不同改良措施对典型草原植物群落及土壤的影响

于2010年4-9月在宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区实验区内对草地进行各种改良措施应用试验,以寻求加快宁南半干旱区草原生态恢复的关键技术.改良后的测定结果表明:草地松耙后的植物群落多样性与对照之间差异不显著(P＜0.05),盖度和生物量明显低于对照,分别低7％、32.4 g·m-2;草地松耙、草地松耙+补播、草地松耙+施肥、草地松耙+补播+施肥、围栏封育处理后的土壤含水量与对照之间差异显著(P＜0.05),容重均小于对照；草地松耙+补播+施肥的土壤养分与对照之间差异显著(P＜0.05).     

近20 a云雾山草地生产力对气候变化的响应

研究云雾山典型草原生产力与气候变化的关系,制定合理应对措施,是云雾山植被重建和生态环境恢复的重要保障。本文基于1992—2011年气候数据和相应的草地生产力调查资料,分析了云雾山草地生产力、气候生产潜力变化特征及其与温度和降水变化的关系。结果表明:(1)近20 a来研究区年平均气温显著升高,冬春季增温高于夏季;年降水量呈下降趋势,但未达显著水平,仅7月降水量显著下降。(2)夏季增温及干旱导致云雾山草地生产力及气候生产潜力下降,此外,冬季增温也抑制草地生产力的提高。(3)研究区气候资源利用率为53%,尚有一半的生产潜力有待开发;适度利用、改良草场,增加人工草场培育是进一步提高草地生产力的有效途径。     

基于生态足迹分析法的宁夏可持续发展研究

利用生态足迹分析方法的模型,对宁夏1980、1985、1990、1995、1998~2005年的生态足迹和生态承载力进行计算。结果表明在1980~2005年间,除1990~1995年宁夏人均生态足迹有所降低以外,其余期间均处于增长趋势;宁夏人均生态足迹由1980年的0.61 hm2增加到了2005年的2.39 hm2,草地、化石能源和耕地是生态足迹的主要供给部分。人均生态承载力由1980年的1.22 hm2降低到2005年的0.76 hm2,生态承载力一直处于降低趋势,耕地和草地是生态承载力的主要供给部分。1995年是宁夏生态经济系统可持续发展状态的转折点,此前宁夏的生态承载力大于生态足迹,此后生态承载力开始小于生态足迹并出现生态赤字,即现在的经济发展处于不可持续发展状态。     

宁夏草原物种丰富度分布格局及其水热解释

草原物种丰富度地理格局及其成因是草地生态学的中心议题之一。宁夏温性草原类型多样,是研究温性草原物种丰富度对水热响应的理想场所。文中利用宁夏草原479个样地丰富度数据和对应的气候、地形数据,分析了宁夏草原物种丰富度分布格局及其影响因素。结果表明:宁夏草原物种丰富度与经度、海拔呈正相关;与纬度呈负相关。并采用多元回归的方法建立了物种丰富度与经度、纬度以及海拔之间回归方程,即:S=2. 044LON-2. 491LAT+0. 004ALT-121. 411(R2=0. 643,P <0. 0001)。冗余分析(RDA)方差分解显示:水分、能量及地形对物种丰富度分布格局共同解释率为44. 83%,单独解释率分别为5. 63%,1. 14%和0.31%,未解释的部分为55. 17%。水分和能量是宁夏物种丰富度分布格局主要影响因素。从未解释的比例来看,研究中未考虑的土壤因素很可能对宁夏草原物种丰富度存在重要影响。     

