轮作与施用生物有机肥对菠萝连作土壤微生物特性的影响

通过田间试验,探讨轮作与施用生物有机肥对菠萝连作土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物群落的影响。结果表明：与菠萝连作处理相比,菠萝-甘蔗轮作和菠萝-甘蔗轮作配施生物有机肥处理的菠萝产量分别显著提高18.56%和39.07%;土壤pH值分别升高0.50和0.66,明显缓解土壤酸化;土壤硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量分别显著增加28.49%和57.67%、20.49%和39.77%、20.78%和45.23%、10.38%和23.10%;土壤微生物量碳含量较菠萝连作分别显著提高12.10%和29.56%,土壤微生物量氮含量分别显著提高17.99%和61.45%,而微生物量碳/微生物量氮值均降低。此外,轮作与轮作配施生物有机肥处理均显著增加了土壤细菌与放线菌数量,显著降低了真菌数量,并促进土壤微生物对碳源的利用;增强了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶及过氧化氢酶活性。本试验条件下,轮作与增施生物有机肥能够显著改善土壤酸化状况与土壤微生物群落结构,提高土壤肥力,以菠萝-甘蔗轮作配施生物有机肥处理效果最好。     

香蕉-甘蔗轮作模式防控香蕉枯萎病的持续效果与土壤微生态机理(Ⅰ)

近年来,珠三角部分蕉农采用香蕉和甘蔗轮作防控香蕉枯萎病,并取得一定成效,我国古籍《广东新语》也有香蕉-甘蔗轮作的记载,但是关于该轮作模式的作用、效果及控病机理尚不明确。本文研究了连作香蕉地轮作不同年限甘蔗对香蕉枯萎病的控制作用,并从土壤微生态角度探讨其作用机理。试验设置4个处理：连作香蕉11年（CK）、香蕉连作地-甘蔗1年-香蕉1年（GZ1）、香蕉连作地-甘蔗2年-香蕉1年（GZ2）和香蕉连作地-甘蔗3年-香蕉1年（GZ3）。研究轮作甘蔗不同年限对后茬香蕉枯萎病发病率的影响,同时通过测定土壤可培养微生物数量,并利用高通量测序技术分析土壤微生物结构,揭示轮作甘蔗影响后茬香蕉枯萎病发生的土壤微生态机制。结果表明,连作蕉地香蕉枯萎病发病率为49.15%,而轮作甘蔗1年后茬香蕉枯萎病发病率降至17.86%,轮作2年和3年甘蔗后茬香蕉枯萎病发病率仅为1.79%。土壤可培养细菌总数随着轮作甘蔗年限的增加而显著增加,可培养放线菌总数和尖孢镰刀菌则呈逐渐减少的趋势,真菌总数无显著变化。土壤细菌多样性指数随轮作甘蔗年限的增加而降低。假单胞菌目（Pseudomonadales）、浮霉菌目（Planctomycetales）、酸微菌目（Acidimicrobiales）和土壤红杆菌目（Solirubrobacterales）的细菌丰度呈随甘蔗种植年限增加而逐年增加的趋势,并与香蕉枯萎病发病率呈显著负相关关系。酸杆菌目（Acidobacteriales）、红螺菌目（Rhodospirillales）和军团菌目（Legionellales）的细菌丰度则呈随甘蔗种植年限逐年降低趋势,并与香蕉枯萎病发病率呈显著正相关。连作香蕉地轮作甘蔗,能够显著降低后茬香蕉枯萎病的发病率,并且随着甘蔗轮作时间年限的增加,发病率逐年降低。轮作甘蔗通过改变土壤微生物群落结构而间接影响尖孢镰刀菌的生存环境,从而降低香蕉枯萎病发病率,轮作2年甘蔗,即可达到显著控病效果。此结果与《广东新语》中关于香蕉-甘蔗轮作年限的记载一致。     

