Influence of concentrate composition and forage type on retail packaged beef quality

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of type of conserved forage and concentrate composition on the quality of beef held in overwrapped (aerobic) or modified atmosphere packaging under simulated retail display for 17 d. Friesian steers (n = 45) were assigned randomly to one of five dietary treatments: 1) extensively fermented grass silage plus silage concentrate (EFS); 2) restricted fermented grass silage plus silage concentrate (RFS); 3) starch-based concentrate plus wheat straw (SC); 4) nonstarch-based concentrate plus wheat straw (NSC); or 5) zero-grazed perennial ryegrass plus grass concentrate (RYE). Meat quality was determined by measuring color, lipid oxidation (TBARS), alpha-tocopherol concentrations, and fatty acid composition. In aerobically packaged beef, there was a display x diet interactive effect (P < 0.001) on Hunter a* values, with steaks from the EFS group having higher (P < 0.05) a* values than all other dietary groups from d 6 through d 17. Moreover, during the last 12 d of display, beef from the EFS group had the lowest (P < 0.01) proportion of metmyoglobin (display day x diet; P < 0.001). Under aerobic packaging, the SC and NSC groups produced steaks with higher (P < 0.05) TBARS values than RFS, EFS, and RYE groups, which did not differ from each other (display day x diet; P < 0.01). The SC and NSC groups had higher (P < 0.05) oxidation levels than RFS, EFS, and RYE groups, which did not differ from each other. Beef from the EFS group had (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of alpha-tocopherol than from the SC, NSC, and RYE groups. Beef from EFS-fed steers had a higher (P < 0.05) proportion of saturated fatty acids than the SC and NSC groups. It was concluded that the method of grass conservation influenced beef color, whereas concentrate composition did not. Color of aerobically packaged beef was improved by feeding animals silage that had undergone extensive fermentation. Conversely, oxidative stability was decreased by feeding animals starch- and nonstarch-based concentrate diets.     

Effects of high-sugar ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 2. Lipids

The experiment investigated the digestion of lipids from different forage silages in beef steers. Six Hereford x Friesian steers prepared with rumen and duodenal cannulas were given ad libitum access to a high-sugar grass silage, control grass silage, red clover silage, or mixtures of the red clover and each of the grass silages (50:50, DM basis). The experiment was conducted as an incomplete 5 x 5 Latin square, with an additional randomly repeated sequence. Total fatty acid and C18:3n-3 concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for the high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage or the red clover silage. Dry matter and total fatty acid intake were less (P < 0.05) for steers fed the control grass silage than for steers fed the other diets. Duodenal flow of C18:3n-3 was greater (P < 0.05), and flows of C18:0 and total C18:1 trans were less (P < 0.05), for the red clover silage compared with the 2 grass silage diets, with the mixtures intermediate. These results were supported by a reduction (P < 0.05) in biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 for the red clover silage, with the mixtures again being intermediate. Flows of total branched- and odd-chain fatty acids were greater (P < 0.05) for the high-sugar grass silage diet, possibly as a result of greater microbial flow, because these fatty acids are associated with bacterial lipid. Duodenal flows of the chlorophyll metabolite, phytanic acid, were greater (P < 0.05) for animals fed the high-sugar grass silage treatments compared with the other treatments. These results confirm the potential for modifying the fatty acid composition of ruminant products by feeding red clover silage.     

Effects of high-sugar ryegrass silage and mixtures with red clover silage on ruminant digestion. 1. In vitro and in vivo studies of nitrogen utilization

Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding grass silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content, with or without red clover silage, on the efficiency of nutrient use. High-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover were ensiled in laboratory silos for use in an in vitro experiment (Exp. 1). For an in vivo experiment (Exp. 2), the same forage types were baled and ensiled. All silages were well preserved; within experiments the grass silages had similar composition, except for greater (P < 0.05) water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the high-sugar than the control grass silage. In Exp. 1, high-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover silages were fed alone or as mixtures (30:70, 50:50, or 70:30 on a DM basis, respectively) of each grass with the red clover silage to a simulated rumen culture system. There were no significant differences in microbial N flow or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis between individual forages. However, the corresponding values for the 70:30 ratio of high-sugar grass:red clover silage were greater (P < 0.05) than for the red clover silage. The value for the efficiency of N use (g of microbial N/g of feed N) was greater (0.86; P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage. In addition, the high-sugar grass:red clover silage mixtures all gave greater (P < 0.05) values for the efficiency of N use than red clover silage alone; this difference was not achieved with the control grass mixture. Experiment 2 was an incomplete Latin square design conducted with 6 Here-ford x Friesian steers (163 +/- 5.9 kg of BW) with rumen and duodenal cannulas fed the following 5 silage diets: high-sugar grass silage; control grass silage; high-sugar grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); control grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); and red clover silage. Rumen NH3-N concentration was lowest (P < 0.05) with the high-sugar grass silage. Microbial N flows to the duodenum and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed the high-sugar grass silage than for control grass and red clover silages, and mixing red clover with grass silages increased (P < 0.05) these values compared with red clover silage alone. In both experiments, the efficiency of incorporation of silage N into microbial N was more than 20% greater (P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass than for control grass silage. These data suggest that grass silage with high-sugar content provides a forage-based strategy for balancing N and energy supply and improving the efficiency of use of grass silage N in the rumen.     

天然草原青干草对农区洼地绵羊肉品质的影响

本研究旨在研究天然草原青干草对农区洼地绵羊肉品质的影响。选取4月龄洼地绵羊公羊27只,组间平均体重(20.0±0.5) kg,按随机区组原则分为3组(每组3个重复,每个重复3只):试验Ⅰ组饲喂天然草原青干草,试验Ⅱ组饲喂青贮玉米秸和花生秧,试验Ⅲ组饲喂青贮玉米秸和苜蓿,试验期105 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期90 d。结果表明,肉色、大理石花纹、pH、熟肉率等指标3个试验组间差异均不显著(P>0.05),失水率试验Ⅰ组显著低于试验Ⅱ组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05);剪切力试验Ⅰ组显著低于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、水分3个试验组间差异均不显著(P>0.05),粗灰分试验Ⅰ组显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ组与试验Ⅲ组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。氨基酸总含量3个试验组间差异不显著(P>0.05),鲜味氨基酸试验Ⅰ组显著高于试验Ⅱ组。综合研究表明,与农区秸秆饲料相比,天然草原青干草可以在一定程度上提高农区洼地绵羊羊肉的食用价值和营养物质含量,同时改善了羊肉风味,可在农区推广使用天然草原青干草。     

Vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acids in bovine muscle and the oxidative stability of beef from cattle receiving grass or concentrate-based rations

The present study was designed to assess the balance between antioxidant and prooxidant components and the oxidative stability of beef from cattle fed exclusively grazed pasture (PAS) or a barley-based concentrate offered indoors (CONC) for 11 mo, or fed grass silage indoors for a 5-mo winter period, followed for the remaining 6-mo summer period by grazed pasture (SiP) or by grazed pasture plus concentrate at 50% of the dietary DM (SiPC). Muscle prooxidant and antioxidant components were determined by measuring fatty acids and α-tocopherol concentration of LM, respectively. Lipid oxidation and color stability were monitored in ground LM, packaged in a high-oxygen modified atmosphere, over 11 d of refrigerated storage. Vitamin E concentration decreased (P < 0.0005) with an increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (2.59, 2.45, 1.76, and 1.15 μg/g for PAS, SiP, SiPC, and CONC, respectively). A greater proportion of PUFA was found in LM from cattle in the PAS, SiP, and SiPC groups compared with animals in the CONC group (9.62, 11.04, 8.96, and 6.94%, respectively; P < 0.0005). A greater concentration of highly peroxidizable PUFA was found in LM from heifers in the PAS, SiP, and SiPC groups compared with those in the CONC group (0.84, 0.85, 0.87, and 0.65 mg/g of muscle, respectively; P = 0.02). Dietary treatment affected lipid oxidation (P < 0.0005), with greater 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values in beef from heifers in the SiPC group than in beef from those in the PAS, SiP, and CONC groups. Dietary treatment affected myoglobin oxidation (P = 0.002) during storage, with greater metmyoglobin accumulation in beef from animals receiving concentrate (CONC and SiPC treatments) than in beef from cattle in the PAS and SiP groups. Consequently, feeding concentrate impaired meat color stability over the storage duration, with greater H* (hue angle) values (P < 0.0005) in meat from heifers in the SiPC and CONC groups compared with meat from those in the PAS and SiP groups. The results of the present study confirm a positive effect of grass-based feeding systems on meat color stability compared with concentrate-based dietary strategies. It appears that vitamin E in muscle alone does not explain the resistance of meat to oxidative deterioration because a clear interaction with highly peroxidizable PUFA exists.     

