贵州省民族传统村落空间分异与影响因素研究——基于6类民族传统村落

民族传统村落作为传承中华优秀传统文化的重要载体,是民族地区实现乡村振兴的重要资源.借助最邻近指数、核密度分析、网格维分析和地理探测器等方法分析贵州省苗族、侗族、汉族、土家族、布依族和水族传统村落空间格局和影响因素.研究发现:1)除水族传统村落外,苗族、侗族、汉族、布依族和土家族传统村落空间分布上呈现出集聚特征,且空间分...     

土地变化多尺度研究进展与展望

土地变化是生物物理因素和人为因素在时空上相互作用的结果,具有显著的多尺度特征,目前多以遥感、G IS、统计回归分析等为主要技术手段,分析表征土地变化的多源数据,获取土地变化的多尺度特征。土地变化的多尺度研究主要存在3个方面的问题和不足:①缺乏土地变化微观与宏观之间相互联系的综合研究;②小尺度土地变化过程的聚合不能正确表征大尺度的变化过程,而且受测量范围和分辨率(精度)的限制,所得到的观测数据仅能描述部分土地变化;③现有的土地变化模型多基于单一尺度,在分析土地变化的多尺度特征时,存在明显的不足。对现有土地利用模型的整合以及与土地经济学模型的集成,将是深入研究土地变化多尺度科学问题的潜在方向,具体包括:土地变化的微观与宏观表达研究;土地变化多空间尺度的表征研究;土地变化的微观与宏观之间、不同空间尺度相互关系研究;土地变化多尺度分析模型研究。这将深化土地变化的驱动过程与机理研究,并推动土地变化科学的发展。     

半干旱岱海西岸地区景观空间异质性分析

本文运用景观生态学原理 ,在不同空间尺度下 ,分析了半干旱岱海西岸地区景观空间异质性 ,认为该地区景观生态空间格局为明显的非随机格局 ;景观格局的异质性一般随尺度的加大而减小 ,景观要素间的差异在不同尺度水平表现不同 ;并且通过对景观要素出现频率直接加以比较 ,确定出不同样线之间差异性的大小。从宏观上为该地区的建设和经济发展提供了科学依据。     

乡村数字经济对农民收入的影响及空间异质性研究

文中基于2020年、2021年全国1795个县域数据和2021年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,使用OLS模型、中介效应模型分析乡村数字经济对农民收入的影响及机制,使用多尺度地理加权回归模型(MGWR)检验乡村数字经济增收效应的空间异质性。研究发现：1)乡村数字经济及乡村数字化生产、乡村数字化供应链、乡村数字化营销和乡村数字化金融四个子维度能显著促进农民收入增长。2)乡村数字经济能够通过提升创业活跃度和非农就业规模促进农民增收。3)乡村数字经济的增收效应空间差异明显,由东向西逐渐增强,在促进农民增收的同时缩小了农民内部收入差距。4)乡村数字化生产和乡村数字化供应链的增收效应存在空间异质性,乡村数字化营销和数字化金融的增收效应呈现出“东高西低”的空间差异。基于研究结论,文章提出进一步推动乡村数字经济发展,促进县域创业和非农就业,鼓励乡村数字经济发展差异化等建议。     

衡水湖外来植物黄顶菊的种群分布格局研究

利用生态学方法对衡水湖周边地区的路边荒地、林缘、村落庭院、田缘、柽柳林下5种不同生境黄顶菊的生长状况进行了调查研究。结果表明，黄顶菊种群的分布格局主要受自身的生物学特征和微环境的影响，田缘、林缘、村落庭院呈聚集分布，柽柳林下聚集度最低，呈随机分布，路旁呈均匀分布，但总体密度均较大，占据空间能力很强。     

基于标准化前期降水蒸散指数的新疆干旱时空演变特征

标准化前期降水蒸散指数(Standardized antecedent precipitation evapotranspiration index,SAPEI)是一种新的日尺度干旱指数,相对标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)而言,它不仅考虑当日的降水和蒸散情况,还考虑了早期水分平衡对当天干湿条件的影响,在描述和监测干旱方面更为稳健。本文根据新疆地区42个气象站2000—2019年气象要素数据计算SAPEI,利用线性趋势、M-K检验和反距离插值等方法,研究了21世纪以来新疆地区SAPEI时空变化特征,并基于SAPEI的分区和分代际比较分析了新疆地区干旱强度的时空变化,进而对新疆干旱发生的区域性和广泛程度的四季变化以及不同干旱等级发生频率的空间分布格局进行了探讨。结果表明：新疆气候整体呈湿润化,近年来干湿差异扩大,空间上存在部分相对湿润地区显著变干的现象;新疆春季变干,夏、秋、冬季变湿,夏冬两季在时间和空间上的干湿变化差异截然相反;20年来全疆和分区的干旱强度均显著降低,空间上东北部高、中部和西南部低;新疆干旱范围呈缩减趋势,近年来存在干旱等级提升风险,春季干旱范围扩大;新疆不同干旱等级的发...     