作物茬口对连作棉田土壤环境及棉花产量的影响

于2007－2008年在连作8 a的棉田上进行不同作物轮作倒茬田间试验,以研究不同茬口对连作棉田土壤养分、土壤微生物区系以及棉花产量的影响,从而筛选出适宜棉田轮作倒茬的最佳作物茬口。研究结果表明：不同作物茬口的土壤有机质、速效养分含量及棉花产量均高于连作棉田,其中加工番茄茬口对土壤的速效磷含量增加最为显著,小麦、玉米茬口对土壤速效钾含量增加显著;各作物茬口土壤微生物总量均比连作棉田有明显的增加,表现为细菌和放线菌数量增加真菌减少;草木樨、番茄茬口土壤氨化细菌、硝化细菌生理群也明显增加。不同作物茬口的棉花产量表现为加工番茄→棉花＞草木樨→棉花＞小麦→棉花＞玉米→棉花＞棉花→棉花;加工番茄、玉米、小麦可作为连作棉田的良好前茬。     

香蕉-甘蔗轮作模式防控香蕉枯萎病的持续效果与土壤微生态机理(Ⅱ)

香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型[Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cubense]侵染引起维管束坏死的一种毁灭性真菌病害,是世界范围内分布最广、毁灭性最强的植物病害之一。我们在古籍《广东新语》找到有关香蕉-甘蔗轮作的记载,经大田试验证明,连作蕉地轮作甘蔗2年后,后茬香蕉枯萎病发病率大幅下降至1.79%。在本研究中,我们试图探明连作蕉地轮作甘蔗,后茬香蕉的持续抑病效果及其机理。连作蕉地轮作甘蔗2年后,测定回种不同年限香蕉枯萎病发病率和土壤可培养微生物数量,并通过高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌微生物群落结构和组成的变化。结果表明：连作蕉地轮作甘蔗2年后,甘蔗地后茬香蕉枯萎病发病率仅为1.79%,后续3年发病率逐年递增,分别为21.93%、25.80%和28.81%,但均低于多年连作蕉地的平均发病率（49.15%）。土壤放线菌和尖孢镰刀菌总数随香蕉种植年限增加而显著增加。高通量测序结果表明,酸杆菌门（32.86%）、变形菌门（28.85%）和绿弯菌门（12.33%）3个菌门为香蕉-甘蔗轮作系统香蕉根围土细菌的优势菌门。酸杆菌目（Acidobacteriales）细菌相对丰度随回种香蕉逐年增加,并与香蕉枯萎病发病率呈显著正相关的关系;而假单胞菌目（Pseudomonadales）、浮霉菌目（Planctomycetales）、球杆菌目（Sphaerobacterales）、乳酸杆菌目（Lactobacillales）和土壤红杆菌目（Solirubrobacterales）细菌随香蕉回种年限的增加呈下降趋势,并与香蕉枯萎病发病率呈显著负相关的关系。连作蕉地轮作甘蔗2年后,4年内仍能保持较好的抑病效果。本模式具有轮作时间短、抑病效果好、持续时间长、经济效益高等特点。     

茄子与香蕉轮作配施生物有机肥对连作蕉园土壤微生物区系的影响

连作现象在香蕉生产上非常普遍,而长期连作会导致严重的连作障碍。本文针对香蕉连作障碍,选择连作香蕉13年的地块,采用常规方法结合变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,在田间条件下研究了轮作茄子配施生物有机肥对高发枯萎病连作蕉园土壤可培养微生物数量、土壤化学性状以及土壤细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:与连作香蕉相比,轮作茄子处理可显著降低可培养尖孢镰刀菌数量,使其数量从种植初的10~4 cfu·g~(-1)(干土)下降到10~3 cfu·g~(-1)(干土),同时提高了土壤p H,增加了土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮含量。无论是轮作还是连作种植模式,与配施普通有机肥相比,配施生物有机肥对可培养尖孢镰刀菌、真菌和细菌数量影响均不显著;但在轮作模式下,施用生物有机肥处理的细菌数量与真菌数量比值(B/F,381.2)显著高于配施普通有机肥处理(270.3)。PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,轮作茄子配施生物有机肥显著改变了土壤细菌群落结构,增加了细菌丰度、稳定性和多样性,其中多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数,3.22)较连作香蕉配施普通有机肥处理(2.89)显著增加。以上结果表明,茄子与香蕉轮作有利于连作蕉园土壤的微生态环境,同时轮作配施生物有机肥效果更优。     

