两种盐度下凡纳滨对虾饲料中的最适动植物蛋白比

试验研究了不同盐度下（3和22）,以鱼粉和大豆浓缩蛋白为蛋白源,配制6种不同动植物蛋白比的饲料对凡纳滨对虾生长、成活和肝胰腺可溶性蛋白质含量的影响,饲养试验为期40 d。结果显示：（1）饲料动植物蛋白比可显著影响凡纳滨对虾增重率、成活率、肝体指数、肥满度和肝胰腺中可溶性蛋白质含量。增重率随饲料动植物蛋白比升高而升高,但当饲料中动植物蛋白比升至29∶8时,增重率不再明显升高,其它指标均先随饲料动植物蛋白比升高至一定程度,而后则稍有下降;（2）盐度22组对虾的增重率、成活率和肥满度显著高于盐度3组对虾,肝体指数却显著低于盐度3组,不同的盐度对凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺可溶性蛋白含量的影响不显著;（3）双因素方差分析结果显示,盐度和饲料动植物蛋白比对凡纳滨对虾增重率、成活率和肝体指数存在显著交互作用,最大值分别出现在盐度22下全动物蛋白饲料组、盐度22下全动物蛋白和动植物蛋白为29∶8的饲料组、盐度3下饲料动植物蛋白比为14∶23的饲料组中;（4）Broken-Line分析表明,3‰盐度下凡纳滨对虾最适饲料蛋白比为29.12∶7.79~30.29∶6.71,盐度22时为26.05∶10.95~29.03∶7.44。结果提示,饲料中氨基酸的组成和含量会随配方中动植物蛋白配比而改变,且不同盐度下凡纳滨对虾对饲料中动植物蛋白比的要求有所不同,但配饵中适当的动植物蛋白比可以满足虾对各种氨基酸的适宜需求。因此,在养殖过程中,需结合实际的养殖环境和饲料蛋白源种类,来设计适宜的实用饲料配方,这样才能达到降低生产成本,提高经济效益的目的。     

不同蛋白水平对2种规格石斑鱼生长性能、血清生化及肌肉品质的影响

为研究2个不同生长阶段石斑鱼(Epinephelus lanceolatus×E.fuscoguttatus)对饲料蛋白质的需求,设计了蛋白水平分别为37%、40%、43%、46%和49%5组等脂等能的饲料。大规格石斑鱼平均初始体质量为(341.29±5.72)g,小规格石斑鱼平均初始体质量为(83.93±0.30)g,每个网箱15尾,每组饲料3个平行,养殖8周。结果显示,大、小规格石斑鱼增重率、特定生长率均随饲料蛋白水平的增加先升高后降低,大规格组间无显著差异(P0.05),小规格43%组石斑鱼特定生长率最大(P0.05)。2个生长阶段石斑鱼的饲料系数、脏体比、肝体比、胆固醇和血糖随蛋白水平增加显著降低(P0.05),血清蛋白含量先增加后降低(P0.05)。大规格石斑鱼的肌肉灰分随蛋白水平增加先升高后降低,小规格石斑鱼则显著升高(P0.05)。肌肉滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率随蛋白水平增加显著降低,p H逐渐增加,肌肉硬度和弹性先增加后降低(P0.05)。结果表明,大规格石斑鱼适宜蛋白需求量为40.94%,小规格石斑鱼蛋白需求量为43.44%,小规格石斑鱼品质优于大规格石斑鱼。     

翘嘴红鲌幼鱼对蛋白质的需要量

用酪蛋白和白鱼粉为蛋白源配制7种蛋白含量为32.07%～45.64%的半精制试验饲料,喂养7组3个重复的翘嘴红幼鱼8周。饲养试验在室内玻璃钢水箱中进行,试验鱼每尾平均初始体重2.88±0.22g,水温为25～29℃。结果显示:蛋白质水平为41.05%的试验组的鱼体增重、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率等指标均显著高于其它试验组(P<0.05);对特定生长率(Y)和饲料效率(F)二项指标的二次曲线回归分析求得翘嘴红幼鱼饲料蛋白最适值分别为40.94%和41.35%;饲料蛋白水平对鱼体(全鱼)的水分、粗蛋白和粗灰分的含量无显著影响(P>0.05),而较高水平饲料蛋白会使鱼体脂肪含量明显降低(P<0.05)。     