三种不同方法处理的玉米青贮饲喂肉牛效果对比

摘要：本试验旨在研究不同方法处理的玉米青贮饲喂肉牛效果对比,选择体重340kg左右的西门塔尔杂交牛30头,随机分为3组,保证精饲料不变,粗饲料分别饲喂3种不同方法处理的玉米青贮,其中试验Ⅰ组为全株玉米青贮、试验Ⅱ组添加剂全株玉米青贮、试验Ⅲ组玉米秸秆黄贮,试验期70d。结果表明：1）试验Ⅱ组的平均日增重极显著高于试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅲ组（P＜0.01）,分别比Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组高出17.57%、65.71%;Ⅲ组干物质采食量显著高于Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（P＜0.05）;Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组料重比极显著低于Ⅲ组（P＜0.01）。试验Ⅱ组养殖效益最高为14.14元?天-1?头-1,比试验Ⅰ组高5.05元,比试验Ⅲ组高15.74元。综上,添加剂全株玉米青贮饲喂肉牛效果和养殖效益最佳,全株玉米青贮、玉米秸秆黄贮次之。     

Selenium supplementation and selenium status of dairy cows fed diets based on grass, grass silage or maize silage

In three separate trial series (TS) the effect of diet composition on selenium (Se) status of dairy cows were investigated. Diets were formulated based mainly on grass (TS1), grass silage (TS2) or maize silage (TS3) with different levels of Se supplementation. Each TS comprised a total of 30 dairy cows and contained one treatment group without Se supplementation (control) and two groups with increasing levels of Se supplementation (levels 1 and 2). Selenium was administered as Na-selenite. The control groups of the different TS showed a very low Se supply of 38–54 μg Se/kg DM. At level 1 the Se supply was increased to 102–165 μg Se/kg DM and at level 2 was 294–373 μg Se/kg DM. After completion of the 6-week trials the average plasma Se concentration of the control cows (without Se supplementation) across all TS was 21.5 μg/l; this increased significantly following Se supplementation, to 37.7 μg/l at level 1 and 61.5 μg/l at level 2. The plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the control cows averaged 67 U/l, rising considerably after supplementation at level 1 to a value of 101 U/l, but showed little further increase at level 2 with a mean value of 120 U/l. By contrast, the average Se content of the milk was unchanged in the control and level 1 groups at 10.5 μg/kg and 10.9 μg/kg, respectively, and only increased markedly after supplementation at level 2 to a mean value of 15.1 μg/kg. The diet based on maize silage, while having a similar Se content as the grass and grass silage-based diets, resulted in a slightly improved Se status, which is due to a higher Se intake from soybean meal.     

Effects of Moringa oleifera silage on milk yield,nutrient digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of lactating dairy cows

This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) as a partial substitute of alfalfa hay on milk yield, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indexes of dairy cows. MO was harvested at 120 days post‐seeding. Fresh MO was cut, mixed with chopped oat hay (425:575 on a DM basis), ensiled and stored for 60 days. Sixty healthy Holstein dairy cows were allocated to one of three groups: NM (no MO or control), LM (low MO; 25% alfalfa hay and 50% maize silage were replaced by MO silage) or HM (high MO; 50% alfalfa hay and 100% maize silage were replaced by MO silage). The feeding trial lasted 35 days. The LM and HM diets did not affect dry matter (DM) intake, milk yield or milk composition (lactose, milk fat, milk protein and somatic cell count). The apparent digestibility of DM and NDF was lower for HM group than NM group. Additionally, there were no significant differences in serum biochemical indexes between the LM and NM groups. The HM group had lower serum concentrations of total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and higher serum concentrations of urea than the NM group. The partial replacement of alfalfa hay (≤50%) and maize silage with MO silage had no negative effects on milk yield, in vivo nutrient apparent digestibility or serum biochemical indexes of lactating cows.     