皇城相府景区周边环境空间演变的路径与机理分析

村落景区周边环境的合理开发利用对于乡村振兴战略进一步实施至关重要。采用遥感解译和统计分析方法,对村落景区皇城相府周边环境进行深入分析,研究其空间演变路径与机理。周边环境空间演变的路径经历了单景点影响布局—扩大化的景点群共享布局—延伸扩展的轴状布局三个阶段,即点—面—线的非匀速形态变化。皇城相府周边环境空间演变机理剖析表明,文化资源禀赋、资金支持、地形水文条件、体制机制、决策人员、居民的态度以及旅游需求因素的综合作用促进了其演化过程,其中影响和关联性较强的因子是决策人员因子,它对周边环境演变起着强助推作用。本研究也说明,在乡村旅游发展以及乡村振兴过程中,具有团结意识的魄力型人才的不可忽视性。     

晋西南光村景观特征剖析与典型图谱构建研究

文中以中国传统村落晋西南光村为研究对象,通过对景观元素进行挖掘与梳理,综合运用景观基因识别模型和景观基因图谱绘制的研究方法,对光村进行景观基因识别、景观风貌特征分析以及典型布局、建筑基因图谱绘制。研究表明：1)光村整体风貌保存较好,基本保留了明清时期的村落形态,在村落环境、布局、建筑、文化方面能够代表晋西南汾河流域平原集中型传统村落的典型景观风貌特征。2)布局基因和建筑基因直接影响着光村的景观格局和空间形态,在光村景观风貌形成中起主导作用。3)景观基因识别和典型图谱构建互为补充,丰富了传统村落的研究方法和研究角度,能够综合有效的探索光村景观风貌特征。     

不同利用程度对典型草原植被空间异质性的影响

在生态学研究中,植被空间异质性一直是众多研究者关心的主要问题之一。但是不同植被指数空间异质性的多尺度效应尚未引起人们的重视。因此,文中采用Mann-Kendall秩次相关法在内蒙古鄂温克旗对典型草原不同利用程度的植被空间异质性进行了分析。研究结果表明:Mann-kendal秩次相关法用于植被异质性分析可解释异质性的多尺度特征。禁牧可导致典型草原NDVI的异质性增加,在50m的样线内出现显著性变化的拐点5次,从禁牧到重牧过程异质性呈降低趋势。轻度放牧可促进植物种丰富空间异质性增加,在样线内出现显著性变化的拐点2次,高于其他放牧强度。过度放牧使植被的丰富度和均匀度异质性程度极大降低,使植被特质趋向均质化。不同放牧强度对植物多样性空间异质性影响较小,在样线内都未出现显著性的拐点。     

新疆艾比湖流域景观格局尺度效应

通过了解流域景观格局指数的尺度效应,能客观反映土地利用景观格局及其动态变化。以MODIS和OLI为数据源,针对地区社会经济活动频繁、人为干扰强烈和生态脆弱等特性,以土地利用/土地覆盖(LUCC)类型为斑块类型划分依据,将流域内的LUCC类型划分为7种景观类型,选取类型水平和景观水平来计算景观特征指数,分析不同景观格局尺度效应的响应情况。结果表明:(1)在类型水平上,随着空间分辨率的不断降低,MODIS和OLI影像所计算的斑块密度都随着粒度的增大而减小;斑块面积的变化趋势相似,除个别地类变化剧烈外,其余各地类的变化幅度较小。MODIS影像中各地类的周长面积分维度的总体趋势是减小的;OLI影像所计算的周长面积分维度的总体趋势成基本持平状态。凝聚度指数、边缘密度、斑块面积百分比、斑块类型面积和有效网格大小的散点图分布较为集中,有个别尺度下的某一土地利用类型出现异常的现象。(2)在景观水平上,不同遥感影像中各景观指数的变化趋势表现出不同形式,且不同景观指数间的变化趋势也存在差异。随着空间尺度的增大,斑块密度、景观形状指数和斑块数量均呈现单调下降的趋势;最大斑块指数的变化趋势不确定;香农多样性和香农均匀性指数的整体变化趋势相对稳定。     

