Bremia lactucae populations on cultivated lettuce originate from prickly lettuce and are interconnected with the wild pathosystem

European Journal of Plant Pathology - Maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) is one of the most important viral diseases around the world. Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) and maize rough dwarf...     

Identification of genetic loci conferring partial resistance to southern corn rust through a genome-wide association study

Southern corn rust (SCR), a fungal disease caused by Puccinia polysora Underw., can result in severe yield loss in maize (Zea mays L.). Identification of resistant germplasms and understanding the genetic basis of resistance would aid maize disease-resistant breeding. In this study, 253 maize inbred lines were used to evaluate the resistance to SCR at two locations in China from 2015 to 2016. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using the Maize SNP3K Beadchip. Based on mixed linear model, seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with partial resistance to SCR were identified at P < 1.77 × 10^?5, including three SNPs aligned with previously reported genomic regions. A significant correlation (R² = 0.76) between partial resistance to SCR and the number of resistant alleles was observed. Several highly resistant germplasms harboring resistant alleles were identified, such as, ‘43.7’, ‘DH02’, ‘Zheng39’, ‘T2’ and ‘JH3372’. This research will increase our understanding of the genetic basis of partial resistance to SCR and provide important guidance for SCR resistance breeding.     

Improved method for assaying maize plant resistance to maize rough dwarf disease by artificial inoculation and real-time RT-PCR

The study of maize rough dwarf disease (MRDD) and breeding for resistance requires inoculation of maize plants by means of planthoppers. The plant age, insect density and inoculation duration are main factors in the success of maize rough dwarf disease inoculation. These parameters were tested using a susceptible maize inbred line Ye478. Using one or two-leaf plants, 15 planthoppers per plant and a five day inoculation duration, the line Ye478 was the most susceptible with 100% diseased plants; F112132 was moderately susceptible with 60% diseased plants and 90110 and F022411 were resistant without any disease. The results were consistent with those from six years of field studies. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR, rice black-streaked dwarf virus was detected in severely diseased plants. The plants were rated from 0 to 3 according to their symptoms at the time of flowering. Plants scoring 0, 1 and 2 could not be distinguished by ELISA, only by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. All of the plants with a score of 3 were positive by ELISA and real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The significant differences in the average viral contents in plants with different symptom ratings could be distinguished by using real-time RT-PCR.     

河北省主推玉米品种对粗缩病抗性鉴定及病情指标与产量损失率关系研究

对河北省26个主推玉米品种进行抗玉米粗缩病性鉴定,并对其发病率及病情指数与产量损失率的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:河北省目前玉米生产上主推品种中没有免疫和抗病品种,但感病后品种之间的病情严重度有显著差异,病情指数分布在35.37～80.05,产量损失率为15.55%～74.01%。以邢抗2号、费玉2号、费玉4号、沈玉17和农大108的病情严重度较轻,病情指数低于40,表现为感病,其他品种病情指数都在40以上表现为高感。产量损失率与病株率和病情指数呈显著相关,且产量损失率与病情指数的相关性(R=0.982)比产量损失率与病株率的相关性(R=0.756)更强。     

一个抗玉米矮花叶病新基因位点的发现和细胞学定位

 在抗性遗传研究的基础上,根据等位性分析并通过细胞遗传学研究推断,黄早4所带有的一个抗病基因位于第6染色体长臂上,在Mdm1和T6~9b的易位断点之间,靠近着丝点,相距Mdm1大约在1.9~4.5个交换单位,与易位断点相距33.8个交换单位。该抗病基因不同于已正式命名的位于第6染色体短臂上的抗病显性基因Mdm1,为新的基因位点,该基因对当前流行并造成危害的玉米矮花叶病B株系表现为隐性遗传,建议命名为mdm1(t)。     

Molecular mapping of the major resistance quantitative trait locus qHS2.09 with simple sequence repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism markers in maize