石斑鱼配合饲料中发酵豆粕和豆粕部分替代白鱼粉的研究

在浮式海水网箱(1.5m×1m×1.5m)中养殖石斑鱼幼鱼(9.4±0.1g),在等氮(52% CP)基础上进行以发酵豆粕和普通豆粕替代鱼粉的实验, 为期56天.结果显示在石斑鱼饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,其增重率、特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率和蛋白质效率与对照组没有显著性差异(P>0.05),以后随着发酵豆粕添加量的上升,这些指标都显著下降(P<0.05).在同样替代水平下,添加21%发酵豆粕组,增重率,SGR,饲料效率和蛋白质效率都比添加20%豆粕组高(P<0.05),表明对海水肉食性鱼类来说,发酵豆粕是一种比豆粕更优良的蛋白源.用折线模型分析增重率随白鱼粉替代水平的变化关系,结果表明在石斑鱼配合饲料中,发酵豆粕替代白鱼粉的最适量为10%.从实际生产的经济效益出发,建议在饲料中添加14%发酵豆粕,对石斑鱼的生长和鱼体组成不会造成显著影响.     

不同饲料蛋白水平下点带石斑鱼对鸡肉粉、羽毛粉和血粉混合物的利用能力

通过10周网箱养殖实验,评价了不同饲料蛋白水平下点带石斑鱼对1种鸡肉粉、羽毛粉和血粉混合物的利用能力。采用2×4实验设计,设2个饲料蛋白水平(490 g/kg和530 g/kg粗蛋白),每个饲料蛋白水平下设4个鱼粉水平,其中1组饲料中加入500 g/kg鱼粉(对照),另外3组饲料中分别加入139、278、416 g/kg的鸡肉粉、羽毛粉和血粉混合物(鸡肉粉∶羽毛粉∶血粉=65∶20∶15)替代对照饲料中30%、60%、90%的鱼粉。实验鱼初始体重为(33.4±0.1) g。实验期间,除恶劣天气外,每天分两次按饱食量投喂实验鱼。实验结果表明,饲料蛋白水平对摄食量、增重,饲料系数、氮储积效率、能量储积效率和鱼体组成无显著影响;饲料鱼粉含量显著影响增重,饲料系数、氮储积效率和能量储积效率,但对摄食量和鱼体组成无显著影响。在相同饲料蛋白水平下,特定生长率(SGR)随鱼粉含量降低而下降;当鱼粉含量相同时,摄食高蛋白饲料的鱼SGR略高于摄食低蛋白饲料的鱼。本实验结果显示,通过添加鸡肉粉、羽毛粉和血粉混合物可将点带石斑鱼饲料鱼粉含量降低到200 g/kg,在490~530 g/kg范围内提高饲料蛋白水平无助于降低点带石斑鱼饲料鱼粉含量。     

革胡子鲶苗种饲料最佳动植物蛋白比的研究

以进口鱼粉作动物蛋白源、豆粕等为植物蛋白源，添加适量的维生素、无机混合盐、配制成不同动植物蛋白比，粗蛋白质为41%左右的4种饲料，饲养2-2.18g的革胡子鲶鱼苗30d。结果表明，配合饲料中动植物蛋白比为6：1时，鱼苗的增重率、铒料系数和饲料成本达到了最佳。     

不同饲料蛋白质水平对华鲮幼鱼生长的影响

用3种不同蛋白含量(26.1%、38.3%、52.7%)的配合饲料投喂华鲮幼鱼153d,结果显示:①随着饲料蛋白质含量从26.1%上升到52.7%,平均日增重从0.08g/d上升到0.33g/d,3组之间的日增重和体重有显著差异(P<0.05);饲料系数从4.82下降为2.18,3组之间的饲料系数有显著差异(P<0.05);②3种不同蛋白含量(26.1%、38.3%、52.7%)的配合饲料的成本分别为2.53元/kg、3.75元/kg、5.57元/kg;鱼体每kg增重所需饲料成本上看,P1:12.19元/kg,P2:10.39元/kg,P3:12,14元/kg;③初步认为蛋白含量为38.3%的配合饲料更适合华鲮幼鱼的生产需要。     