保护地菜田与稻麦轮作田土壤微生物学特征的比较

比较分析了位于长江三角洲嘉兴市的三类主要水稻土(漏水型水稻土、爽水型水稻土和囊水型水稻土)由稻麦(或油菜)轮作改为多年连作露地蔬菜和大棚蔬菜后一些土壤微生物学特征的变化,以衡量土壤质量演变的趋势。结果表明,与稻麦(油)轮作土壤相比,蔬菜地土壤微生物区系发生了极大的变化,细菌数量显著减少,真菌和放线菌数量却显著增加;硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量随土壤类型不同呈不同的变化。多年连作露地蔬菜和蔬菜大棚保护地土壤中微生物生物量碳和总磷脂(TPL)含量显著低于稻麦轮作土壤,土壤中脱氢酶活性也显著低于稻麦轮作土壤。Biolog分析表明,蔬菜大棚保护地土壤中微生物能利用的碳源显著少于露地蔬菜和稻麦轮作土壤,而后两者间无显著差异。说明由稻麦(油)轮作改为多年连作大棚蔬菜后土壤微生物群落结构、功能的多样性明显下降,土壤质量的稳定性和可持续利用性土壤的长期生产力也将大大降低。土壤微生物数量、活性及群落结构和功能多样性的下降主要与蔬菜栽培特别是大棚蔬菜栽培的旱作与稻麦水旱轮作的生态环境条件的变化和前者的过量施用精有机肥和高效NPK复合肥导致的土壤氮、磷富集、有机质下降、次生盐渍化和酸化有关。     

轮作模式对设施土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响

对昆明郊区蔬菜、花卉主产县典型大棚土壤进行取样和设施土壤土壤微生物区系和土壤酶活性分析,研究结果表明,与连作相比,花一花轮作最有利于增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量,降低真菌数量,提高土壤酶活性,花-菜轮作次之,菜-菜轮作模式效果最差。轮作能有效调节土壤微生物区系,有利于微生物群落的多样性和稳定性的提高,最终改善了土壤的微生态环境。     

山药连作对土壤微生物群落及土壤酶活性的影响

以山药连作（0 a,1 a,2 a）和轮作（山药—小麦）土壤为研究对象,探讨耕作模式对山药种植地耕层土壤（0—30 cm）微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤耕层的有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量随山药连作年限的延长而逐渐降低,而山药—小麦轮作模式则有助于恢复地力。山药连作、轮作的土壤均以细菌所占比例最大,放线菌次之,真菌最少;与对照（0 a）相比,细菌、放线菌数量均随着山药连作年限增加呈递减趋势;但放线菌的降幅明显大于细菌,表现出对连作年限更强的敏感性;真菌数量随连作年限呈先升后降的趋势。山药连作可以明显降低土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,轮作模式则可以激发该三种酶的活性,其中轮作较连作2 a的处理可以明显提高脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,差异分别达显著水平（p < 0.05）和极显著水平（p < 0.01）。说明山药连作会破坏土壤耕层微生物种群结构,并抑制土壤酶活性,轮作可以在一定程度上改善土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性质量。     