Spatial heterogeneity,incidence-incidence and incidence-lesion density relationship of apple scab (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Venturia inaequalis</Emphasis>) in managed orchards

The spatial pattern of apple scab was characterized using 10 years of disease incidence and lesion density data collected in managed orchards located in Quebec, Canada. Distributional analyses indicated that scab incidence was better characterized by the beta-binomial than the binomial distribution in 53 and 65% of the data sets at the leaf and shoot scales, respectively. Median values of the beta-binomial parameter θ, a measure of small-scale aggregation, were near 0 (0.003 and 0.028) at both sampling scales, indicating that disease incidence was close to being randomly distributed (low degree of aggregation). For lesion density, the negative binomial distribution fitted the data better than the Poisson distribution in 86% of the data sets at the leaf scale. The median value of the index of dispersion k was 0.068, indicating that aggregation was present. For all apple scab measurements, the power law models provided a good fit to the data. The estimated slope and intercept parameters were significantly greater than 1 and 0, respectively, suggesting that spatial heterogeneity changed systematically with disease incidence. Results of a covariance analysis showed that spatial heterogeneity of scab incidence at both scales and lesion density was not dependent upon shoot type but that spatial heterogeneity of scab incidence and lesion density at the leaf scale was influenced by the sampling period. A hierarchical analysis showed that scab incidence at the tree scale increased as a saturation-type curve with respect to incidence at the leaf or shoot scales. A similar relationship was observed for incidences at the shoot and leaf scales. An effective sample size model based on the binary power law parameters (Madden and Hughes, Phytopathology 89:770–781, 1999) gave the best fit to the leaf and shoot data, respectively. The incidence-lesion density relationship at both scales was well described by a complementary log-log (CLL) and log transformation model ( R_adj² = 0.97 and R_adj² = 0.94 ) \left( {R_{{adj}}^2 = 0.97\,and\,R_{{adj}}^2 = 0.94} \right) , however, the models tended to underestimate lesion density. The information of the spatial relations of apple scab within and between hierarchical scales acquired from this study can be used in developing and evaluating practical disease management strategies and to improve apple scab assessments for fungicide or cultivar susceptibility trials.     

新疆村镇体系规模结构预测研究——以莎车县为例

村镇体系规模结构变化是一种Markov Chain。针对村镇体系规模结构的实际变化特征并结合Markov Chain理论,运用Markov转移矩阵方法,以莎车县为实例,通过分析历史变化过程并建立一个预测在n年后发展变化的预测模型;文章指出,不同类型村镇比重之间的差异增大并呈极性发展,整个村镇体系发展势态良好。模型有效解决了村镇体系规模结构的"无后效性"特点,为相关地域制订合理的村镇发展政策与规划提供理论依据。     

干旱绿洲区微喷灌枣园蒸散量时空尺度转换研究

为探究干旱绿洲区不同时空尺度单棵枣树蒸散量向枣园尺度蒸散量的转换关系,通过涡度系统、茎流计和微型蒸渗仪对枣园蒸散量、枣树蒸腾量和土壤蒸发量进行了监测.通过对茎流系统与涡度系统测量的不同时间、空间尺度的枣园蒸散量进行分析,分析从点(枣树)尺度蒸散量向面(枣园)尺度蒸散量的转换关系得出:(1)全生育期蒸腾量为403.2 m...     

区域尺度分布式水文模拟的时空分辨率

基于数据实验,就区域尺度分布式水文模拟中时空分辨率匹配问题进行讨论,就分布式水文建模中时空分辨率匹配问题提出建议。结果表明:低分辨率高程数据在区域水文要素空间离散过程中,导致边界错位、高程趋于集中、坡度变缓、河网稀疏失真等不良后果,在区域水文模拟研究中,应根据不同时间尺度对应的科学计算需求,选择适宜的空间分辨率数据进行模型平台构建。     

Spatio-temporal variation in transpiration responses of maize plants to vapor pressure deficit under an arid climatic condition

