Evaluation of Strawberry Genotypes for Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Strawberry Aphid) Preference

ABSTRACT

Thirty-one strawberry genotypes were evaluated for supporting the reproductive success of the strawberry aphid (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii), a vector of several strawberry viruses. A pure colony of C. fragaefolii was initiated from eggs collected from field strawberry leaves in Fall 2013. In Spring 2014 greenhouse-grown strawberry plants with four to five leaves were placed in screened cages (16 genotypes/cage) and five aphids were placed on each plant. After 30–32 days, the number of aphids in each of four developmental stages was counted on each plant. Total aphid numbers/plant ranged from a mean of 33 on Fragaria chiloensis CFRA 48 (PI 551459) to 279 on F. × ananassa ‘AAC Lila’. Cultivars with relatively low numbers of aphids included ‘Bounty’ (106 aphids), ‘Mira’ (114 aphids), and ‘Annapolis’ (115 aphids). This experiment, part of a larger project on aphids and virus diseases associated with the cultivated strawberry, will inform decisions in the strawberry breeding program.     

苹果抗斑点落叶病突变体的细胞筛选

从苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria mali Roberts)的Richards培养液中提取的AM—毒素,在254nm处有吸收峰。经叶片法、插枝法、电导率法等生物测试表明,AM—毒素具有寄主专化性。以AM—毒素为选择因子,配制成选择培养基,以感病品种岩富10、新乔纳金、国光、新红星的愈伤组织为材料,采用多步选择系统筛选抗病突变体。所得到的抗病系离开选择因子2个月后,仍保持获得的抗病性。与未经选择的原始型相比,抗病系的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性增强,过氧化物酶同工酶带减少1～3条。在AM—毒素作用下,抗病系电导率增加速度显著小于原始型。接种病原菌孢子后,抗病系较原始型抗病。     

An in vivo root hair assay for determining rates of apoptotic-like programmed cell death in plants

ABSTRACT: In Arabidopsis thaliana we demonstrate that dying root hairs provide an easy and rapid in vivo model for the morphological identification of apoptotic-like programmed cell death (AL-PCD) in plants. The model described here is transferable between species, can be used to investigate rates of AL-PCD in response to various treatments and to identify modulation of AL-PCD rates in mutant/transgenic plant lines facilitating rapid screening of mutant populations in order to identify genes involved in AL-PCD regulation.     

35 个草坪草品种对禾谷缢管蚜抗性的研究

 研究了禾本科7 个属35 个草坪草品种对禾谷缢管蚜〔Rhopalosiphum padi (L. ) 〕的抗性, 鉴定出高抗品种15 个, 中抗品种3 个, 低抗品种2 个。匍匐翦股颖( Agrostis stolonifera L. ) 和野牛草〔Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt. ) Engelm. 〕抗性最好, 均为免疫级。其次是狗牙根〔Cynodon dactylon (L. ) Pers. 〕, 6 份材料中, 有4 份属于免疫级。高羊茅( Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ) 在免疫至低抗间变化, 草地早熟禾( Poa pratensis L. ) 在高抗至中感间变化。结缕草( Zoysia japonica Steud. ) 为低感、中感水平。多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L. ) 抗性最差, 10 份材料均为高感。症状分析、虫口数量与受害程度关系分析初步表明,草坪草对禾谷缢管蚜的抗性包括抗生性和耐害性。     

松花菜抗根肿病种质资源的筛选初报

摘要：为了筛选出优质的松花菜根肿病抗源材料,为后续选育抗根肿病松花菜新品种提供优异的种 质资源,采用伤根灌菌法对35份松花菜自交系和9份杂交种进行室内根肿病人工接种抗性鉴定,共筛选 出抗病材料2份,即C17和C32;中抗材料10份,分别为8份纯合自交系（C2、C3、C4、C7、C13、C14、 C19、C28）和2份杂交种（C36、C41）。这2份抗病材料均为早熟自交系,而中熟及晚熟自交系中无抗病 材料。     

草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机制

为探讨草莓品种对蚜虫的抗性机理,以5个常规草莓品种为试材,通过调查、测定大棚内蚜虫自然发生动态和室内人工接虫后种群变化,并对草莓叶片的形态学和生理学特性与抗蚜性的关系进行了分析。结果表明章姬对蚜虫高感,丰香感,卡姆罗莎和吐德拉抗,弗吉尼亚高抗。草莓品种对蚜虫抗性与叶片背面的茸毛密度成正相关,与气孔密度呈显著负相关;与叶片的木质素含量成正比;与酚类物质含量无显著关系,与总游离氨基酸、可溶性固形物含量和水分含量无明显的线性关系。但草莓对蚜虫的抗性程度与叶片中脯氨酸、缬氨酸和胱氨酸的含量有关,特别是缬氨酸和胱氨酸在感蚜品种中的含量是抗蚜品种中的2～3倍。     

