退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中的土壤抗蚀性变化

运用时空互代法,以喀斯特山区不同植被恢复阶段为研究对象,坡耕地与人工林为对照,通过室内分析,采用主成分分析方法,探讨了其土壤抗蚀性。结果表明：土壤中有机质、>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量、<0.001 mm黏粒含量和结构性颗粒指数可以作为评价土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标。各样地土壤抗蚀性综合指数大小排序为灌草丛>乔灌过渡林>灌木林>乔木疏林>人工林>草坡>坡耕地。喀斯特山区,坡耕地土壤抗蚀性能最差;植被恢复过程中,土壤的抗蚀性能先逐渐变好,后逐渐变差,转折点在灌草阶段。以灌草搭配的植被恢复模式可能比较适合喀斯特地区。     

岩溶区不同植被演替过程中土壤元素及其有效态

[目的]探讨岩溶区不同植被演替过程中土壤元素及其有效态变化规律,为岩溶区石漠化治理提供依据。[方法]采用空间代替时间序列的方法,选取立地条件相似的草地、灌草丛、灌丛、乔幼林和顶级乔林5个植被恢复阶段进行分析。[结果]同一植被类型条件下有机质的含量浅层大于深层;元素的迁移能力在垂向上:在植被演替的早期阶段浅层大于深层,后期深层土大于浅层;在横向上:乔幼林顶级乔林灌草丛草地灌丛;随着植被的演替土壤中有机质呈波浪式的增加,并在顶级乔林阶段达到最大值;土壤有机质含量与Mn,Zn,Cu元素有效态含量呈明显的正相关。受此影响,浅层土壤元素态有效率明显高于深层土壤。[结论]石漠化治理过程中应针对石漠化地区土层厚度、地形、土壤元素分布特征,选择合理的植被进行恢复。     

黄土丘陵区自然植被恢复下土壤微生物学质量演变特征

为了探讨黄土丘陵区自然植被恢复过程中土壤微生物学质量演变特征,用时空互代法对燕沟和县南沟典型小流域自然植被恢复下5个演替阶段（退耕1~6 a、7~17 a、18~35 a、36~60 a、> 60 a）土壤养分含量、微生物量和酶活性进行了研究。结果表明:随着地区植被退耕后自然演替的推进,土壤有机碳、全氮、有效氮与有效钾含量持续增加,土壤全磷含量在不同植被演替阶段变化不明显,有效磷含量在植被演替至多年生草本阶段（18~35 a）时含量最低;土壤细菌约占土壤微生物量的65%左右,且其数量在植被演替至多年生草本阶段时最多,土壤真菌和放线菌随退耕年限的延长呈现不断增加的趋势;土壤碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性也随着植被自然演替的推进呈不断增加趋势,但脲酶和蔗糖酶在植被演替至灌木阶段（36 a）后增速放缓。相关性分析表明,自然恢复过程中土壤微生物数量与酶活性的提高程度比较一致,其与土壤养分关系密切,因此土壤微生物群落与土壤酶活性是反映植被恢复中土壤生物学质量变化的重要指标。     

退化喀斯特植被恢复过程中的土壤抗蚀性变化

运用时空互代法,以喀斯特山区不同植被恢复阶段为研究对象,坡耕地与人工林为对照,通过室内分析,采用主成分分析方法,探讨了其土壤抗蚀性。结果表明:土壤中有机质、0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量、0.05 mm粉黏粒含量、0.001 mm黏粒含量和结构性颗粒指数可以作为评价土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标。各样地土壤抗蚀性综合指数大小排序为灌草丛乔灌过渡林灌木林乔木疏林人工林草坡坡耕地。喀斯特山区,坡耕地土壤抗蚀性能最差;植被恢复过程中,土壤的抗蚀性能先逐渐变好,后逐渐变差,转折点在灌草阶段。以灌草搭配的植被恢复模式可能比较适合喀斯特地区。     

广西喀斯特地区植被演替对土壤质量的影响

以植被演替空间序列代替时间序列的方法,在野外选取广西喀斯特地区4个主要植物群落演替阶段即草地、灌草地、灌丛、乔林的典型样地,对土壤物理、化学和生物学性状进行了比较研究,以探讨植被演替对土壤质量的影响。结果表明：不同的植被演替导致了土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的显著差异。随演替的正向进行,土壤综合肥力指标值（Q I）呈增长趋势,其土壤质量综合指数分别为：草地（0.09）、灌草地（0.16）、灌丛（0.61）、乔林（0.89）。自然植被的正向演替是提高土壤质量的有效途径。导致草地和灌草地土壤质量相对较低的主要因素是植物生产力较低,土壤养分积累较少,土壤有机质等养分含量较低,土壤微生物数量较少,土壤酶活较低。土壤微生物数量结合土壤酶是反映土壤生物学活性和土壤质量的较好指标。     