杂交狼尾草青贮饲喂肉猪效果研究

本试验旨在研究利用酶制剂青贮杂交狼尾草,对牧草品质和肉猪饲喂效果的影响。选用150头100日龄体重50kg杜长大三元肉猪。实验分5个处理,每个处理3次重复,每个重复10头。对照组(CK)饲喂基础日粮;处理Ⅰ饲喂基础日粮,同时饲喂添加麦麸的杂交狼尾草青贮料;处理Ⅱ饲喂基础日粮,同时饲喂添加麦麸和纤维素酶青贮的杂交狼尾草青贮料;处理Ⅲ饲喂基础日粮,同时饲喂添加麦麸和纤维素菌液青贮的杂交狼尾草青贮料;处理Ⅳ饲喂基础日粮,同时饲喂添加麦麸和乳酸菌青贮的杂交狼尾草青贮料。结果表明,处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ与CK相比平均日增重差异不显著(P0.05),但平均日增重绝对值分别比CK提高了2.3%,8.6%,4.4%和2.2%,精料肉比分别降低了9.7%,14.9%,11.4%和9.5%,经济效益分别提高了11.34%,36.03%,21.60%和14.03%。4组饲喂杂交狼尾草青贮料的肉猪与CK相比会适当降低肉猪屠宰率,显著提高肉猪的背膘厚,肉猪的板油重、胃重呈增加的趋势,大肠重量差异不显著,小肠重量和长度则变短变轻,且增加肉质颜色等品质。说明利用纤维素降解菌可以提高牧草青贮品质,提高肉猪饲喂效果和经济效益。     

Effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and organic selenium on the oxidative stability of beef.

The effects of supplementation of beef cattle diets with organic Se (0.3 mg/kg) and vitamin E (300 I.U. alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed), for 55 d preceding slaughter, on the antioxidant status and oxidative stability of muscle was examined. Dietary vitamin E supplementation led to an increase (P < 0.05) in plasma, and longissimus muscle alpha-tocopherol levels. In minced longissimus muscle stored in 80% 02:20% CO2, lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation were lower (P < 0.05) in muscle from vitamin E-supplemented animals compared with unsupplemented animals. Dietary Se supplementation did not significantly affect muscle Se levels, glutathione peroxidase activity, or susceptibility to lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation in the presence or absence of vitamin E. Covariance analysis indicated that, in addition to muscle alpha-tocopherol, differences in muscle glutathione peroxidase activity, and pH could account for variation in the susceptibility of muscle to lipid and oxymyoglobin oxidation.     

Blood serum tocopherol levels in calves born from cows winter fed hay or grass silage.

Blood serum tocopherol was determined in 44 calves born in the spring from cows that had been fed either timothy grass silage or timothy hay produced in Norther Ontario. On all sampling dates (at birth and at eight, 21, 35 and 60 days of age), calves from the silage group had higher average tocopherol levels than those from the hay group. Studies on serum tocopherol distribution in cows and their calves obtained 60 days after birth from the silage group showed that alpha-tocopherol averaged 85% and beta + gamma-tocopherols 12%. Only trace quantities of delta-tocopherol were detected in the serum of cows but none in those of calves.     

