油菜根肿病抗病资源研究进展

根肿病是原生动物界根肿菌门根肿菌属芸薹根肿菌侵染引起,并专门为害十字花科作物的一种传染性强的土传病害。近年来,我国油菜的安全生产受到根肿病的严重威胁。基于此,介绍了芸薹根肿菌的生物学特性、分类地位及国际上通用的一些生理小种鉴定方法,并在油菜根肿病防治、油菜抗根肿病资源与遗传育种等方面作了研究进展总结。     

油菜茵核病综合防治关键技术

油菜是我国主要的油料作物,油菜菌核病俗称麻秆、烂杆,是油菜生产中的重要病害之一,在我国冬、春油菜栽培区均有发生,以长江流域和东南沿海的冬油菜区发病最严重,常年株发病率高达10％～30％,严重的达80％以上;油菜感病后一般减产10％-70％,含油量降低1％-5％。由于该病的发生发展又与多种条件有密切关系,因此在防治上应采取以农业防治为基础的综合防治措施,力争将损失降到最低。     

机械直播同步深施肥对冬油菜茎秆抗倒性和产量的影响

为探明机械直播同步深施肥对冬油菜抗倒伏能力及产量的影响，该研究选用"华油杂62"油菜品种为供试作物，设置肥料深施、肥料混施和不施肥3个处理，于2020年10月至2021年5月在湖北监利和沙洋试验地开展了田间试验，研究不同施肥处理对油菜根系特征、茎秆发育特性、干物质累积、植株氮素吸收、倒伏性状及产量等指标的影响，明晰机械直播同步深施肥冬油菜茎秆抗倒性及产量对株型特征的响应。结果表明，肥料深施较肥料混施处理促进了油菜茎秆生长发育且影响倒伏相关性状，茎粗、茎秆干质量、地上部鲜质量和茎秆抗折力分别显著（P<0.05）增加了9.5%、16.6%、17.4%和31.5%，而油菜株高及地上部鲜质量乘积的增幅小于茎秆抗折力的增幅，导致倒伏指数降低了5.0%，说明深施肥能够增强油菜茎秆抗倒性。此外，肥料深施较肥料混施处理显著增加了油菜根干质量、地上部干质量及地上部氮素积累量，增幅分别达到23.2%、20.4%和27.4%，最终使得油菜产量提高了20.7%（P=0.014），收获指数提高了2.0%。综上，长江中下游地区，肥料深施能改善冬油菜株型，优化油菜群体结构，提升油菜抗倒性能且提高油菜产量，是实现油菜高产且低倒伏风险的机械化种植方式。     

石灰性土壤中油菜根际磷的化学动态及生物有效性

采用网膜分隔三室栽培系统研究了供磷水平不同的石灰性土壤中,油菜根际磷的各种化学组分的动态分布特征。发现在正常供磷水平下油菜根际范围内Olsen-P,Ca2-P均处于亏缺状态,表明这两种形态的磷是油菜吸磷的主要给源。而在土壤磷极度缺乏条件下,根际Ca8-P和Al-P呈现亏缺状态,该二种磷成为油菜吸磷的给源,这时Olsen-P和Ca2-P反而呈现均匀分布。这一结果表明,在严重缺磷胁迫条件下,油菜根际的难溶性磷(Ca8-P和Al-P)可以被活化而为植物利用,成为生物有效磷。这是油菜抗低磷胁迫根系适应反应的间接证明。     

应用激光拉曼光谱判别油菜叶片核盘菌早期侵染

病原物核盘菌侵染油菜植株所引发的油菜菌核病严重制约着油菜产业的发展,及早诊断核盘菌的侵染有助于油菜菌核病的早期防治。病原物一般由侵入点向植物寄主四周扩散形成病斑,而与病原物侵染点不同距离的组织区域可代表病害的不同严重程度。该研究采用激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪在800~2 000 cm-1范围内获取健康和染病油菜叶片的拉曼光谱曲线,接着采用小波变换(wavelet transform,WT)进行拉曼光谱的预处理以去除荧光背景的干扰,然后选择主成分因子(principal components,PC-1和PC-2)以及特征参量(1 006,1 156和1 522 cm-1)进行样本间的聚类分析,最后分别基于主成分因子和拉曼特征参量建立最小二乘支持向量机(least squares support vector machine,LS-SVM)进行菌核病侵染油菜叶片不同阶段的判别分析。结果发现采用基于PC-1主成分,1 156和1 522 cm-1处的拉曼强度建立的LS-SVM判别模型可以得到100%的识别率。研究结果表明,通过判别分析油菜叶片菌核病病斑不同区域处的拉曼光谱可以实现核盘菌侵染油菜叶片的早期判别,这为后续探究植物病害的早期监测以及研发油菜叶片菌核病早期诊断拉曼便携仪提供理论参考。     