桂西南退化喀斯特植被自然恢复研究

采用"空间代替时间"方法结合"相似系统原理"建立退化群落自然恢复演替系列,对桂西南退化喀斯特植被自然恢复过程中群落高度、生物量等结构功能指标的恢复度和恢复速度进行了分析.结果表明:桂西南退化喀斯特植被群落自然恢复在群落演替初期阶段速度很慢,每提高0.1恢复度需要约10.7 a时间;到演替中期出现恢复加速期,每提高0.1恢复度需要2.6～3.5 a;到演替后期恢复速度又下降,每提高0.1恢复度需要3.5～5.3 a.退化群落从草本群落阶段达到群落结构、功能的基本恢复需要30～40 a,但要达到群落结构、功能的完全恢复则需要近100 a.     

不同植被恢复策略对贵州喀斯特生态系统土壤渗透特性的影响

旨在探讨不同植被恢复策略对土壤入渗特征空间变化的影响，通过对贵州石漠化治理试验区自然草灌木混合林、次生林地、退耕自然生草地、芒果地、坚果地及玉米地的土壤容重、土壤孔隙度、土壤有机质和土壤渗透特性的分析。结果表明：不同植被恢复策略下土壤容重、孔隙度和有机质含量存在显著差异，具体表现为自然植被恢复（草—灌木混合林和次生林地）和秸秆还田种植方式均能有效降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度。随着土层深度增加，土壤容重呈增大趋势，土壤孔隙度和有机质含量变化趋势相反；植被恢复方式和土层深度显著改变了土壤的水分渗透特性，自然植被恢复（草—灌木混合林和次生林地）土壤渗透性能高于人工植被恢复（芒果地和坚果地），主要是因为自然植被恢复下土壤扰动小，植物根系和凋落物增加，从而改变土壤物理性质，降低土壤容重，提高土壤孔隙度的综合效益。随着土层深度增加，土壤稳渗速率和累积入渗量减小。通过测定不同植被恢复方式的土壤水文特征，为喀斯特地区植被恢复方式及土壤入渗性能评估提供科学依据。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系

 为给黄土高原退耕地的植被恢复和重建提供科学依据,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的安塞县为例,用系统聚类和逐步多元回归的分析方法,对退耕地自然恢复植被的演替阶段进行划分,并定量分析群落演替过程中的植被特征及其与土壤环境的关系。结果表明:黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地自然恢复草地的演替,依次经历猪毛蒿群落→赖草群落→长芒草群落、铁杆蒿群落、达乌里胡枝子群落→白羊草群落。随着退耕地植被恢复的不断进行,Gleason指数、Margalef指数等丰富度指数以及群落Pielou指数,都呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,Simpson指数在演替初期及平衡阶段较大,群落生态优势度与物种丰富度的变化趋势相反。在群落的演替过程中,土壤有机质、全N、有效N和速效K的含量不断增加,土壤pH值和速效P含量不断减小,土壤表层密度变小,孔隙度变大。A层土壤全N、有效N含量、土壤pH值和C层土壤全N含量与物种丰富度呈显著正相关,A、C层土壤有机质含量和B层土壤速效K含量与其关系相反;B层土壤速效P的含量与群落生态优势度呈显著正相关;A、B层土壤速效K含量与植被群落盖度呈正相关关系,B层土壤速效P含量与其关系相反。     