Effect of dietary oils and alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on lipid (TBARS) and cholesterol oxidation in cooked pork

The effect of n-3 fatty acid-enriched diets (in the form of 0.5% linseed oil with either 1.5% sunflower oil or 1.5% olive oil) and alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation (200 mg/kg feed) on lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS) and cholesterol oxide products (COPS) in cooked pork was investigated. Longissimus muscle was studied. Meat from pigs fed 0.5% linseed oil-enriched diets had a higher proportion of n-3 fatty acid than meat from pigs in other dietary groups in neutral (P < 0.0001) and polar lipids (P < 0.0001), and a 20% reduction in the n-6:n-3 ratio was observed. Alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation increased (P < 0.05) monounsaturated fatty acids in polar lipids and increased (P = 0.0001) alpha-tocopherol levels in muscle. Alpha-tocopherol concentration in muscle was affected by dietary fat (P < 0.05). Groups receiving diets enriched with sunflower oil had significantly higher alpha-tocopherol levels (P < 0.05) in muscle than those groups receiving olive oil-enriched diets. Numbers of TBARS were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the group fed supplemental olive oil than in those fed sunflower oil. Dietary linseed oil increased (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation principally at the initial period of storage in cooked pork. Overall, dietary alpha-tocopheryl acetate supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.001) lipid stability and decreased (P < 0.05) total COP production across the dietary groups. Alpha-tocopherol was a more effective antioxidant for decreasing TBARS values in cooked meat when adding sunflower oil to the diets instead of olive oil.     

Studies on the use of lucerne silage source for high-milk-producing dairy cows

Studies on the use of lucerne silage as a forage source for high-yielding dairy cows. It was the main objective of this study to investigate effects of lucerne silage inclusion in maize silage-based rations on dry matter intake, milk yield and metabolic parameters of high yielding dairy cows. Three total mixed rations (TMR) were used. They contained as the main forage source on a dry matter basis 41.5% maize silage and 12% grass silage (ration maize) or 18% maize silage and 29% of either grass silage (ration grass) or lucerne silage (ration lucerne). Organic matter digestibility, determined with wether sheep, was 77 and 65% for the grass and the lucerne silage, respectively. Each TMR was fed to 4 wether sheep to determine crude nutrient digestibilities. The content of net energy for lactation (NEL), as calculated from digestible crude nutrients, was (MJ/kg dry matter (DM)): 7.1 (maize), 7.2 (grass) and 6.8 (lucerne). Based on the results of a chemical fractionation of crude protein it was calculated that the content of utilisable crude protein (nXP) was not below 167 g/kg DM and that the N balance in the rumen was not negative for all 3 TMR. The TMR were fed for 169 days to at least 28 dairy cows per treatment which were in their first half of lactation. Feed intake, milk performance data and physiological indicators were measured for each individual cow. The DM intake was significantly higher in treatment lucerne (23.2 kg/d) than in treatments grass (21.2 kg/d) and maize (22.6 kg/d). Daily intakes of NEL and nXP were significantly lower in treatment grass than in the other two treatments. Milk yield was significantly higher in treatment maize (41.7 kg/d) than in treatments grass (37.3 kg/d) and lucerne (38.5 kg/d). This was associated with a significantly lower milk fat content in treatment maize (3.5%) in comparison with the other two treatments (3.9% each). Milk protein content was unaffected by treatment (3.4% on average). Similarly, the acetone content of milk was not significantly different between treatments. The beta-hydroxybutyrate content of the deproteinized blood was significantly higher in treatment lucerne at start of lactation, but this difference disappeared in subsequent parts of the experimental period. Measurements of back fat thickness indicated mobilisation and retention of energy by cows during the experimental period to be similar in all treatments. It is concluded that lucerne silage is a suitable forage source for high yielding dairy cows in spite of its low digestibility.     