新疆巴音布鲁克高山草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系

利用野外调查的物种丰富度和生物量资料,对位于新疆天山中段巴音布鲁克草地的20个样地进行群落数量分类,揭示每种群落类型的物种丰富度和生产力特征,在此基础上,考察了群落内和群落间物种丰富度与生产力的关系,并探讨其形成机制.结果表明:利用TWINSPAN将20个样地划分为6个群落类型(亚高山草原、亚高山草甸化草原、亚高山草原化草甸、亚高山草甸、高山草甸和高山沼泽草甸).6个草地群落类型地上生物量、物种丰富度差异明显:就地上生物量而言,亚高山草原和亚高山草甸较低,高山沼泽草甸和高山草甸较高,而亚高山草甸化草原和亚高山草原化草甸处于两者之间;就物种丰富度而言,亚高山草甸和高山草甸较高,亚高山草原和高山沼泽草甸较低,而亚高山草甸化草原和亚高山草原化草甸处于两者之间.群落内物种丰富度与生产力的关系表现出多种形式:亚高山草原、亚高山草甸和高山草甸的物种丰富度与生产力呈正相关,亚高山草甸化草原的物种丰富度与生产力呈负相关,而亚高山草原化草甸和高山沼泽草甸的物种丰富度与生产力没有表现出显著的相关关系.群落间物种丰富度与生产力呈现"单峰"关系.群落内生产力范围不够大,可能是群落内未能观察到"单峰"关系的原因;环境异质性是导致群落间出现"单峰"关系的关键因素.     

基于生态足迹的宁夏盐池县生态安全评价

以荒漠化过程典型的宁夏盐池县为研究区,运用生态足迹方法评价了该区的生态安全状况.结果表明:10a间盐池县人均生态足迹从1.72hn2增加到3.68hm2,生态承载力从2.02hm2减少到1.74hm2,到2007年人均生态足迹是人均生态承载力的1倍多,生态系统处于强不安全状态.其中耕地足迹、草地足迹和化石能源足迹是构成...     

基于CVOR指数的巴音布鲁克高寒草原健康评价

利用草地生态系统健康评价CVOR综合指数,对巴音布鲁克高寒草原生态系统2004—2012年健康状态进行评价与退化分级研究,并对引起CVOR变化的内在驱动力因素进行探讨。结果表明:(1)研究区高寒草原生态系统健康状况由一般病态(2004年CVOR=0.58)逐渐恢复为健康状态(2012年CVOR=0.72);退化状况由强度退化恢复为中度退化,但局部仍存在强度退化;(2)降水是高寒草原生态系统CVOR指数的主要限制因子,降水也是除基况外各分指数变化的重要驱动因素;在气候变化背景下,CVOR指数将上升;(3)放牧改变了围栏外的群落功能组分,围封可以改善高寒草原生态系统的健康状况,有利于植被的正向演替,过度放牧是影响高寒草原恢复和演替的重要因素。总体上,降水和放牧是影响研究区高寒草原健康状况的主要原因。     

新疆喀纳斯国家自然保护区中小型土壤动物群落多样性与相似性研究

为研究喀纳斯国家自然保护区不同生境中小型土壤动物群落多样性及相似性特征,2011年7月和9月中旬分别对该保护区的针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林、灌木林、草甸草原、林间草地、沼泽地7种生境进行了取样调查。结果表明:捕获中小型土壤动物共14301只,隶属于4门13纲29目(30类)。在7种不同生境中小型土壤动物群落多样性之间有显著性差(p0.05),其中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)依次为草甸草原针叶林沼泽地阔叶林林间草地混交林灌木林,而Margalef(M)丰富度指数依次为阔叶林灌木林林间草地草甸草原混交林沼泽地针叶林;Simpson优势度指数依次为灌木林林间草地混交林阔叶林针叶林沼泽地草甸草原。Jaccard群落相似性分析表明,不同生境中小型土壤动物群落相似性程度主要为极相似(处于0.75~1.00),而在个别生境间表现为中等相似(处于0.50~0.75)。7种生境中小型土壤动物群落欧氏聚类和MDS排序分析结果表现为以灌木林、沼泽地及阔叶林为一组、以针阔混交林、林间草地和草甸草原为一组、以针叶林单独为一组的三大类型。研究结果表明植被类型和人为干扰是影响该保护区中小型土壤动物群落多样性及其动态变化的主要因素。     

内蒙古高原典型草原生态系统健康评价和退化分级研究

在锡林郭勒高原和呼伦贝尔高原典型草原区选取19个调查点,对典型草原羊草+大针茅群落在长期牧压下的植被状况进行了调查.处在不同退化演替序列的植物群落优势种的类型、活力和恢复力均存在很大差异,原生生态系统保持了健康的种类组成,能充分利用环境资源,形成较高的群落生产力.根据草地生态系统健康评价的研究,结合典型草原生态系统的群...     

