施氮量和种植密度对苏啤3号大麦鲜叶产量及品质的影响

为给用于麦绿素生产的大麦种植提供依据,以苏啤3号为材料,研究了施氮量(0、187.5、375、562.5 kg/ha)和种植密度(150万、300万、450万、600万/ha)对大麦鲜叶产量和品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量和密度对苏啤3号鲜叶产量、叶绿素和蛋白质含量均具有极显著影响.适宜的施氮量和种植密度均可提高苏啤3号大麦的鲜叶产量、叶绿素和蛋白质含量.在施氮量375 kg/ha、密度450万/ha下,苏啤3号获得了较高的鲜叶产量(21 126.7 kg/ha)和叶绿素含量(2.373 g/kg);在施氮量562.5 kg/ha、密度450万/ha下,苏啤3号鲜叶蛋白质含量最高(17.58%).苏啤3号鲜叶Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu的含量,在种植密度间和施氮水平间也均存在显著差异,随种植密度和施氮量的增加,其各元素的含量均呈先升后降的趋势.在密度300万/ha、施氮量375 kg/ha下,苏啤3号鲜叶Cu和Zn含量最高(10.24和26.96 μg/g),而Mg和Ca含量在施氮量187.5 kg/ha、密度300万/ha下最高(174.94和324.17 μg/g).综合来看,在375 kg/ha施氮量和450万/ha种植密度下,苏啤3号大麦鲜叶产量和品质最适宜于叶绿素生产.     

氮素和基本苗对宁盐一号小麦籽粒产量、群体质量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响

为给宁盐一号小麦品种的高产优质栽培提供依据,2003～2004年在江苏沿海地区农科所试验场,研究了不同氮肥施用量和基本苗对该品种籽粒产量与蛋白质及其组分含量的影响.结果表明,在基本苗相同时,增加氮肥施用量,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量提高,而千粒重降低.在基本苗90×104～180×104/ha范围内提高氮肥施用量,可增加穗数、花后干物质积累量、抽穗期群体LAI和产量,基本苗超过270×104/ha则表现为负效应.在氮肥施用量相同时,基本苗增加,每穗粒数、蛋白质及其组分含量均呈下降趋势.在施氮量180 kg/ha条件下,增加基本苗,穗数相应增加.综合来看,宁盐一号高产优质栽培的适宜氮肥和密度组合为施氮量180 kg/ha、基本苗270×104/ha或施氮量240 kg/ha、基本苗180×104/ha.     

施氮量对不同大麦品种产量和蛋白质含量的影响

研究氮肥用量对不同大麦品种籽粒千粒重、产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:(1)大麦千粒重主要是由品种的遗传因素所决定的。(2)大麦产量主要是由品种的遗传因素所决定的。苏啤3号在施氮量为210kg/hm2,氮肥运筹在基追比为8∶2时,能获得较高的经济效益,适宜在江苏沿海地区大面积推广应用。(3)品种籽粒蛋白质的含量除了受品种固有的特性影响外,还跟生长过程中氮肥施用的多少有很大的关系。     

氮肥用量及运筹对不同啤酒大麦产量和啤用品质的影响

试验以单二大麦、苏啤3号两个大麦品种为材料,研究氮肥用量及运筹对啤酒大麦产量、千粒重和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着氮肥施入量的增多,大麦籽粒蛋白质含量不断增加,同一施氮水平下,氮肥后移会导致籽粒蛋白质含量提高。(2)在250 kg/hm2氮水平下,基追比为7:3时,两个品种产量均达到最高,分别为6 833.68 kg/hm2和7 055.91 kg/hm2。(3)施氮量的多少对大麦千粒重有显著影响,同一施氮水平下不同品种籽粒千粒重的差异主要是由品种本身的遗传差异决定的,受氮运筹的影响较小。(4)综合各方面表现,苏啤3号要远远好于单二大麦,大面积生产上应逐步以苏啤3号来替代单二大麦,以提高大麦的产量和品质,从而达到高产高效的目的。     

不同类型专用小麦氮肥施用参数研究

为了给氯高效小麦品种的筛选与培育以及不同类型专用小麦的优质高效栽培提供依据,以强筋小麦皖麦38、中筋小麦扬麦10号和淮麦18、弱筋小麦宁麦9号和建麦1号为材料,研究了不同类型专用小麦施氮参数的特征.结果表明,不同类型专用小麦要实现籽粒目标产量和蛋白质含量指标,氮肥当季利用率和百公斤籽粒吸氮量适宜范围不同.强筋小麦皖麦38要实现产量7 500 kg/ha以上、蛋白质含量14%以上,百公斤籽粒吸氯量为2.9～3.2 kg,适宜值为3.2 kg,氮肥当季利用率为68%左右(58%～78%).中筋小麦要实现产量7 500 kg/ha以上、蛋白质含量12%以上,扬麦10号百公斤籽粒吸氮量适宜范围为2.6～2.9 kg,适宜值为2.9 kg,氮肥当季利用率为55%左右(50%～60%);淮麦18百公斤籽粒吸氮量2.8 kg左右,氮肥当季利用率为55%左右.弱筋小麦宁麦9号要实现产量6 000 kg/ha以上、蛋白质含量低于11.5%,百公斤籽粒吸氮量适宜范围为2.4～2.8 kg.适宜值2.5 kg,氮肥当季利用率为50%左右(45%～55%).     