The major quantitative trait locus (QTL) qHS2.09 plays an important role in resistance to head smut during maize breeding and production. In this study, a near-isogenic line (NIL), L34, which harbors the major QTL qHS2.09 in bin 2.09, was developed using a resistant donor 'Mo17' in a susceptible genetic background 'Huangzao4'. Using 18,683 genome-wide polymorphic loci, this major QTL was finely mapped into an interval of ≈1.10 Mb, flanked by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers PZE-102187307 and PZE-102188421. Moreover, the favorable allele from 'Mo17' for SNP PZE-102187611 in this interval that was most significantly associated with resistance to head smut (P = 1.88 E-10) and accounted for 39.7 to 44.4% of the phenotypic variance in an association panel consisting of 80 inbred lines. With combined linkage and association mapping, this major QTL was finally located between SNP PZE-102187486 and PZE-102188421 with an interval of ≈1.00 Mb. Based on the pedigrees of 'Mo17' and its derivatives widely used in temperate maize breeding programs, the favorable haplotype from 'Mo17' is shown to be the main source of resistance to head smut in these lines. Therefore, the SNPs closely linked to the major QTL qHS2.09, detected in both linkage and association mapping, and could be useful for marker-assisted selection in maize breeding programs.     

四种中国检疫性玉米病毒的研究进展

玉米是我国重要的粮食作物、饲料和工业原材料。随着我国粮食贸易量增加,病原物入侵的风险也随之加大。该文对4种主要的检疫性玉米病毒——玉米褪绿斑驳病毒 Maize chlorotic mottle machlomovirus、玉米矮花叶病毒 Maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus、小麦线条花叶病毒 Wheat streakmosaic tritimovirus和玉米褪绿矮缩病毒 Maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus的生物学特性及其危害与分布情况进行归纳总结,同时对这些病毒致病与寄主抗病的相关机制以及检测方法的研究进展进行介绍,并针对检疫性玉米病毒的防控,在快速检测体系的建立与抗病毒种质的创制方面提出展望。     

玉米矮花叶病毒对不同抗性玉米自交系侵染及其运转的研究

 本文以抗病自交系黄野四-3、感病自交系8112和Mo17、耐病自交系478为材料,采用直接组织斑免疫测定法(IDDTB)和酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)结合生物学症状研究了玉米矮花叶病毒对玉米的侵染及其运转规律,试验表明玉米抗玉米矮花叶病毒主要是抗系统传导,其次抗病毒增殖和细胞间扩展,但不抗侵入。     

我国玉米病毒病分布及危害

玉米是我国最重要的粮食作物之一,病毒病害给我国的玉米生产带来了严重损失。本文归纳总结了目前我国玉米上检测到的水稻黑条矮缩病毒、甘蔗花叶病毒、玉米褪绿斑驳病毒等12种病毒的生物学特点和分布情况。同时对玉米粗缩病、玉米矮花叶病、玉米鼠耳病、玉米红叶病和玉米致死性坏死病等主要玉米病毒病害的发生流行、症状危害和防治措施作了介绍。     

云南省玉溪市玉米致死性坏死病毒原的分子鉴定

玉米致死性坏死病是由玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(Maize chlorotic mottle virus,MCMV)和一种或多种马铃薯Y病毒科病毒复合侵染引起的。2014年1月在对云南省玉溪市玉米病毒病害的调查中发现了一些表现严重花叶、矮化叶片甚至整个植株坏死症状的玉米。对采集样品进行RT-PCR检测,所有样品中都同时检测到了MCMV和甘蔗花叶病毒(Sugarcane mosaic virus,SCMV),在一个样品中同时检测到了MCMV、SCMV和南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus)。     

福建永安市辣椒丛枝病植原体的分子检测及鉴定

永安地区发病辣椒植株表现小叶、黄化、丛枝、簇芽等症状。利用植原体16SrDNA基因的通用引物R16mF2/R16mR2和R16F2n/R16R2,对发病辣椒植株总DNA进行巢式PCR检测,获得约1.2kb的特异性DNA片段。经测序并在GenBank数据库进行比对分析,共获得4条植原体特定的16SrDNA基因序列(CHY-C4-1、CHYY1-1、CHY-Y7-1、CHY-G1-1)。将测得的4条序列与已报道的植原体序列进行同源性比对,并构建系统进化树,结果显示获得的4条植原体序列均聚类到16SrI组,其中CHY-Y1-1、CHY-Y7-1、CHY-G1-1与16SrI-B亚组植原体聚类到同一支,而CHY-C4-1与已报道的16SrI组内的6个亚组均未聚类到一支,因此建议将CHY-C4-1命名为新的亚组。利用iPhyClassifier在线分析软件对获得的4条植原体序列进行虚拟RFLP分析,结果与进化树获得的结果一致。     

