marine biodiversity for redistributing effort. Changes in the ecological composition of fisheries catches have occurred since the 1950s, with a significant shift in the middle 1980s (anchor point). Deep‐sea resources and higher trophic levels (cephalopods, large benthopelagics, flatfishes, demersal invertebrates, small‐medium and large rays, medium bathydemersal, shrimps, small benthopelagics large sharks) have increased while traditional commercial species captured by nearshore fisheries (medium and small pelagics) have decreased. Despite the decreasing trend in catches since 1988, the marine trophic index (MTI = 3.04) increased by approximately 0.2 units per decade (MTI in 2009 = 3.46). The number of collapsed, overexploited and fully exploited stocks has increased considerably over the last 20 years (>50%). Overall, the data indicate that redistributing fishing effort and targeting of deep‐sea resources may have been driven by depletion of inshore fishery stocks, which signals concern for the fishery. Marine biodiversity indexes and ecological structure of landings profiles should be considered by fishery managers when redefining new marine fisheries policy.     

我国海洋渔业生态环境现状及保护对策

优良的渔业生态环境是海洋渔业持续发展的的物质载体与必然条件。我国海洋渔业环境总体状况良好,但局部水域污染、海洋生态环境遭到破坏和渔业资源衰竭严重影响渔业经济的发展。因此,防止渔业生态环境污染,改善渔业生物资源的养护载体,加强海洋与渔业生态建设,展开渔业资源增殖放流活动,对保护海洋渔业生态环境是非常必要。     

论中国生态渔业的发展

从理论与实践的结合上论述生态渔业的概念及其在我国的发展,发展生态渔业的必要性与可行性,生态渔业的类型与模式,提高渔业生态经济效益的措施,并提出了面临的问题与建议,以促进我国生态渔业的发展,实现渔业可持续发展战略目标。     

Global reduction fisheries and their products in the context of sustainable limits

Globally, one‐sixth of landings from marine capture fisheries are destined for the production of fishmeal and fish oil (FMFO), which are currently overwhelming utilized by fed aquaculture. Many different species are used globally for the production of FMFO, but little concern has been given to the divergent environmental and ecological impacts of FMFO products based on species, ecosystem and fishing gear used in their capture. We evaluated the variable environmental performance of FMFO products from a wide range of fisheries whose products are either primarily intended for reduction or whose by‐products are redirected to reduction. Assessed fisheries accounted for 44% of global reduction fishery landings in 2014. Analysis was conducted on the basis of two measures: the carbon footprint (i.e., greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions) and the marine footprint (i.e., primary production required [PPR]). We found large differences between the impacts of FMFO products across the 18 reduction fisheries examined. Cumulatively, we estimate that reduction fisheries emitted 4.6 million tonnes of CO₂‐e GHGs in 2014, and appropriated over 4% of primary production in some ecosystems, demonstrating a non‐trivial impact. As demand for aquafeeds grow, the sustainable sourcing of raw material inputs will be of great importance. Results here suggest that the source of FMFO inputs can have dramatic effects on the environmental performance of fish feeds and fed aquaculture. We recommend further research on the environmental and ecological impacts of food production systems, and specifically to understand these results in relation to global production and sustainable boundaries.     

Contemporary and emerging fisheries in The Bahamas—Conservation and management challenges,achievements and future directions

The harvest of marine resources has long‐standing cultural and economic importance to The Bahamas and other small island developing states. Tourists and residents place a demand on local marine resources, particularly Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille), queen conch, Lobatus gigas (Linnaeus) and Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch), and many fishery products are also sold on the global market. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing coupled with inadequate regulations and enforcement are the main factors contributing to the decline of Bahamian fisheries along with other anthropogenic impacts. This article reviews the status of fisheries management in The Bahamas using economically and ecologically important species as case studies to highlight conservation successes, knowledge gaps and deficiencies in existing management approaches. The review concludes with an examination of how emerging fisheries and improved conservation management strategies have the potential to improve economic and food security throughout the archipelago.     

闽东渔场鱼类资源生态容量和最大可持续开发量

以海洋生态系统营养动力学为理论依据,根据历次调查所获得的闽东渔场初级生产力资料,通过对该渔场浮游植物有机碳含量和生态效率的测算、52种主要鱼类营养级及其有机碳含量的检测,采用营养动态模型和Cushing模型估算鱼类资源生态容量(自然生产量),采用Cadima模式和MSY简单模式估算鱼类资源最大可持续开发量。估算结果:闽东渔场鱼类资源生态容量平均为6.308×10~5t,最大可持续开发量为3.268×10~5t。1994年以来闽东渔场实际年渔获量3.435～4.685×10~5t,平均4.267×10~5t,已连续9年超过鱼类资源最大可持续开发量,呈现过度捕捞态势。必须实行渔获量负增长制度才能使鱼类资源得到有效恢复。     

Fisheries catches and the carrying capacity of marine ecosystems in southern Brazil

The carrying capacity of marine shelf ecosystems in southern Brazil for harvestable species is analyzed by (1) quantifying the amount of available primary production appropriated by fisheries catches, (2) evaluating the trend in the mean trophic level of fisheries, and (3) simulating the ecosystem effects of “fishing down the food web” in an intensively exploited shelf region. Fisheries utilize ca. 27 and 53% of total primary production in the southern and south-eastern shelf regions, respectively. Regional variation in the carrying capacity appropriated by fisheries results from differences in the primary production, catch volume and trophic transfer efficiencies. Overall, fisheries landings do not display a trend of decreasing trophic level with time due to the collapse of the sardine fishery and the recent increasing of offshore fishing for higher trophic level species, mainly tunas and sharks. However, the simulations show that fishing down the food web through fisheries that target small pelagic planktivorous fishes, while at first increasing catches in intensively exploited regions, has the potential of decreasing yields, by interrupting major energy pathways to exploited, high-trophic level species. The consequences of these results to the design of precautionary measures for future fishing policies are discussed.