连作对高粱生长及根区土壤环境的影响

以玉米－高粱轮作为对照,研究连作对高粱生长、产量的影响及根区土壤中酶活性和微生物的变化。结果表明：高粱连作3年对产量的抑制开始显现。与轮作相比,连作3年高粱的株高、茎粗、叶面积、生物量显著降低,连作4年更为明显;连作4年高粱根系生长也明显受到影响,0~40 cm深度范围内根系的生物量、根表面积和根体积分别仅为轮作的61.5％、84.4％、73.8％。连作4年增加了土壤中可培养真菌数量,在拔节期和灌浆期分别是轮作的1.9、1.3倍,而对细菌和放线菌的影响没有明显规律;连作显著增加土壤中过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性,分别比轮作增加了14.7％、17.2％。由此可见,连作不仅抑制高粱植株的生长,并对土壤中微生物区系组成和酶活性产生显著影响。     

不同种植模式对甘蔗根际土壤生物学特性的影响

甘蔗多年单一化的宿根栽培导致甘蔗产量下降，而套种豆科作物能较明显地提高宿根蔗产量。本研究以赣蔗18 的新植栽培、 宿根栽培和宿根/大豆套种栽培的甘蔗根际土壤为对象，结合土壤微生物区系、 土壤酶活性，甘蔗基本农艺性状及其产量、 质量指标，揭示宿根蔗套种大豆的增产机制及生物学意义。结果表明，不同种植模式下甘蔗蔗糖含量基本一致，但宿根蔗套种大豆由于茎径粗大而较宿根连作表现出明显的产量优势。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤酶活性有显著差异，套种明显提高了宿根蔗根际土壤酶活性，尤其是与碳、 氮、 磷循环相关的蔗糖酶、 脲酶、 酸性磷酸单酯酶。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量有显著性差异，单一宿根连作甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例降低，而宿根蔗套种大豆根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例提高，使甘蔗根际土壤微生物从真菌型向细菌型转变。总之，单一的宿根连作可导致根际土壤总微生物量及酶活性下降，引起土壤微生物介导的营养循环受阻，从而使甘蔗产量下降，而宿根蔗套种大豆模式对根际土壤微生物区系具有明显的改善作用，宿根蔗具有明显的产量优势。     

Management practices to improve soil health and reduce the effects of detrimental soil biota associated with yield decline of sugarcane in Queensland, Australia

Yield decline (YD) of sugarcane is a widespread problem throughout the Australian sugar industry. It is defined as “the loss of productive capacity of sugarcane-growing soil under long-term monoculture”. Factors contributing to YD are the monoculture itself, excessive tillage of the soil at planting and severe soil compaction resulting from the use of heavy machinery during the harvesting operation. Collectively, these crop management practices have led to the development of sugarcane-growing soils that are low in organic C and cation exchange capacity, have a high bulk density and have a low microbial biomass. This in turn is associated with a build up of populations of detrimental soil organisms, which affect the growth and health of the sugarcane root system. Significant yield increases have been demonstrated following pasteurization or fumigation of the soil or treatment of the soil with fungicides or nematicides. Several detrimental soil organisms associated with YD have been identified, including a fungal root pathogen (Pachymetra chaunorhiza) and the lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae). Experimental evidence, however, suggests there are many other unidentified detrimental soil organisms associated with YD.

In order to circumvent YD, major changes to the cane cropping system need to be considered. Different rotation breaks (sown pasture, alternate crops, bare fallow) were evaluated for their impact on soil health and the composition of the community of organisms in soil previously under cane monoculture. Despite the breaks having different effects on populations of beneficial soil biota, all breaks reduced populations of known detrimental soil biota and significantly increased the yield of the following cane crop. A single legume-based break crop appeared to be sufficient to capture the majority of these benefits. Other possible management options including the use of organic amendments and minimum tillage techniques are discussed.     