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法研究

玉米褪绿斑驳病毒(Maize chlorotic mottle virus,MCMV)是我国对外公布的检疫性有害生物。本研究根据该病毒外壳蛋白基因的保守序列,设计得到特异性引物及Taqman荧光探针,建立了MCMV的实时荧光RT-PCR方法,并对其灵敏度与特异性进行了研究。该方法针对2个不同来源的毒株均能得到典型扩增曲线,而没有从小麦线条花叶病毒、玉米粗缩病毒和玉米矮花叶病毒的RNA得到扩增曲线,表明引物与荧光探针具有良好的特异性。针对玉米褪绿斑驳病毒RNA不同稀释度样品,实时荧光RT-PCR检测低限达到10-5稀释度,检测灵敏度要比普通RT-PCR高出100倍。因此,本研究建立的MCMV实时荧光方法具有特异性强、灵敏度高和快速有效的优点。     

玉米粗缩病毒及抗病策略

玉米粗缩病毒属于植物呼肠孤病毒组的斐济病毒属，是一种有双层衣壳的球状病毒。该病毒基因组包含10条线状的双链RNA片段，近年来已经完成了其中4条RNA片段的测序工作。玉米粗缩病毒对我国玉米生产的危害最为严重。该病毒主要由介体昆虫传播，侵染的植株表现严重矮化和叶片浓绿等病症。玉米对该病毒的抗性表现出多基因控制的数量性状遗传的特征。作者描述了玉米粗缩病病原、病症及侵染循环的特点，对玉米粗缩病毒基因组的研究进展进行了评述，并对抗病策略进行了讨论。     

两个玉米自交系对纹枯病的抗病反应机制初探

玉米纹枯病是由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)引起的一种重要病害。具有优良性状的自交系是开展玉米抗病品种选育的重要种质资源。本试验以西南地区两个优良玉米自交系R08与18-599R为材料,采用人工接种R.solani菌丝融合群AG1-IA,对成株期玉米进行了抗性鉴定,并对病原菌诱导后苗期玉米叶片上的活性氧(ROS)、抗病相关基因(PR1、ZmDREB2A、ZmERF3和WIP1)表达及细胞坏死情况进行了动态检测。结果显示,R08对纹枯病表现为中抗,而18-599R为高感材料;受R.solani侵染后,玉米叶片ROS的积累在R08中较18-599R多;两个自交系中基因表达量及表达时间存在显著差异;R08叶片出现显著的细胞坏死反应,而18-599R相对较轻。本研究表明两个自交系对R.solani的抗性差异主要体现在相关抗病反应的时间和强度上,这为进一步研究玉米纹枯病抗病机理提供了依据。     

玉米种质对玉米粗缩病的抗性研究初报

采用罩笼法对6个主栽玉米品种进行粗缩病抗性鉴定,结果表明,登海3622、金海5号、农大108对粗缩病具有抗性,其中农大108的抗性还表现在灰飞虱对它的趋向性较弱上。结合不同品种的种质分析,发现不同血缘种群间存在一定的差异,以Reid种质血缘为主的品种抗性较差,含有PB种质血缘的品种则表现出抗性。     