全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯饲喂肉牛效果对比

[目的]试验旨在研究全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯饲喂肉牛效果对比,[方法]选择体重450 kg左右的西门塔尔杂交牛30头,随机分为2组,保证精饲料不变,分别饲喂全株玉米青贮与湿玉米芯,试验期70 d。[结果]结果表明,(1)全株玉米青贮组的日增重显著高于玉米芯组(P<0.01),比玉米芯组高出20.92%,全株玉米青贮组的料重比较玉米芯组低21.16%;(2)每头牛全株玉米青贮组的养殖效益为15.38元/d,比玉米芯组高出52.37%。[结论]综上所述,全株玉米青贮组的饲喂效果优于湿玉米芯组。     

Intake, performance and carcass characteristics of beef cattle offered diets based on whole-crop wheat or forage maize relative to grass silage or ad libitum concentrates

Seventy beef steers, mean initial live-weight 424 (S.D. 33.0) kg, were blocked by live-weight and breed and allocated to one of 5 dietary treatments in a randomised complete block design. Treatments, including supplementation with 3 kg concentrates/head/day, were grass silage (GS), maize silage (MS), fermented whole-crop wheat (FWCW), urea-treated, processed whole-crop wheat (UPWCW), and ad libitum concentrates supplemented with 5 kg grass silage/head/day (ALC). The grain in urea-treated, processed whole-crop wheat (WCW) was cracked and the crop ensiled with a urea plus urease-based additive. The mean dry matter (DM) of the grass silage, maize silage, fermented WCW and urea-treated, processed WCW was 174, 315, 404 and 716 g/kg, respectively. Total DM intake and carcass growth were lowest for GS (P < 0.001). Relative to ALC, feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (P < 0.05), live-weight gain (P < 0.05), carcass-weight gain (P < 0.01) and kill-out rate (P < 0.05) were lower for GS, FWCW and UPWCW. The MS had a better FCE than the UPWCW (P < 0.001) or the FWCW (P < 0.05). Plasma urea concentration was lowest for MS and highest for UPWCW (P < 0.001). Animals offered the GS treatment had the most yellow fat (higher (P < 0.05) ‘b’ value) and those offered UPWCW had the whitest fat (lower (P < 0.01) ‘b’ value). It is concluded that MS, FWCW and UPWCW supported superior levels of growth by cattle compared to GS (in vitro DM digestibility 674 g/kg). There was no animal productivity advantage with UPWCW compared to FWCW.     

Fatty acid composition, including conjugated linoleic acid, of intramuscular fat from steers offered grazed grass, grass silage, or concentrate-based diets

The effects of grazed grass, grass silage, or concentrates on fatty acid composition and conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11-18:2; CLA) concentrations of i.m. fat of steers fed to achieve similar carcass growth rates were investigated. Fifty steers were divided into 10 blocks based on body weight and assigned at random from within blocks to one of five dietary treatments. The experimental rations offered daily for 85 d preceding slaughter were 1) grass silage for ad libitum intake plus 4 kg of concentrate, 2) 8 kg of concentrate plus 1 kg of hay, 3) 6 kg of grazed grass DM plus 5 kg of concentrate, 4) 12 kg of grazed grass DM plus 2.5 kg concentrate, or 5) 22 kg of grazed grass DM. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in i.m. fat was higher (P < .05) for steers offered ration 5 than for those given any other ration. Decreasing the proportion of concentrate in the diet, which effectively increased grass intake, caused a linear decrease in the concentration of i.m. saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P < .01) and in the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (P < .001) and a linear increase in the PUFA:SFA ratio (P < .01) and the conjugated linoleic acid concentration (P < .001). The data indicate that i.m. fatty acid composition of beef can be improved from a human health perspective by inclusion of grass in the diet.     

饲用青贮玉米引种试验研究

本试验设5个处理,每个品种设4个重复,随机分成20个试验组,对东陵白、中北410、产草王(青贮品种)、农大108、辽原1号(青贮品种)共5个玉米品种进行栽培对比试验,结果显示:饲用玉米品种"产草王"全株的亩产量最高,干物质含量最高,粗蛋白质含量及利用率也最高,且干物质和能量成本较低,是适合平昌县种植的优良饲用青贮玉米品种。     

The separate effects of the nature of diet and grazing mobility on metabolic potential of muscles from Charolais steers