植被恢复对油茶园梯壁土壤团聚体及赋存有机碳的影响

为研究梯壁稳定性与植被演替之间的关系,选取不同植被恢复年限(2年、5年、10年、30年)和不同植被演替阶段(裸地、苔藓、苔草、苔草灌)的梯壁为研究对象,采集表层(0-5 cm)和亚表层(5-20 cm)土壤样品,分析恢复年限和演替阶段对梯壁土壤团聚体及其赋存有机碳的影响。结果表明:土壤大团聚体(＞0.25 mm)含量随演替阶段增加不断提高,相同演替阶段恢复年限越久大团聚体占比越高,30年苔草灌阶段大团聚体占比达91.63%;土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)在0-5,5-20 cm土层均表现出随恢复时间增加逐渐增加趋势,30年土壤MWD和GMD分别为1.07~1.41,0.88~1.17 mm,在不同演替阶段表现为苔草灌＞苔草＞苔藓＞裸地;土壤有机碳含量与大团聚体显著相关(r=0.83,p＜0.001),表明植被演替与种植年限对于梯壁土壤固碳有积极影响。植被演替和植被恢复时长可以改善梯壁土壤结构,提高梯壁土壤团聚体稳定性和抗蚀性。研究结果可为优化梯田开发提供理论参考。     

喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中土壤渗透性能及其影响因素

采用空间代替时间的方法,选取喀斯特地区大湾小流域不同植被恢复阶段样地和不同经果幼林样地,以烤烟坡耕地和柳杉人工林作为对照,研究喀斯特地区植被恢复过程中的土壤渗透性能及其影响因素。结果表明:1)土壤渗透性能由高到低的顺序为李树+金银花>刺梨+猕猴桃>李树+刺梨>枣树+玉米,乔木疏林>灌木林>灌草>乔灌过渡林>草坡>柳杉人工林;2)烤烟坡耕地土壤平均入渗速率与稳定入渗速率均次于乔木疏林地,烤烟坡耕地土壤入渗性能较好;3)考斯恰柯夫方程是比较适宜于描述喀斯特地区植被恢复阶段土壤入渗特征的模型;Philip模型和Horton模型对经果幼林的土壤渗透性能模拟效果较好,Horton模型的初始入渗速率和稳定入渗速率与实测值较为接近,适宜于描述喀斯特地区的土壤入渗过程;4)土壤的渗透性能与>0.05 mm砂粒质量含量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与0.05～0.001 mm粉粒质量含量呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01);土壤渗透性能的影响因素主要是土壤>0.05 mm砂粒质量含量和0.05～0.001 mm粉粒质量含量。     

Trace metals in precipitation in Sweden

Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO₄ ⁺, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances.     

Patterns in trace elements in lichens

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation...     

中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化

根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。     

Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China

Purpose

Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha^–1?year^–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.

Materials and methods

The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N₂ fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N₂/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.

Results and discussion

Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N₂–N?m^–2?h^–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO₃ ^?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO₃ ^?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year^–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year^–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.

Conclusions

High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification.     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究

对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境     

Trends in soil science in Switzerland

Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully implement this new green technology.     

沈阳市城市表土中微生物区系变化的初步研究

在沈阳市远郊-近郊-市区等不同城市化水平区内选取林地、草地和路边土几种不同利用方式下的表层土壤,对土壤中的微生物状况进行了初步分析。结果表明,随着城市化水平的提高,土壤中微生物的数量表现为明显的减少趋势。其中变化较大的是细菌,而真菌和放线菌的变化不明显。     

Changes in proteolytic bacteria in paddy soils in response to organic management

Proteolytic bacterial communities, which mineralize organic nitrogen, play a key role in agricultural systems. In this study, alkaline metalloprotease (apr) gene fragments from proteolytic bacteria were investigated in bulk and rhizosphere paddy soil from four fields under organic management (for 2, 3, 5, and 9 years), and from one field under conventional management (for 2 years). We analyzed the abundance and structure of the proteolytic bacterial communities using real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that the abundance of proteolytic bacteria ranged from 1.57?×?10⁸ to 8.02?×?10⁸?copies/g of soil. In addition, the abundance of the proteolytic bacteria in the paddy soils under organic management was significantly higher than those in the paddy soil under conventional management. Moreover, the gene copy numbers in the rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in the bulk soils. The abundance of proteolytic bacteria tended to increase with the duration of organic management, with the highest abundance being found in the soil that had been under organic management for 5 years. However, the proteolytic bacteria communities in the paddy soils were not significantly affected by management practices. Phylogeny analysis showed that all gel bands obtained represented genes from Pseudomonas. Additionally, correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis showed that C/N, C, and N were important factors that influenced the abundance and community structure of the proteolytic bacteria. These results suggest that proteolytic bacteria are indicators in organic management systems, depolymerize organic N and hence maintain soil sustainability.

Abbreviations: CM: conventional management; OM: organic management; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; qPCR: real-time quantitative PCR detecting system; COFCC: China organic food certification center; CCA: canonical correspondence analysis