Quantification of the effects of rotation breaks on soil biological properties and their impact on yield decline in sugarcane

Three contrasting rotation breaks (sown pasture, alternate crops and bare fallow) were established at five sites in Queensland, Australia, on land that had been under sugarcane monoculture for at least 20 years. The breaks were in place for 30-42 months at four sites and for 12 months at the fifth site. The effects of the breaks on selected soil biological properties were assessed following the removal of the breaks and before the area was re-planted with sugarcane. At the four sites with the long-term breaks, microbial biomass increased under the pasture break, declined under the bare fallow break and did not change significantly under the crop break, compared to microbial biomass under continual sugarcane. At these sites, populations of the root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus zeae) declined under all three breaks whereas populations of free-living nematodes increased under the pasture and crop breaks but declined under the bare fallow break. At the site with the 12 month breaks, a forage legume pasture increased microbial biomass, reduced lesion nematodes and together with the crop break increased populations of free-living nematodes. At the four sites with the long-term breaks there was an increase in the ratio of fungal:bacterial fatty acids and an increase in fatty acid 16:1ω5c (used as a biomarker for mycorrhizal fungi) under the pasture and crop breaks. Also at these sites, the soil microbial community under the pasture, crop and bare fallow breaks, respectively, showed increased, no change or diminished capacity to utilize carbon substrates compared to the soil microbial community under continual sugarcane. The yield of the sugarcane crop following all three breaks was significantly higher than the yield of the crop following continual sugarcane at each of the sites with the long-term breaks. Examination of the longevity of the effect of the rotation breaks on soil biological properties at the sites with the long-term breaks, suggested that effects on some soil organisms (e.g. lesion nematodes) maybe short-lived.     

种植草本植物狗牙根改良滨海黏性盐碱地的研究

为探明不同轮作模式对宁夏南部山区旱地农田土壤肥力和谷子产量的影响，基于连续8年定位试验，研究了谷子连作（R0）、谷子–小麦–糜子轮作（R1）、谷子–胡麻–豌豆轮作（R2）和谷子–豌豆–马铃薯轮作（R3）处理对谷子产量及土壤物理和化学性质的影响。结果表明：经过两个轮作周期后，与R0处理相比，R2处理谷子产量增加13.10%，R1处理产量略有降低，R3处理产量显著降低（P<0.05）。各轮作模式均有利于降低土壤容重，提高土壤田间持水量，并且R1和R2处理土壤容重显著低于R0处理；除R3处理外，R1和R2处理有利于增加土壤孔隙度，与R0处理相比增幅分别为15.09%和21.18%。各轮作模式均有利于增加土壤>0.25 mm大团聚体总量，其中R1和R2处理可以显著降低土壤中<0.25 mm和2~0.25 mm团聚体数量（P<0.05），并显著增加>2 mm团聚体比例。各轮作模式土壤有机质含量均高于R0处理，土壤全量养分含量差异不明显；各轮作模式均有利于增加土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和有效磷含量，同时R2处理还有利于增加土壤碱解氮、速效钾和微生物生物量磷含量。综上，轮作有利于旱地土壤有机质积累，降低土壤容重，增加大团聚体数量，提高土壤微生物生物量，但不同轮作模式间存在差异，其中，R2处理更有利于增加谷子产量、改善土壤结构、培肥土壤，可以作为宁夏南部山区雨养农业旱作区的优选作物轮作模式进行推广。     

Saprophytic soil microflora in relation to yield reductions in soil repeatedly cropped with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Summary The yield-depressing effect due to repeated cropping (monoculture) of barley reported from long-term field experiments was observed as a reduction in plant growth in short-term pot experiments. The nature of the monoculture effect was investigated by mixing field soils with different cropping histories in different proportions in the greenhouse, while the influence of rhizosphere microflora from the monocultured and crop rotation soils on barley growth was studied in gnotobiotic experiments. Indigenous bacterial populations and the pH of the test soils were also measured. Significantly more bacteria were found in the crop rotation soil compared to the monocultured soil, but the two soils did not differ in pH. Greenhouse experiments showed that in the monocultured soil, seed germination was delayed and plant dry weight reduced, and that these effects had a biological origin. Attempts were also made to induce the monoculture effect in the crop rotation soil by inoculation with known harmful bacteria. The results from the experiments with mixed soils and with soil inoculation indicated that where crop rotation was practised the soil was more sensitive to bacterial effects than the monocultured soil. The rhizosphere microflora from the monocultured soil did not affect plant weights in short-term gnotobiotic experiments, but it significantly stimulated the number of lateral roots compared with the crop rotation microflora. This stimulation could not be related to differences in bacterial counts, pH, or ion concentrations in the plant-growing medium.     