秀山县油菜病虫害综合防治成效初报

总结秀山县2009年油菜病虫综合防治的经验,分析防控措施及效益,探讨油菜病虫综合防治的方法。     

油菜主要病虫害发生特点及防治技术探讨

油菜是我国农业生产中重中之重的产业,在我国河南等地广泛种植,我国油菜产量、销量和需求量都在世界前列。但油菜培育过程中,不可避免地会出现病虫害问题,降低了农民的收入,所以病虫害防治问题亟待解决。基于此,以油菜病虫害防治为主题,从病虫害主要类型及特点、造成病虫害的原因以及相对应的防治方法进行分析与阐述。     

油菜高产种植方法及病虫害防治技术探讨

提高油菜种植质量和产量,有利于提升农户的经济效益,能为农业发展奠定良好基础。基于此,分析了良种处理、田地管理和肥水管理等实现油菜高产种植方法,并提出了农业防治、物理防治、化学防治和生物防治等病虫害防治技术。     

浅析油菜作为绿肥的应用优势

油菜是可以作为绿肥广泛应用的作物。在总结油菜绿肥土壤培肥性状的基础上,从病虫害生物防治、土壤难溶性磷活化、土壤重金属污染治理3个方面总结归纳了油菜作为绿肥在我国可持续农业发展中的应用优势。     

大竹县油菜菌核病的发生特点以及防控技术探究

对近4年四川省大竹县的油菜菌核病的发生规律进行系统性总结,并结合气候、栽培措施、菌源等多因素对菌核病的发生进行分析,对以往防治措施进行总结,旨在为今后油菜菌核病的防治提供参考依据。     

Factors affecting the pattern of the dose response curve of clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae

The severity of clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. depended on the density of resting spores in soil, soil type, soil pH, and host susceptibility. The dose response curve (DRC) was determined to indicate the relationship between the disease index and these parameters for predicting the disease severity for each field. DRC patterns varied with the soil types and even among soils of the same type depending on the sampling areas. Disease incidence was lower in the soils adjusted to a higher pH than in those at the initial pH. DRC patterns were also influenced by plant species or cultivars. The DRC is useful for estimating the potential disease severity in agricultural fields with different soils and different plants and essential for the development of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for the control of clubroot disease.     

Root surface-inhabiting bacteria and the expression of clubroot of radish in controlled environments

The effect of bacteria on the expression of clubroot of radish caused by the obligate parasite, Plasmodiophora brassicae, was studied. Inoculations with the bacterial strains isolated from roots of radish plants increased slightly, decreased slightly or did not change the number of root hairs colonized by P. brassicae in the root hair, i.e. primary phase of colonization. Five of six bacterial strains decreased the incidence of clubroot which was associated with a decrease in the extent of P. brassicae -colonization of the stele, i.e. secondary phase colonization. The role of root surface-inhabiting bacteria in clubroot disease development in radish under controlled environmental conditions is discussed.     

完熟期油菜果荚不同脱粒方式的脱粒效果

在油菜果荚脱粒过程中,脱粒方式及其功耗是影响脱净率、破损率等指标的重要因素,是设计油菜联合收割机脱粒装置的关键。该文采用搓擦、碾压和冲击等不同脱粒方式,对完熟期油菜果荚进行了脱粒试验,研究了油菜果荚脱净率和脱粒功耗之间的关系,并对3种脱粒方式的脱粒效果进行了对比分析。试验表明,果荚脱净率和功耗之间呈对数关系;在单位脱粒量功耗大于0.5J/g后,相同脱粒功耗下,揉搓脱粒的脱净率高于碾压脱粒和冲击脱粒。结果表明油菜联合收割机脱粒装置宜设计为冲击脱粒和搓擦脱粒组合的脱粒方式。该研究可为油菜脱粒方式的选择和结构设计提供参考。     