与辣椒抗蚜虫基因相关的RAPD标记筛选及其SCAR转化

以辣椒抗蚜虫野生种质03-C79′与感蚜品种A0003杂交并自交得到F2为试材,应用RAPD分子标记技术和BSA混合群体分组分析法寻找与辣椒抗蚜虫基因相关的分子标记。从200条RAPD引物中筛选到1个辣椒抗蚜虫性状特异的多态性引物RA750。经F2单株验证,RA750的扩增片段在抗蚜虫植株中稳定出现,而在感蚜植株中没有。利用JoinmapV3.0软件计算标记与基因间的遗传距离为6.03 cM。根据对该片段的序列分析结果重新设计了1对引物,将RAPD标记转化成了SCAR标记,并命名为RA750-S。     

Exploration of plant genomes in the FLAGdb++ environment

Background

Efficient high throughput screening systems of useful mutants are prerequisite for study of plant functional genomics and lots of application fields. Advance in such screening tools, thanks to the development of analytic instruments. Direct analysis in real-time (DART)-mass spectrometry (MS) by ionization of complex materials at atmospheric pressure is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical technique. Here we describe a rapid, simple method for the genetic discrimination of intact Arabidopsis thaliana mutant seeds using metabolic profiling by DART-MS.

Results

To determine whether this DART-MS combined by multivariate analysis can perform genetic discrimination based on global metabolic profiling, intact Arabidopsis thaliana mutant seeds were subjected to DART-MS without any sample preparation. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of DART-MS spectral data from intact seeds classified 14 different lines of seeds into two distinct groups: Columbia (Col-0) and Landsberg erecta (Ler) ecotype backgrounds. A hierarchical dendrogram based on partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) subdivided the Col-0 ecotype into two groups: mutant lines harboring defects in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway and mutants without these defects. These results indicated that metabolic profiling with DART-MS could discriminate intact Arabidopsis seeds at least ecotype level and metabolic pathway level within same ecotype.

Conclusion

The described DART-MS combined by multivariate analysis allows for rapid screening and metabolic characterization of lots of Arabidopsis mutant seeds without complex metabolic preparation steps. Moreover, potential novel metabolic markers can be detected and used to clarify the genetic relationship between Arabidopsis cultivars. Furthermore this technique can be applied to predict the novel gene function of metabolic mutants regardless of morphological phenotypes.     

栽培番茄的耐盐筛选

组织培养耐盐筛选技术可为抗逆性基因选择提供另一种方法。本研究采用9个番茄栽培品种,以不同浓度NaCl对子叶外植体、种籽发芽和植株作盐协迫处理。研究结果,21个试验设计均反映出基因间差异。经各指标测定结果,参试品种‘罗城1号’耐盐力最强,‘方茄’最弱。二品种在子叶离体培养,NaCl浓度为10g/l,一周后便可显出差异。同一浓度处理的愈伤组织芽分化亦较易反映品种间耐盐力高低。     

sunTILL: a TILLING resource for gene function analysis in sunflower

Background

Cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is a globally important oilseed crop, subjected to intensive genetic and genomic studies. Although classical mutagenesis has successfully been applied to Helianthus genus in the past, we have developed the first sunflower TILLING resource.

Results

To balance the maximum mutation density with an acceptable plant survival rate, a 'kill curve' analysis was first conducted with different ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) dosages and different exposure times. According to the germination rate, a treatment with 0.7% EMS for 6 h was chosen. An M₂ progeny of 3,651 fertile plants was obtained. Totally, 4.79% of the whole population showed clear aberrant phenotypes. A microsatellite analysis on a representative sample of the original seed stock and mutant lines confirmed the uniformity of the genetic background of plant material. The TILLING procedure was successfully applied to sunflower genome, initially by a CelI-nuclease mismatch cleavage assay coupled with a DNA-pooling level test. To investigate the efficiency of the mutagenic treatment, a pilot screening was carried out on 1,152 M₂ lines focusing on four genes, three involved in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway and one for downy mildew resistance. A total of 9 mutant lines were identified and confirmed by sequencing; thereby, the estimated overall mutation frequency for the pilot assay resulted to be 1/475 kb.

Conclusion

A first TILLING population for a high throughput identification of EMS-induced point mutations in sunflower genome has been successfully obtained. This represents a powerful tool to a better understanding of gene function in sunflower.     

