高空气球搭载水稻种子后代变异的研究

以籼稻品种惠阳珍珠早干种子为材料 ,经高空气球 30km搭载飞行 8h后返地种植 ,从第1代发现较多变异单株 ,从第 1、2代选出的株高变矮、育性降低、穗长增长 3个株系的变异性状在其后代种植过程中稳定遗传 ,与原种比较达到极显著差异水平 ,通过连续 6代种植、田间观察、考种和差异显著性的统计学分析表明 ,高空气球搭载水稻种子能诱导其遗传变异     

高产抗病早籼品种辐501的选育

辐501是以早籼中间材料Z96-12为母本、Z95-03为父本杂交,F1代干种子经过80Gy60Coγ射线,M6F6代干种子经过300Gy60Coγ射线2次辐照处理,采用系谱法育成的一个早籼常规品种。该品种表现丰产性和稳产性较好,生育期适中,抗稻瘟病和适应性广等特性,并于2011年2月通过浙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

紫花苜蓿耐逆诱变和转基因研究进展

本文简述了紫花苜蓿耐逆性状遗传基础研究,并综述了利用生物技术和诱变技术改良紫花苜蓿耐逆性的研究进展,旨在为紫花苜蓿的耐逆育种提供参考。     

辐照F_1代干种子育成高产优质早籼品种辐296

辐296是以早籼中间材料Z96-03为母本、晚籼品种广昌占为父本杂交,F1代干种子经80Gy60 Coγ射线辐照处理,采用系谱法育成的一个早籼常规品种。该品种表现丰产性和稳产性好,米质优良,植株形态理想,叶直立,植株高大,茎秆粗,抗倒力较强,穗大而结实率高等特性。于2008年3月通过湖南省审定。     

诱变与组织培养相结合诱发水稻耐盐突变的初步研究

以4个水稻品种的成熟种子作为外植体,用γ射线、叠氮化钠(SA)施行单项或复合诱变处理后进行组织培养,出愈后的部分愈伤组织再用γ射线辐照处理,并在含NaCl的筛选培养基上进行耐盐突变的筛选。结果表明,15kRγ射线对出愈率和生长率均有严重的抑制作用,而1mMSA单独处理对出愈率和生长率则有促进作用,所有诱变处理都降低了植株分化频率,愈伤组织的生长速率和植株再生率虽随筛选培养基中NaCl含量的提高而下降,但1％NaCl作为耐盐突变体的筛选压较为适宜。诱变处理的种子愈伤组织再以适当剂量的γ射线辐照,有提高诱发耐盐突变频率的作用。适宜的照射量为500—750R。     

实践八号育种卫星搭载籼稻的诱变效应研究

利用卫星搭载4个籼稻品种(系)的干种子,对SP1代种子活力和农艺性状、SP2代农艺性状、稻米直链淀粉含量和白叶枯病抗性进行诱变效应分析,结果表明:空间环境对籼稻种子损伤较小,SP1代的发芽率、芽长、株高以及结实率的生理损伤变幅为0～26.9%;对空间环境的敏感性由强到弱依次为桂99、航恢7号、R998、金航138。SP1代表型不发生分离;SP2代在株高、分蘖、谷粒重、稻米直链淀粉含量和白叶枯病抗性等性状出现分离,突变性状在SP3代能够遗传。空间诱变不仅能使水稻农艺性状发生变异,而且能使稻米品质和抗病性产生变异。     

Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Upland Rice Genotypes Under Field Conditions

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the most yield limiting factors for crop production in South American soils. Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important crop in South American cropping systems, including Brazil. A field experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate 20 upland rice genotypes for phosphorus (P) use efficiency. The P rate used was low (0 kg P ha^?1) and high [87 kg P ha^?1 or 200 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) ha^?1]. Plant height, shoot dry weight, grain yield, panicle number, 1000 grain weight, spikelet sterility, and grain harvest index were significantly influenced by P and genotype treatments. The P X genotype interaction was significant for grain yield, indicating that genotypes responded differently under two P rates. Overall, grain yield increased by 12% with the addition of P fertilization. Based on grain yield efficiency index, genotypes were classified into efficient, moderately efficient, and inefficient group. The genotypes that were classified as efficient in P use were BRA032048, BRA042094, BRA02601, BRA032051, BRA032033, BRA052015, BRA042156, BRA01600, BRA01506, BRA052023 and BRA042160. The inefficient genotypes in P us efficiency were BRS Primavera, BRA052045, BRA01596, and BRS Sertaneja. Grain harvest index had a significant positive association with grain yield and spikelet sterility had a significant negative association with grain yield, as expected. Average, P-use efficiency of five genotypes was about 17 kg kg^?1 (kg grain yield per kg P applied).     