封闭式循环水饲养青石斑鱼试验

在封闭式循环水养殖系统中以全人工配合饲料制成软颗粒饲料投喂青石斑鱼幼鱼,经过33d的饲养,青石斑鱼尾相对增重率为64.6%,平均饲料系数为1.81,养殖成活率95.89%,平均丰满度为1.66。封闭式循环水养殖系统的养殖排出水回收率达到85%以上,养殖单产、饲料效率、生长速度都达到了生产要求。     

桑树饲喂黑豚对其生产性能及经济效益的影响

试验研究桑树作黑豚饲料对其生产性能、血液生化指标及经济效益的影响,将健康体重相近黑豚80只,随机分为试验和对照2组,每组40只,其中试验组饲喂桑树与精料,对照组饲喂象草与精料。结果表明:试验组与对照组的平均日增重比较差异极显著(p0.01),且试验组1 kg增重饲料费比对照组降低1.41元/kg;但试验组与对照组比较血糖、胆固醇含量差异不显著(p0.05),而甘油三酯含量差异极显著降低(p0.01);试验组与对照组比较屠宰率差异不显著(p0.05),但试验组体长显著增加(p0.05)。表明桑树作黑豚饲料有促生长、降低饲料成本和血液甘油三酯含量效果的作用。     

翘嘴红鲌对饲料蛋白的营养需求及豆粕对鱼粉的适宜替代量

选择健康的翘嘴红(Erythroculter ilishaeformisBleeker)为实验鱼,体质量(12.84±0.60)g。实验分为两部分进行。实验Ⅰ以褐鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个蛋白水平(31.04%、35.51%、40.89%、46.62%、50.33%)的等能、等必需氨基酸(EAA)平衡关联度的半精制饲料,探讨翘嘴红对饲料蛋白的需求;经过8周饲养,实验Ⅰ的结果表明,饲料蛋白含量对翘嘴红的增重率、饲料效率和蛋白效率具有显著影响。方差分析表明,40.89%饲料蛋白组的鱼体增重率显著高于31.04%、35.51%饲料蛋白组(P<0.05),但是与46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组没有显著性差异(P>0.05);31.04%3、5.51%和40.89%饲料蛋白组的蛋白效率显著高于46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组(P<0.05);40.89%、46.62%和50.33%饲料蛋白组的饲料效率显著高于31.04%和35.51%饲料蛋白组(P<0.05)。依据折线模型分析翘嘴红的增重率、二次多项式回归分析蛋白质效率,适宜饲料蛋白水平为37.43%~41.15%。实验Ⅱ以豆粕替代鱼粉,大豆蛋白分别替代0.0%、13.5%、27%、40.5%和54%的鱼粉蛋白,配制5个EAA关联度的等蛋白(40%)、等能(20 MJ.kg-1)的半精制饲料,探讨翘嘴红饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的适宜替代量。结果表明,当大豆蛋白分别替代13.5%2、7.0%和40.5%的鱼粉蛋白时,翘嘴红的增重率和蛋白效率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),而且都显著高于54.0%替代组(P<0.05),因此,本实验条件下,大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的最大替代量为40.5%,饲料动、植物蛋白适宜比为3∶2。     

Indicators of genetic variation for feed conversion efficiency in black bream

Feed conversion efficiency (FCE) is a composite measure that combines feed intake with growth rate to estimate the effectiveness by which feed is converted to saleable meat product, and is a major determinant of production system efficiency. We measured the relationships between feed intake to apparent satiety and weight gain in replicate half‐sib families of black bream at four times over a 56‐day test period. After 42 days, we found significant additive genetic variance in both weight gain and feed intake, and a stabilization in family group variation in both traits. This indicates that 42 days is the minimum test period over which to measure genetic variation for FCE in black bream. There were high, positive phenotypic (and probably genetic) correlations between weight gain and feed intake after 42 days. We found no detectable genetic variation for either feed efficiency (weight gain/feed intake), or residual feed intake, which is a linear function that distinguishes between the amount of feed intake that is used for body maintenance and that used for growth. We argue that selection for improved FCE might be better achieved not by using a composite measure, but by using a weighted selection index that accounts for the genetic covariance among weight gain, feed intake and other key production traits.     