番茄木虱取食对含Mi-1.2番茄抗氧化酶活性及防御反应相关基因表达的影响

Mi-1.2基因编码CC-NBS-LRR家族抗病蛋白,对线虫及刺吸式昆虫具有广谱抗性。以番茄木虱和携带Mi-1.2基因的番茄品系‘Motelle’作为研究体系,研究番茄木虱取食对番茄叶片抗氧化酶活性及防御反应相关基因表达的影响。结果表明：番茄木虱的取食显著提高了番茄叶片抗氧化酶POD、CAT、APX等的活性,同时诱导Mi-1.2基因表达;番茄木虱的取食上调SA合成有关基因PAL、SA信号途径标志基因PR-1（P4）及与Mi-1.2功能相关基因WRKY70、WRKY72a、WRKY72b的表达。JA/systemin信号途径和伤害有关的PinII、TPI-1、PR-6、PR-7、PR-5等及Prosystemin编码基因Psy的表达未发生变化;JA合成途径相关酶编码基因AOS2、LoxD下调表达,AOC的表达没有变化。SA信号途径可能参与Mi-1.2介导的番茄对于刺吸式昆虫番茄木虱的防御反应。另外,Mi-1.2的RNAi沉默不会改变上述基因的mRNA水平,说明Mi-1.2基因产物对这些基因的表达无调控作用。     

我国辣椒种质资源对黄瓜花叶病毒的抗性及相关分析

选择了363份来源于我国31个省、市的辣椒地方品种作为试验材料,对其进行黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的人工接种抗性鉴定,结果显示:供试材料中抗病(R)材料2份、中抗(MR)材料124份、感病(S)材料237份。同时对供试材料的CMV抗性与花期、株高2个性状进行相关性分析,结果表明:花期与CMV抗性之间为极显著的正相关,株高与CMV抗性之间为极显著的负相关。对CMV抗性较强的供试材料中,羊角椒、圆锥椒、指形椒和线椒占有较大比例;来源于华中地区和华东地区的抗病性材料所占的比例较其他地区高。     

厚皮甜瓜抗蚜基因的RAPD标记分析

以厚皮甜瓜抗蚜自交系LZK-0402、感蚜自交系LZK-0201及其F2代分离群体为试验材料,采用混合分组分离法(Bulked sergeants analysis,BSA),运用RAPD技术筛选了330条随机引物,找到1个与甜瓜抗蚜基因连锁的RAPD标记OPA1100,其遗传距离为13.7 cM。     

Patch Size and Patch Quality of Gall-inducing Aphids in a Mosaic Landscape in Israel

For weak flying insects feeding on two different host plants during their life cycle, such as gall-inducing aphids, patch and matrix characteristics may play a critical role in patch occupancy and population size in occupied patches. The aims of the present study were to define the basic patch size of Baizongia pistaciae (L) (Aphididae, Fordini), an aphid inducing galls on Pistacia palaestina Boiss (Anacardiaceae) using a genetic approach, and to estimate the impact of landscape structure and patch quality on patch occupancy and gall density on occupied trees of this aphid and four other closely related species. Using 42 genetic markers detected by RAPD-PCR in 117 clones of the galling aphid Baizongia pistaciae, we calculated Wright's F statistics and estimated the number of winged migrants between demes. We found that host trees at least 150 m apart supported genetically differentiated demes of B. pistaciae, and formed distinct patches. Since the annual cycle of this aphid involves alternation between two different hosts, P. palaestina trees and Poaceae roots, patch – the smallest area that sustains a deme – is a relatively small area that must be composed of at least a single P. palaestina tree and nearby secondary hosts. To assess the impact of landscape structure and patch quality on patch occupancy and gall abundance in occupied patches, two field surveys of P. palaestina trees in natural Mediterranean maquis were performed. Among the five species of gall-inducing aphids found, B. pistaciae was the most abundant of those surveyed. Host trees were occupied more often in the ecotone, the transition zone between Mediterranean closed maquis and open bata, than in the maquis. Mature and old trees were more often occupied than young ones, and shrubs more often than tree-like plants. There was no difference in the proportion of occupied trees between isolated host trees or those growing in groups. Species richness showed similar trends. We also found no significant differences in gall abundance in occupied trees among tree quality categories, except that trees growing in the ecotone tended to carry more galls than those growing in the maquis. In conclusion, the best patch of gall-inducing aphids seems to be a small area, composed of an old shrub of P. palaestina standing in an open landscape with nearby secondary hosts, grass roots, available for colonization by winged migrants.     