Effect of the amelioration of soil acidity and continuous cropping of cruciferous vegetables on the incidence of clubroot disease and resting spore density in soil

pp. 891–896
In order to elucidate the effect of converter furnace slag applied as a liming amendment and continuous cropping of Qing gin cai ( Brassicae chinensis L.) or leaf daikon ( Raphanus sativus ) on the incidence of clubroot disease and the resting spore density in soil, pot cultivation tests were carried out. In the pot tests, pH(H₂O) was 5.2–6.1 in the non-application pot, and 7.1–7.6 in the pots receiving an application of converter furnace slag.
A significant incidence of club-root disease was apparent in the non-application pots of Qing gin cai . The resting spore density in the soils decreased soon after harvesting, but then increased after mixing the infected roots and soils.
On the other hand, the incidence of the disease was suppressed significantly, in application pots of continuously cropped Qing gin cai . Furthermore, the resting spore density in these soils decreased with repeated cultivation.
These results agreed well with the results from field cultivation tests that the authors have already reported. Macfarlane has reported that the suppression mechanism of clubroot disease brought about by the amelioration of soil acidity is effected through the inhibition of resting spore germination.
In this study, the decrease of resting spores density was associated with the cultivation of Qing gin cai under conditions of high soil pH. From these results, it is concluded that the suppression mechanism is caused by some phenomenon that occurs after the primary zoospore is infected with the root hair.
Until now, avoidance of continuous cropping of susceptible cruciferous vegetables was promoted as one of the most fundamental countermeasures for the control of clubroot disease. However, continuous cropping of suceptible cruciferous vegetables will be a useful technique to decrease resting density specifically under conditions of high soil pH.     

Effect of the amelioration of soil acidity and continuous cropping of cruciferous vegetables on the incidence of clubroot disease and resting spore density in soil

pp. 891–896

In order to elucidate the effect of converter furnace slag applied as a liming amendment and continuous cropping of Qing gin cai (Brassicae chinensis L.) or leaf daikon (Raphanus sativus) on the incidence of clubroot disease and the resting spore density in soil, pot cultivation tests were carried out. In the pot tests, pH(H₂O) was 5.2–6.1 in the non-application pot, and 7.1–7.6 in the pots receiving an application of converter furnace slag.

A significant incidence of club-root disease was apparent in the non-application pots of Qing gin cai. The resting spore density in the soils decreased soon after harvesting, but then increased after mixing the infected roots and soils.

On the other hand, the incidence of the disease was suppressed significantly, in application pots of continuously cropped Qing gin cai. Furthermore, the resting spore density in these soils decreased with repeated cultivation.

These results agreed well with the results from field cultivation tests that the authors have already reported. Macfarlane has reported that the suppression mechanism of clubroot disease brought about by the amelioration of soil acidity is effected through the inhibition of resting spore germination.

In this study, the decrease of resting spores density was associated with the cultivation of Qing gin cai under conditions of high soil pH. From these results, it is concluded that the suppression mechanism is caused by some phenomenon that occurs after the primary zoospore is infected with the root hair.

Until now, avoidance of continuous cropping of susceptible cruciferous vegetables was promoted as one of the most fundamental countermeasures for the control of clubroot disease. However, continuous cropping of suceptible cruciferous vegetables will be a useful technique to decrease resting density specifically under conditions of high soil pH.     

土壤强还原处理对连作芥蓝产量、微生物数量及活性的影响

芥蓝是一种重要的十字花科蔬菜,但高强度单一的种植模式以及不合理的养分管理使得土壤连作障碍现象日益突出,严重制约着芥蓝的可持续生产。土壤强还原处理(reductive soil disinfestation,RSD)是一种作物种植前的土壤处理方法,不仅可以有效杀灭土传病原菌,还具有改善土壤结构、增加土壤有机质含量、重建土壤微生物区系、恢复微生物活性等作用。我们以云南省昆明市安宁县的芥蓝生产基地中连作障碍严重的地块作为研究对象,设置3个处理:不做任何处理的对照(CK),固体有机物料(C/N:122,12 t/hm~2)RSD处理(RSD_BA);液体有机物料(C/N:30,6t/hm~2)RSD处理(RSD_MO),测定RSD处理后土壤理化和生物学性质的变化,并统计芥蓝产量和根肿病的发病率。结果表明,与CK处理相比,RSD处理能够显著提升土壤pH,降低土壤NO_3~–-N和有效态重金属的含量;并且能够显著增加芥蓝产量,降低根肿病的发病率,其中RSD_MO和RSD_BA处理后产量分别提高268%和397%,发病率分别降低37.3%和56.7%。RSD处理还能明显提高细菌与真菌的比值(B/F),降低芸薹根肿菌的数量,增加土壤微生物活性,其中RSD_BA处理的杀菌率达到90.6%,微生物活性提高2倍。因此,固体有机物料的土壤强还原处理能够显著改善芥蓝连作生产系统的土壤质量,降低发病率,提高产量,是一种具有快速缓解十字花科蔬菜地连作障碍,实现可持续种植的有效措施。     