胁迫和对照条件下水稻品种铅积累的差异

为选育籽粒中对Pb低积累或低吸收水稻品种提供依据,本研究采用盆栽试验方法,比较了不同类型水稻品种及植株不同部位在胁迫和对照条件下对Pb的吸收积累特性。结果表明,供试品种不同部位中Pb含量的变异系数较高,变幅在18.34%～35.57%。不同部位中Pb的含量差异明显,根系对Pb具有较强的积累能力。胁迫条件下,根系中Pb的平均含量为287.616mg·kg^-1,约是茎叶和糙米含量的58倍和1267倍;对照条件下,根系中Pb的平均含量为9.078mg·kg^-1,约是茎叶和糙米含量的3倍和50倍;胁迫条件下根系中Pb的含量是对照的36.34倍,而茎叶和糙米分别是对照的1.65倍和1.36倍。不同品种对Pb的积累能力存在显著差异,同一品种在胁迫与对照条件下对Pb的含量也存在明显差异,其中,宁54146对Pb胁迫较敏感。相关分析表明,对照和胁迫条件下,植株不同部位中Pb的含量均不存在相关性。     

Effects of Tobacco Waste and Farmyard Manure on Soil Properties and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata)

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of composted tobacco waste (CTW) with farmyard manure (FYM) on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of lettuce. This research was performed in the experimental fields of the Agriculture Faculty's research farm at Ege University in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey in 2005 and 2006. Tobacco wastes gathered from the cigarette industry were composted and applied to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) with manure. Mineral fertilizers or pesticides were not applied in the experiment. The treatments were (1) control, (2) 12.5 t ha^–1 FYM + 37.5 t ha^–1 CTW, (3) 25 t ha^–1 FYM + 25 t ha^–1 CTW, (4) 50 t ha^–1 FYM, (5) 50 t ha^–1 CTW, and (6) 37.5 t ha^–1 FYM + 12.5 t ha^–1 CTW. During the experiment, soil samples were taken three times in two different periods (I, 7 September 2005; II, 11 November 2005; and III, 14 April 2006). The effects of CTW and FYM on soil physical and chemical properties and the yield were investigated. All application rates increased bulk density, field capacity, available water content, and structure stability index of soil when compared with the control. In addition, similar effects were also determined for chemical properties of soil (pH, lime content, organic matter, total soluble salt, and cation exchange capacity). Increasing rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium provided a rise in the yield. Maximum lettuce yield was 102.7 t ha^–1 at the plots where 50 t ha^–1 CTW was applied. The results show that CTW can be used as an effective soil conditioner.     

生物炭对盐碱胁迫下黑麦草和紫花苜蓿光合及抗氧化特征的影响

为探究黑麦草和紫花苜蓿在盐碱胁迫初期的响应机制,揭示生物炭对盐碱胁迫初期黑麦草和紫花苜蓿两种典型牧草光合及抗氧化系统的短期影响,采用盆栽试验方法,设置4种处理：盐碱胁迫处理（C0, 150 mmol/L等摩尔NaCl、Na2CO3、NaHCO3混合盐碱溶液）、盐碱胁迫+1%生物炭（C1）、盐碱胁迫+3%生物炭（C2）、盐碱胁迫+5%生物炭（C3）,并设置无盐碱胁迫的空白对照（CK）,分析盐碱胁迫初期不同生物炭添加量对植物生长指标、光合特性、丙二醛含量及抗氧活酶活性的影响。结果表明：1）14 d盐碱处理显著影响黑麦草和紫花苜蓿的生长状况,降低生物量累积、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度,提高丙二醛（Malondialdehyde）含量,及超氧化物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase）、过氧化物酶（Peroxidase）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase）活性,但对叶绿素含量和根长无显著影响（P>0.05）。2）盐碱胁迫初期,生物炭可有效提高黑麦草和紫花苜蓿的抗胁迫能力,显著降低丙二醛含量,缓解盐碱胁迫对黑麦草和紫花苜蓿生长和光合反应的抑制作用,其中3%生物炭处理的生物量、株高、根长较盐碱胁迫分别增加了48.50%～82.34%、31.19%～44.16%、17.15%～48.09%,气孔导度、蒸腾速率增加了118.69%～358.99%、98.66%～526.53%,紫花苜蓿的叶绿素含量和净光合速率分别增加了7.97%和519.09%。3）盐碱胁迫下,随施炭量增加,黑麦草和紫花苜蓿的生长指标、光合特性、细胞膜透性及抗氧化酶活性基本呈现出低添加量促进、高添加量抑制的趋势。综上所述,适量生物炭可有效缓解盐碱胁迫对黑麦草和紫花苜蓿生长的抑制作用,其中3%的生物炭施用量效果最好。