Three new vectors of papaya viruses

Seven aphids were tested for their ability to transmit 3 viruses of papaya. Mild mosaic virus (MMV) was transmitted by Aphis craccivora, A. gossypii and Myzus persicae. Distortion ringspot virus (DRV) was transmitted by A. nerii, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae and M. persicae. Ringspot virus (RSV) was transmitted only by M. persicae. Specificity of transmission by the aphid vectors of MMV and DRV was demonstrated. A. craccivora, A. nerii and L. pseudobrassicae are reported as new vectors of these viruses.     

十字花科蔬菜抗黑腐病育种研究进展

 综述了十字花科蔬菜黑腐病病原菌的生物学特性和致病机理、病原菌的鉴定方法与生理小种划分、黑腐病接种方法和抗性鉴定方法、植物抗病性与生理生化指标变化、黑腐病抗性的遗传与抗病基因研究、抗源材料的筛选及抗病育种等研究进展,探讨了今后应加强研究的问题。     

Application and analysis of protein microarray in different drug resistant cell lines of ovarian cancer

AIM: To identify the key factors responsible for drug resistance in different ovarian cancer cell lines using protein microarray system. METHODS: Six ovarian cancer cell lines were employed. The sensitivity of ovarian cancer cell line to common chemotherapeutic drugs was determined by using MTT assays. The expression of 78 cytokines and other factors was examined by using cytokine antibody array technology. RESULTS: Different ovarian cancer cell line responded to chemotherapeutic agents differently. The drug resistance was correlated with certain cytokine expression. Cell line SKOV3 was less sensitive to first line chemotherapeutic drug (ADM, CBPDA) and accumulated high amounts of GRO and TIMP-2 compared with other 5 cell lines. OVCAR4 cells were more resistant to second line chemotherapeutic drug (TAXOL, VP16) and had higher levers of IL-6 and IL-8 than IGROV1, OVCAR3 and OVCAR5. CONCLUSIONS: Among the most common excretive cytokines, increasing of GRO, IL-6, IL-8 and TIMP-2 might be related to drug-resistance of ADM and CBPDA in ovarian cancer cell, while IL-6 and IL-8 might also be related with drug resistance of TAXOL and VP16. The different types of ovarian cancer cell might have roughly similar excretive cytokines-induced mechanism of drug resistance.     

十字花科蔬菜主要昆虫群落时间生态位研究

通过对白菜、甘蓝、花椰菜田主要昆虫群落时间生态位的研究,明确了不同昆虫对时间资源的利用情况.结果表明:害虫中,蚜虫的时间生态位宽度最大,菜粉蝶与甜菜夜蛾、甘蓝夜蛾的时间生态位重叠指数较大,说明这3种害虫在时间资源上竞争较大;昆虫天敌中,蚜茧蜂时间生态位宽度最大,蚜茧蜂、瓢虫与蚜虫的生态位重叠指数较大,说明这2种天敌昆虫的发生时间与蚜虫较为同步,因此在生产中应注意对天敌昆虫的保护利用.     

Some dichlorvos induced plant enzymes and their possible influence on field control of cotton aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Summary

The potential for increased production of the detoxifying enzymes esterase and transferase in cucumber, eggplant, and okra by dichlorvos, and the possible effect of plant insecticide pretreatment on control of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, were investigated in a vinyl house. Among the three crops, okra had the highest potential to produce higher amounts of these enzymes, followed by cucumber and eggplant. However, induction of cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase, as measured by the amount of dieldrin produced by aldrin epoxidation, could be detected in okra only at a dichlorvos spray concentration of 500 ppm. These plant induced enzymes linking possibly with other unknown plant factors, generally contributed to 22%, 25%, and 60% reductions in cotton aphid mortality respectively on cucumber, eggplant, and okra. The results suggest among others that cotton aphid chemical control failures may not always be due to the direct effect of insecticide resistance and/or poor control strategies, but a probable consequence of a complex interplay of at least two contributing factors drawn from the viewpoints of both aphid-insecticide and plant-insecticide interactions.     

黄瓜核心种质对白粉病的田间抗性评价

在春、秋两季大棚内,对263份黄瓜核心种质进行了成株期白粉病抗性的田间评价.结果显示:春季表现免疫、高抗和抗病的种质共计52份,感病和高感种质183份,分别占全部鉴定种质的19.8％和69.6％.秋季两类种质分别为75份和125份,占28.5％和47.5％.比较春、秋两季的抗性评价结果发现,83份种质在不同季节对白粉病...