Organically grown Brassica napus – use of border strips and Trichoderma

Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is a very difficult crop to cultivate organically. Only few organic methods are effective in reducing damage from insects and diseases. The current investigation assessed the use of the beneficial ascomycete Trichoderma asperellum (Samuels, Lieckf & Nirenberg) and a trap crop of Brassica rapa L. turnip rape cv. “Brachina,” both with and without an application of slurry fertilizer, for pest suppression and yield enhancement of winter oilseed rape cv. “Californium.” The presence of the trap crop significantly increased 1000 grain weight but not total yield or lipid content of the oilseed rape because turnip rape was not attractive enough to prevent colonization of the principal crop. Increase in 1000 grain weight, lipid content, and total seed yield were found in oilseed rape sprayed with three applications of T. asperellum, but the ascomycete had no influence on the insect pests observed. The effects of the fertilizer are about equal to the effects of the fungus on 1000 grain weight and on lipid content.     

Tillage intensity effects on soil properties and crop yields in a long-term trial on morainic loam soil in southeast Norway

Many tillage studies focus primarily on grain crops, whereas other important agricultural crops receive little attention. This paper presents yield results for various crops grown in the tenth to sixteenth year of a long-term tillage trial on loam soil in southeast Norway. Traditional plough tillage was compared with deep and shallow tine cultivation and with minimum tillage, and the residual effects of tillage were measured in the seventeenth and eighteenth years. Soil bulk density, air permeability and other soil conditions were found to be favourable for crop growth on all treatments in the tenth year. The yield levels of cereals (Hordeum vulgare L., Triticum aestivum L. and Avena sativa L.) and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) showed consistent increases of 2–8% with declining tillage intensity, whereas yields of fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were highest after plough tillage. The latter result was thought to be due to lower soil temperatures under reduced tillage. Yields of brassica crops were greatly affected by tillage intensity, owing to a marked reduction of clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) infection with reduced tillage. Average yields for these crops were 23%, 52% and 59% higher with deep tine cultivation, shallow tine cultivation and minimum tillage, respectively, than with plough tillage. The effects were particularly dramatic in the case of fodder rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Sinsk. f. biennis Reichb.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capita L.). Liming raised the yields of some brassica crops but did not influence the effect of tillage.

Soil acidity was measured twice during the trial period and again in the second residual year, and showed values which were 0.1–0.3 pH units lower with reduced tillage than with plough tillage. This rules out the conclusion that the effect of tillage on clubroot was associated directly with acidity. Positive residual effects of reduced tillage systems were found on the yields of both brassicaceous and gramineous crops. Reduced tillage intensity may thus be recommended for all crops studied, with the exception of fodder beet, on morainic loam soils of southeast Norway.     

基于决策树和随机森林模型的湖北油菜产量限制因子分析

利用1961-2014年湖北省主产县油菜产量统计资料及同期气象观测资料,采用决策树和随机森林模型,对影响油菜产量的气候因子进行分析。结果表明：温度、日照时数及干旱、湿渍害对油菜产量均有不同程度的影响,且因生育期不同而存在差异。油菜开花期以前对低温敏感,开花期以后对高温敏感;苗期和蕾薹期对干旱较敏感,开花期和角果期对湿渍害更敏感;日照时数对油菜产量的影响受水分状况的制约,在干旱状况下日照偏多不利于产量形成,偏湿状况下则表现为日照越多越有利于产量形成。在各限制因子中,以湿渍害发生频率对油菜产量的影响最高,其次是干旱和冻害。湿渍害对产量的影响以高湿寡照的次生灾害影响较土壤偏湿的直接影响更大     

Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins in Healthy Roots and Clubroots of Brassica oleracea

Abstract

Seedlings of Brassica oleracea were infected by the pathogenic fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae. causing clubroot formation. Proteins from healthy roots and clubroots were extracted by two different methods and analysed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Host-proteins induced during clubroot infection were not analysed, since the fungus was always present in the infected roots. This work showed that several proteins present in non-infected roots were lost or strongly reduced in the infected roots.