不同轮作模式下氮肥用量对土壤有机氮组分的影响

通过三年六季的田间定位试验,对比研究了水旱轮作(水稻/油菜)和旱地轮作(棉花/油菜)下氮肥用量对土壤有机氮含量及其组分的影响。结果表明,经过三年轮作后,周年轮作氮肥投入超过300 kg hm~(-2)(以纯氮计,下同)的处理0~20 cm土壤全氮含量明显增加。与不施氮处理相比,周年氮肥用量为300 kg hm~(-2)和375 kg hm~(-2)水旱轮作处理0~20 cm土壤全氮含量增加了13.6%~23.5%,而旱地轮作处理则增加了15.0%~23.0%,土壤酸解态氮含量增加是土壤全氮变化的主要原因。两种轮作模式下土壤酸解态氮含量无显著差异,但土壤酸解态氮各组分的变化却不相同。水旱轮作中酸解铵态氮增加的比例(33.8%)低于旱地轮作(53.9%),但其酸解未知态氮含量增加的比例(36.0%)高于旱地轮作(16.6%)。综上所述,周年氮肥合理施用能明显提高土壤有机氮含量,水旱和旱地轮作下土壤酸解态氮库各组分变化差异明显。根据不同轮作模式下土壤有机氮库转化特点,优化氮肥施用对于提高作物产量和氮肥利用率具有重要意义。     

稻田轮作系统的生态学分析

针对目前稻田单一化的连作耕作制度对农田环境造成的不利因素，根据5a田间定位试验，从土壤理化性状、作物产量变化、病虫害发生发展规律、能流及养分平衡状况等角度对稻田连作耕作制度和轮作系统进行生态学分析。结果表明，与连作耕作制度相比较，在试验设计范围内，稻田轮作系统明显改善了土壤的理化性状，使得土壤随着耕种年限增加，容重下降，而孔隙度增加，固相比率下降，气相比率上升，气液比值增大，土壤通透性大大增强，有效阻止土壤次生潜育化和土壤酸化，提高土壤pH值；改变了植株病原菌寄生，增强了植株的抵抗能力，对作物病、虫、草害产生了一定的抑制作用。同时，稻田轮作系统的总初级生产力、光能利用率、辅助能利用率分别比连作系统高17．47％、9．87％和5．0％。N、P、K的养分利用率也同样明显高于连作系统。提出了合理轮作的优化模式和复种模式。     

Changes in the properties of a Mexican Fluvisol following 30 years of sugarcane cultivation

A study to evaluate the changes in the fertility of Fluvisols under continuous cultivation of sugarcane was conducted in the vicinity of the Santa Rosalía sugar refinery. About 4000 ha of Fluvisols have been under sugarcane cultivation for more than 30 years. Three representative plots under monoculture for 5, 10, 20 and 30 years, were selected under on-farm conditions. Several samples were obtained from crop row and inter-row zones, at 0–30 cm soil depth, and composited into four samples for each plot. Soil samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter, total organic C, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, calcium and magnesium, cation exchange capacity, texture and bulk density. There were significant changes in the soil chemical properties due to 30 years of monoculture, except for OM, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg and CEC. Total soil organic C, total N and P declined by 17, 21 and 37%, respectively, by 30 years of monoculture of sugarcane. These losses mainly occurred during the first 20 years of cultivation. However, the adverse effect of decline in soil fertility was not reflected in the sugarcane yields. The 67% increase in yields observed between 5 and 30 years of monoculture may be attributed to the adoption of recommended cultural practices and to farmer's experience. Soil physical properties were not affected by the intensive sugarcane cultivation. A complete adoption of recommended practices by SR among farmers and a revision of the N and P fertilization rate are necessary to maintain the fertility of sugarcane soils.     