宁夏草原蝗虫适生区和分布区划分

宁夏回族自治区(简称宁夏)草原类型多样,荒漠草原、干草原、草原化荒漠和山地草甸草原等均有分布,草原面积约212.63万hm²。近年来,随着气候和植被的变化,以及草原的过度开发利用,草原有害生物灾害频繁暴发,草原生态环境持续恶化。据宁夏草原工作站统计,2019年宁夏草原虫害发生面积约14.30万hm²,占草原总面积的6%。为能及时对草原害虫进行早期预防,于关键期精准施药,需要对蝗虫适生区进行判断,而适生区区划成果对开展天敌昆虫保育、生态区划方案制定和蝗区改造等工作有重要意义(王杰臣和倪绍祥,2001)。本研究应用ArcGIS软件通过模型构建对宁夏草原蝗虫适生区和分布区进行划分,以期为宁夏草原蝗虫的监测和防治提供参考依据。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> sp. closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Waitea circinata</Emphasis> causes a new disease of creeping bentgrass

Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots. Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%), but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W. circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo in Japanese).     

Recent observations on leafy gall in Liliaceae and some other families

Corynebacterium fascians, which causes leafy gall, has been shown to be responsible for the unusual symptoms recently found in lilies. The symptoms are described and the different bacterial isolates compared by biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments. No evidence could be found for the existence of specialized strains even though considerable variation in virulence could be demonstrated. Although the role of variation in susceptibility of the different lily cultivars should not be underestimated, it would appear that high inoculum levels ofC. fascians in the soil may be largely responsible for these outbreaks.Also included in this study are the results of biochemical, serological and pathogenicity experiments ofC. fascians which has been isolated fromKalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaea, Hebe andVerbascum.Samenvatting Reeds een aantal jaren was in lelies een woekering in stengelbollen bekend, die echter sporadisch voorkwam en economisch van weinig betekenis was. Tijdens de zomer van 1977 echter trad de ziekte op één enkel perceel zo ernstig op dat zeer aanzienlijke oogstderving het gevolg was. Behalve de stengelbol kan ook de hoofdbol misvormd zijn. Bovendien kunnen misvormde stengelbollen lange spruiten vormen, zgn. sabeltandvorming. Soms is het wortelstelsel gereduceerd; in de kas zijn verdikte stengels waargenomen. De ziekte staat nu bekend onder de naam woekerziekte.Door de PD te Wageningen en het LBO te Lisse werd de bacterieCorynebacterium fascians (Tilford) Dows. uit het zieke materiaal geïsoleerd. In gezamenlijk onderzoek werd nagegaan of de bacterie de veroorzaker is van bovengenoemde symptomen en of hier sprake is van een op lelie gespecialiseerde stam.Biochemische en serologische vergelijkingen tussen isolaten vanC. fascians uit lelie,Kalanchoe, Euphorbia, Brodiaeea, Hebe enVerbascum laten zien dat er zeer weinig verschillen bestaan. Alle isolaten reageren op een standaard antiserum met titers variërend tussen 1: 640–1: 5120.Een oriënterende inoculatieproef werd uitgevoerd op het LBO in 1977. Daarna werden op de PD 10 van de 25 isolaten uit lelie en 8 uit andere waardplanten getoetst op lelie, chrysant en lathyrus. Uit de inoculatieproeven blijkt, dat de bacterie de veroorzaker is van de waargenomen symptomen. Tussen de isolaten blijkt een groot verschil in pathogeniteit te bestaan (12–100% aantasting), zonder dat dit aan herkomst gebonden is. Het voorkomen van op lelie of andere waardplanten gespecialiseerde stammen is daarom niet aan te nemen.In hoeverre de hevige aantasting een gevolg is van een opbouw van de bacterie-populatie door een te nauwe vruchtwisseling en mechanische rooimethoden moet worden nagegaan.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。