杂交油菜云油杂10号高产栽培因子的优化

为了探讨在云南省油菜生产中种植密度（X1）、氮肥（纯氮,X2）、磷肥（五氧化二磷,X3）、钾肥（氧化钾,X4）、硼肥（有效硼,X5）5个栽培因子对甘蓝型双低油菜云油杂10号产量的影响,并进一步优化各栽培因子,本文采用五元二次正交旋转组合设计,建立了油菜产量优化数学模型：Y=246.15 +12.70X2 +7.00 X3-6.26X12-9.81 X22-5.07X32-10.56X1X2-6.37X3X4。结果表明各因素对云油杂10号产量的影响大小顺序依次为氮肥、磷肥、种植密度、硼肥、钾肥。其中种植密度、氮肥、磷肥与产量的关系均呈开口向下的抛物线,种植密度过大或过小,施氮、磷肥过多或过少都会对油菜产量造成影响。种植密度与氮肥、磷肥与钾肥交互作用对油菜产量有显著影响,在种植密度10.5～22.5万株/hm2、施纯氮0～207kg/hm2、施五氧化二磷0～96kg/hm2、施氧化钾0～120kg/hm2时,两因子之间均为正相互作用。频率分析结果表明,油菜产量大于3 900kg/hm2的优化栽培措施为种植密度15.48～17.94万株/hm2、纯N、五氧化二磷、氧化钾、有效硼施用量分别为360.2～387.1、170.0～181.4、15.0～30.0、1.46～1.84kg/hm2。     

氮肥运筹对不同茬口强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为了探讨不同茬口下施氮对强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的最佳效应,以强筋小麦品种烟农19号为材料,研究了施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,施氮量和追氮时期对不同茬口下强筋小麦的籽粒产量和品质均有显著的影响.在0～240 kg/ha施氮量范围内烟农19号单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量随施氮量的增加而显著提高,且旱茬麦产量极显著高于稻茬麦,主要是提高了每穗粒数和千粒重.小麦籽粒蛋白质和面筋含量、沉淀值均随施氮量的增加而显著增加,旱茬麦的品质显著优于稻茬麦.在两种茬口下,烟农19号籽粒产量、蛋白质产量与施氮量均成二次曲线关系,稻茬麦在施氮量为251.26～280.24 kg/ha、旱茬麦在施氮量为281.03～303.02 kg/ha范围内籽粒产量和蛋白质产量可达到同步提高.拔节期和孕穗期追施氮肥可有效提高单位面积穗数、每穗粒数和产量,且籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量和沉淀值显著提高.本试验条件下,旱茬麦在拔节期至孕穗期、稻茬麦在孕穗期追施氮肥可同步提高强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质.     

弱筋小麦高产优质栽培模式研究

为给当前长江下游农业结构调整中弱筋小麦产业发展提供关键栽培技术，研究了播期、密度、氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、追肥时期等栽培试验因子对弱筋小麦扬麦9号产量和蛋白质品质的影响。结果表明。氮肥施用量与追肥时期对弱筋小麦产量和蛋白质品质影响最为明显。播期对籽粒产量和蛋白质品质起负向作用。返青期以后施用氮肥能显著提高蛋白质和湿面筋含量。以获得产量5250kg／ha和籽粒蛋白质含量不大于11．5％、湿面筋含量不大于22．0％为目标，弱筋小麦高产优质栽培理想模式为播期11月1日～11月3日，群体密度225万～232万／ha，N、P、K肥施用量分别为138～244、112～121和112～120kg／ha，三者比例控制为1：0．5：0．5，后期追肥时期控制在7．6～8．3叶龄期。     

甜菜膜下滴灌高产优质农艺栽培措施的研究

采用5因素5水平二次正交旋转组合设计试验方法,对膜下滴灌甜菜主要栽培措施密度与生物有机肥、N、P2O5、K2O以及对甜菜产量和产糖量间的量化关系进行研究。通过对建立产量和产糖量数学模型的优化与解析,明确了影响甜菜产量和产糖量的关键因子及实现膜下滴灌甜菜高产优质高效优化栽培的综合农艺措施。结果表明:5个因素影响甜菜产量大小顺序是:氮肥生物有机肥磷肥钾肥密度;5个因素对产糖量影响大小顺序是:生物有机肥氮肥密度磷肥钾肥,实现甜菜块根产量在4000~4500kg/667m2的最优农艺组合是:密度5000株/667m2,生物有机肥33.0kg/667m2,氮肥9.4kg/667m2,磷肥11.30kg/667m2,钾肥6.2kg/667m2;甜菜产糖量650kg/667m2的最优农艺组合是:密度5350株/667m2,生物有机肥36.0kg/667m2,氮肥9.5kg/667m2,磷肥11.5kg/667m2,钾肥6.3kg/667m2。     

氮肥运筹对港啤1号群体质量及产量和蛋白质含量的影响

为给啤酒大麦优质高产栽培中合理施用氮肥提供科学依据,在配合磷肥的前提下,研究了不同氮肥运筹对啤酒大麦港啤1号群体质量、产量和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,有效穗数、叶面积指数、群体干物质积累量、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量随之增加;随着氮肥用量后移,越冬苗、返青苗、最高茎蘖数、有效穗数均呈下降的趋势,成穗率和籽粒蛋白质含量均呈上升趋势;综合考虑大麦群体质量、产量及籽粒蛋白质含量等多项指标,啤酒大麦港啤1号以总施氮量225kg/hm2、基肥与穗肥比例为8∶2的组合较好,可获得5790.75kg/hm2的产量,并生产出符合酿酒业标准的优质啤麦原料。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.