两种轮作模式下秸秆还田对土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响

通过分析不同作物轮作模式下秸秆还田对土壤呼吸及其温度敏感性的影响,为深入探究关中地区农田生态系统碳循环提供理论依据。试验设置于陕西省杨凌地区,在2012年10月至2014年9月期间以冬小麦-夏玉米轮作模式和冬小麦-夏大豆轮作模式作为研究对象,分别设置秸秆还田(SM)和秸秆不还田(NS)两个处理,测定分析不同处理下土壤呼吸、土壤温度及土壤含水量的变化趋势和差异,并估算土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q_(10))。结果表明:土壤呼吸存在明显的季节变化,在作物生育期大部分时间内,SM处理的土壤呼吸速率均显著高于NS处理(P0.05),且SM处理的作物生育期土壤呼吸平均速率及土壤呼吸累计排放量也极显著高于NS处理(P0.01);不同作物生育期土壤呼吸平均速率依次为夏玉米夏大豆冬小麦,土壤呼吸总量表现为冬小麦夏玉米夏大豆、冬小麦-夏玉米轮作冬小麦-夏大豆轮作。冬小麦-夏玉米轮作与冬小麦-大豆轮作的土壤温度间存在差异;其中,在冬小麦生育前期,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的土壤温度显著高于冬小麦-大豆轮作;第2季夏玉米生育期内5 cm深度的土壤温度显著低于同季的夏大豆;相比NS处理,SM处理能提高冬季土壤的温度,并降低春季和夏季的土壤温度;在高温少雨的时期内,SM处理能够提高0~30 cm土壤的平均含水量,不同的前茬作物引起两种轮作模式中冬小麦耕作层土壤含水量间明显的差异,夏玉米耕作层土壤含水量显著高于夏大豆。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸与5 cm和10 cm土壤温度均存在极显著的正相关性,且与5 cm土壤温度的相关性更好;但土壤呼吸与0~30 cm的土壤平均含水量无显著相关性。5 cm和10 cm土壤温度变化能够分别解释土壤呼吸变化的64.6%~67.3%和51.5%~59.6%。整个研究周期内,温度敏感性(Q_(10))为1.70~2.01,冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的温度敏感性显著高于冬小麦-大豆轮作,且同一轮作模式下SM处理的温度敏感性显著低于NS处理。因此,秸秆还田能够提高农田的土壤呼吸作用,降低土壤呼吸的温度敏感性,同时能够调节土壤的水热状况。     

烟蒜轮作与套作对土壤微生物类群数量的影响

采取田间试验方式,以单作烤烟为对照,研究了不同年度和烤烟生育时期烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作对根际和非根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、解钾菌和解磷菌数量变化的影响。结果表明:随生育时期推进,烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作处理根际土壤细菌含量高于单作烤烟的趋势越来越明显。2014年,上部叶成熟期烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作根际土壤细菌数量是单作烤烟的1.41倍和1.24倍。中部叶成熟期和上部叶成熟期,烟蒜轮作处理根际土壤真菌数量最少,但2014年烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作处理下非根际土壤真菌数量高于单作烤烟处理。烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作处理根际土壤放线菌数量高于单作烤烟,上部叶成熟期分别是单作烤烟2.01倍和2.93倍(2013年)、1.12倍和1.28倍(2014年)。烟蒜轮作、烟蒜套作处理根际土壤解钾菌和解磷菌含量在烤烟生长发育的中后期显著高于单作烤烟,且非根际土壤的解磷菌含量也呈现相同的趋势。不同年度,烟蒜轮作与烟蒜套作处理烟叶产量和上中等烟率均显著高于单作烤烟处理。烟蒜轮作和烟蒜套作种植模式能改良土壤根际环境微生物结构,维持良好的土壤质量状态。