The objectives of the two experiments presented were to determine the separate effects of diet and mobility associated with grazing on the metabolic potential of muscles of Charolais steers reared at similar growth rates and slaughtered at the same age (31 months on average).Glycolytic [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK)] and oxidative [β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), cytochrome c oxidase (COX)] enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically in semitendinosus (ST), a glycolytic muscle, and rectus abdominis (RA), an oxidative muscle.In Experiment 1, 24 weaned steers were assigned to two groups: grazing grass (GG) and maize silage (MS). In Experiment 2, 30 weaned steers were assigned to five groups: grazing grass (GG), cut grass without walking (CG), cut grass with walking (CGW), maize silage without walking (MS) and maize silage with walking (MSW). Both experiments lasted for 2 years. All grass fed animals were fed grass silage during the two winter seasons. During the two summer seasons, GG steers were grazing and did not receive any supplementation while CG and CGW steers were fed indoor freshly cut grass alone. MS and MSW steers were fed maize silage indoor during the entire experiment. For the second summer before slaughter, half of the indoor fed steers on each type of diet (CGW and MSW groups) was submitted 7 days a week to a 5.2 km walk daily.At slaughter, carcass weight and composition did not differ between groups. Oxidative HAD, CS and ICDH enzyme activities were higher for GG, as compared with MS group, in RA muscle in both experiments (P < 0.05 to 0.01) and in ST muscle (P < 0.05) in Experiment 2. Muscles from the GG group were thus more oxidative than those of the MS group. It was further tested whether these effects could be specifically attributed to the nature of the diet or to differences in mobility. A cut grass diet (vs. maize silage) increased HAD and ICDH activities (P < 0.05) and mobility induced by walking increased HAD and CS (P < 0.01) activities. In conclusion, the more oxidative metabolic orientation of muscles of grazing steers originates from a combination of two effects: an increase mobility at pasture and a grass (vs. maize silage)-based diet.     

Rumen degradability characteristics of normal maize stover and silage, and quality protein maize silage-based diets offered to cows

Rumen degradability characteristics of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) of normal maize (NM) stover (T1)-, NM silage (T2)- and quality protein maize (QPM) silage (T3)-based diets were studied using three rumen-fistulated Boran × Friesian non-lactating cows (371?±?32.00?kg) in 3?×?3 Latin Square Design. Cows were supplemented with a similar concentrate mix. In sacco degradability of DM and OM indicated that the (a) values of DM (128) and OM (114) for NM stover were lower (P?相似文献   

苎麻青贮及不同粗蛋白质水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究苎麻青贮饲料品质及以苎麻青贮饲料为唯一粗饲料使用时,不同粗蛋白质（CP）水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛生长性能和血清生化指标的影响。试验将苎麻与玉米秸秆按照质量比为1：1的比例混合均匀后打捆制成苎麻青贮饲料。选择年龄相近,体重为（324.83±30.27） kg的健康西门塔尔肉牛18头,随机分为3组,每组6头,1头牛为1个重复,分别饲喂CP含量为18.0%（高CP水平,试验Ⅰ组）、16.0%（中CP水平,试验Ⅱ组）和14.0%（低CP水平,试验Ⅲ组）的精料补充料。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明,苎麻与玉米秸秆混合青贮后,感官等级评定为1级优良,pH为4.24,氨态氮（NH₃-N）含量显著增加（P<0.05）,干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、CP、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、钙（Ca）和总磷（TP）含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。饲养试验结果表明,试验Ⅰ组肉牛平均日增重（ADG）最高,达到1.49 kg/d,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组ADG与试验Ⅰ组相比分别降低了14.09%和11.41%（P>0.05）。3个试验组的干物质采食量（DMI）和料重比（F/G）均无显著差异（P>0.05）。不同CP水平精料补充料对西门塔尔牛血清中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、天门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）、ALT/AST、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（ALB）、球蛋白（GLB）、白球比（A/G）、总胆固醇（TCHO）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）均无显著影响（P>0.05）,但是试验Ⅰ组血清丙氨酸转移酶（ALT）活性显著高于试验Ⅲ组（P<0.05）,但与试验Ⅱ组无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上,苎麻的营养水平较高,和玉米秸秆混合后青贮可得到品质较好的苎麻青贮饲料;将苎麻青贮饲料作为肉牛唯一粗饲料来源,高CP含量（18%）的精料补充料可提高肉牛的生长性能。