不同玉米自交系幼苗对水分胁迫的响应及其耐旱性评价

以9份玉米自交系为试材,采用盆栽试验方法进行苗期的水分胁迫试验,研究土壤水分胁迫对玉米自交系的生长发育及生理特性的影响,并采用多元分析方法对玉米自交系的耐旱性做出了综合评价。结果表明:水分胁迫下,玉米自交系幼苗通过外部形态及内部生理生化变化来响应干旱对其伤害,且耐旱性强的材料变化幅度小于耐旱性差的材料。通过主成分分析将干旱胁迫下玉米幼苗的6个单项指标转化为3个彼此独立的综合指标,并计算得到综合评价D值,比较准确地对玉米自交系材料的耐旱性做出了评价;利用聚类分析将9份玉米自交系材料分为耐旱性不同的四类,即干旱敏感型、弱耐旱材料、中度耐旱材料、高度耐旱材料四类。利用逐步回归的分析方法建立了玉米耐旱性评价回归方程:D=-0.107746+0.35003UWC+1.67684WUE-0.05857REC-0.1699Pro,筛选出适宜干旱胁迫下玉米耐旱性鉴定指标4个,即地下部含水量、水分利用效率、相对电导率、脯氨酸含量。在相同的逆境胁迫下可通过测定其它玉米品种上述4个指标的耐旱系数,利用回归方程进行耐旱性预测;材料8-8-1、KH207 A27-4-2的耐旱性较强,可以在后续试验中进行抗旱育种及栽培研究。     

Protective role of <Emphasis Type="Italic">S</Emphasis>-methylmethionine-salicylate in maize plants infected with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Maize dwarf mosaic virus</Emphasis>

This study aimed to detect the harmful effects of Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) infection, and to demonstrate the potential benefits of S-methylmethionine-salicylate (MMS) pretreatment in infected maize (Zea mays L.) plants. The results of chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements showed that in MDMV-infected plants additional quenchers of fluorescence appear, probably as the result of associations between the virus coat protein and thylakoid membranes. It is important to note that when infected plants were pretreated with MMS, such associations were not formed. MDMV infection and MMS pretreatment resulted in a decrease in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in maize leaves, while infection contributed to an increase in activity in the roots. Infection raised the guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) enzyme activity level, which was reduced by MMS pretreatment. MMS contributed to a decrease in both the RNA and coat protein content of MDMV, to an equal extent in maize leaves and roots. The results showed that MMS pretreatment enhanced the stress response reactions against MDMV infection in maize plants and retarded the spreading of infection.     

Sequence Analysis Shows that a Dwarfing Disease on Rice, Wheat and Maize in China is Caused by Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus

Isolates of plant reoviruses causing severe stunting and dark leaf symptoms on wheat in Hebei province, on maize in Hubei province and on rice in Zhejiang province, China have been characterized. Four of the ten genome segments corresponding to Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) S7, S8, S9, S10 were amplified by RT-PCR from the Hebei and Zhejiang isolates and sequenced. Sequences of S9 and S10 were also obtained from the Hubei isolate. Sequences of corresponding segments of the Chinese isolates were very similar to each other (94.0–99.0% identical nucleotides and 96.3–100% identical amino acids) and were closer to those of a previously reported Japanese RBSDV isolate (90.0–94.9% identical nucleotides and 91.1–98.6% identical amino acids) than to those of an Italian Maize rough dwarf virus isolate (85.1–88.1% identical nucleotides and 85.5–94.3% identical amino acids). The Chinese isolates should be classified as RBSDV.     

Maize Virus and Mycoplasma Diseases in Peru

Abstract

Surveys of maize for virus and mycoplasma-like diseases were conducted in Peru in 1978 and 1980. The following pathogens were discovered and identified: aphid-borne maize dwarf mosaic virus, beetle-borne maize chlorotic mottle virus, Peregrinus maidis-borne maize mosaic and maize stripe viruses, and Dalbulus maidis-borne maize rayado fino virus, corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS) and maize bushy stunt mycoplasma (MBSM). Some of these insect-borne pathogens are important constraints to maize production in Peru. Maize chlorotic mottle in the department of Lima and Cajamarca and ‘puca poncho’, a disease caused by CSS and/or MBSM, in Ayacucho significantly limit maize yields. As a result of these surveys, we believe that the principal maize virus and mycoplasma-like diseases in Peru have been identified, an accomplishment unrealised in other Latin American countries at present.