Evaluation of potential feed sources,and technical and economic considerations of small‐scale commercial striped catfish (Pangasius hypothalamus) pond farming systems in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

A technical and socio‐economic survey was conducted in Dong Thap, Can Tho and An Giang, provinces of Vietnam in 2009. The results showed that most of the small scale farmers of striped catfish (Pangasius hypothalamus) carry out fish pond culture, developed and operated by self‐learned experience and from neighbours knowledge. The mean pond depth varied from 3.5 to 4.0 m, ranging from 2 to 6 m. Most of the fish farms have extremely high stocking density, with an average of about 40 fish m^?2, in some cases up to 70 fish per m². The average yields and net income of small‐scales pond farming is about 21–27 kg per m² crop^?1 and US$ 0.184–0.329 kg^?1 crop^?1 respectively. These figures are not significantly different compared with large‐scale pond farming. About 75%, 86% and 80% of fish farmers in Dong Thap, Can Tho and An Giang province, respectively, received positive net returns. Farm‐made feed is still playing an important role because of higher net profit compared with commercial pellet feeds. Rice bran and trash fish are the main feed ingredients for farm‐made feed formulations. Striped catfish farmers are now actively searching for locally produced plant protein sources as alternatives to marine trash fish or fish meal.     

Effect of drying on the viability of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum Lab9 (CPQBA 144‐09 DRM 03) impregnated in the feed for tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)

Drying experiments were conducted at different temperatures and air flux velocities to determine the proper drying conditions for reducing moisture in commercial fish feed impregnated with probiotic lactic acid bacteria and to assess the effect on bacteria viability over time. At temperatures of 45°C, the drying time was shorter, without the air flux velocity under study having a relevant influence. The drying conditions influenced the viability of the bacteria in the feed; the least loss of viability was obtained with a velocity of 0.8 m s^?1 and a temperature of 45°C during 15 min. Using these drying conditions, 5 kg of feed was dried and stored for a month at temperature of 26°C and relative humidity of 75%. The viability of the bacteria and the moisture of the feed were measured every 3 days during the storage period. Loss of viability followed first order kinetics, with a constant k of 0.112 days^?1. Thus, the viability of the bacteria in the feed is less than 10⁶ CFU g^?1 after 43 days.     

A review of the effects of ingredient composition and processing conditions on the physical qualities of extruded high‐energy fish feed as measured by prevailing methods

Feed comprises the biggest cost in intensive fish farming and the quality of feed is therefore important. A vast body of research has been carried out in order to investigate nutritional quality of alternative ingredients. Effects of ingredients on physical quality are seldom included in these investigations. Physical quality of feed varies with ingredient composition and processing condition and may interfere with feed intake, nutrient digestibility and therefore growth performance of the fish. In this review, physical quality of extruded, high energy feed, and how ingredient composition and processing conditions affect the quality will be addressed. Various pellet properties will be discussed and methods used to evaluate physical quality will be reviewed.     

福建省水产饲料业的崛起与学科进步

水产养殖业的迅速发展带动了水产饲料业的进步。福建省水产饲料业经过近30年的稳步发展,饲料研发能力、产品产量与质量等均有较大的提高。本文概述了福建省水产饲料业的崛起与学科建设,指出了福建省水产饲料学科建设的重点发展方向。     

比较3种饲料对牙鲆生长和消化率的影响

选取平均体重为(359±16)g/尾的健康牙鲆48尾,随机分成3组,每组2个重复。采用3种不同饲料进行投喂,比较牙鲆专用配合饲料对牙鲆生长速度、饲料效率及消化率的影响。经过42d的饲养,结果表明:自配饲料(A组)增重速度最快、饲料系数最低,尾相对增重率达到230.1%、饲料系数达到1.59。牙鲆每增重1.0kg所需饲料成本最低,与B组、C组相比分别节省了13.7%和18.9%。A组的干物质消化率为81.56%,比B组、C组分别高5.33%和9.39%。A组的蛋白质消化率为91.17%,比B组、C组分别高3.26%和7.51%。     

使用颗粒饵料养殖鲈鱼试验

本文报道了颗粒饵料养殖鲈鱼的效果。结果表明；使用颗粒产与使用鱼浆比较，鲈鱼增重率提高２．７０％，饵料系数降低２７．６％。     

影响鱼用颗粒饵料系数因素的分析

水、种、饵是八字精养法的三大物质基础 ,而饵料更是集约化、规模化养殖的重中之重 ,饵料费用一般占养殖总成本的 5 0 %以上 ,因此 ,如何解决饵料问题是养殖生产的关键问题之一。本文从饵料的配方、加工工艺、投喂技术和水环境因子等方面对影响饵料系数的因素进行了分析。