The transpiration rate of plant is physically controlled by the magnitude of the vapor pressure deficit(VPD) and stomatal conductance. A limited-transpiration trait has been reported for many crop species in different environments, including Maize(Zea mays L.). This trait results in restricted transpiration rate under high VPD, and can potentially conserve soil water and thus decrease soil water deficit. However, such a restriction on transpiration rate has never been explored in maize under arid climatic conditions in northwestern China. The objective of this study was to examine the transpiration rate of field-grown maize under well-watered conditions in an arid area at both leaf and whole plant levels, and therefore to investigate how transpiration rate responding to the ambient VPD at different spatial and temporal scales. The transpiration rates of maize at leaf and plant scales were measured independently using a gas exchange system and sapflow instrument, respectively. Results showed significant variations in transpiration responses of maize to VPD among different spatio-temporal scales. A two-phase transpiration response was observed at leaf level with a threshold of 3.5 k Pa while at the whole plant level, the daytime transpiration rate was positively associated with VPD across all measurement data, as was nighttime transpiration response to VPD at both leaf and whole plant level, which showed no definable threshold vapor pressure deficit, above which transpiration rate was restricted. With regard to temporal scale, transpiration was most responsive to VPD at a daily scale, moderately responsive at a half-hourly scale, and least responsive at an instantaneous scale. A similar breakpoint(about 3.0 k Pa) in response of the instantaneous leaf stomatal conductance and hourly canopy bulk conductance to VPD were also observed. At a daily scale, the maximum canopy bulk conductance occurred at a VPD about 1.7 k Pa. Generally, the responsiveness of stomatal conductance to VPD at the canopy scale was lower than that at leaf scale. These results indicate a temporal and spatial heterogeneity in how maize transpiration responses to VPD under arid climatic conditions. This could allow a better assessment of the possible benefits of using the maximum transpiration trait to improve maize drought tolerance in arid environment, and allow a better prediction of plant transpiration which underpin empirical models for stomatal conductance at different spatio-temporal scales in the arid climatic conditions.     

Spatial pattern analysis of hop powdery mildew in the pacific northwest: implications for sampling

ABSTRACT The spatial pattern of hop powdery mildew was characterized using 3 years of disease incidence data collected in commercial hop yards in the Pacific Northwest. Yards were selected randomly from yards with a history of powdery mildew, and two to five rows were selected for sampling within each yard. The proportion of symptomatic leaves out of 10 was determined from each of N sampling units in a row. The binomial and the beta-binomial frequency distributions were fit to the N sampling units observed in each row and to SigmaN sampling units observed in each yard. Distributional analyses indicated that disease incidence was better characterized by the beta-binomial than the binomial distribution in 25 and 47% of the data sets at the row and yard scales, respectively, according to a log-likelihood ratio test. Median values of the beta-binomial parameter theta, a measure of small-scale aggregation, were near 0 at both sampling scales, indicating that disease incidence was close to being randomly distributed. The variability in disease incidence among rows sampled in the same yard generally increased with mean incidence at the yard scale. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, used to measure large-scale patterns of aggregation, indicated that disease incidence was not correlated between sampling units over several lag distances. Results of a covariance analysis showed that heterogeneity of disease incidence was not dependent upon cultivar, region, or time of year when sampling was conducted. A hierarchical analysis showed that disease incidence at the sampling unit scale (proportion of sampling units with one or more diseased leaves) increased as a saturation-type curve with respect to incidence at the leaf level and could be described by a binomial function modified to account for the effects of heterogeneity through an effective sample size. Use of these models permits sampling at the sampling unit scale while allowing inferences to be made at the leaf scale. Taken together, hop powdery mildew was nearly randomly distributed with no discernable foci, suggesting epidemics are initiated from a well-distributed or readily dispersible overwintering population. Implications for sampling are discussed.     

基于流域尺度的中国北方沙地空间分布特征

沙漠河岸是独特的地理单元,在世界主要沙漠中普遍存在,风水复合地貌过程是其独特性的突出表现。文中以中国北方三级流域中沙地为研究对象,应用景观生态学中景观指数方法,以及统计学的主成分-聚类分析方法,对流域内风沙地貌空间分布组合状况进行划分:1)山前盆地-梳状水系-片状沙丘分布。2)山地高原-辐散状水系-带状沙丘分布。3)高原内陆湖盆-闭合水系-斑块沙丘分布。4)湖积平原-河湖相间-镶嵌沙丘分布。研究结论对干旱区风沙地貌研究具有一定的借鉴价值,也表明景观生态学方法在地貌分析中可以考虑作为潜在的分析工具。     

中国干旱区绿洲稳定性研究

绿洲是干旱区特有的生态景观之一,也是干旱区人类生产和生活的主要空间。绿洲的稳定事关干旱区人类的生存、社会经济的发展。因此,绿洲稳定性成为近年干旱区研究的热点。从生态系统、景观、流域3个层次综述绿洲稳定性研究现状,提出在未来应建立高效节水绿洲的同时,还应加强田块、灌区和绿洲不同尺度水效益及其对绿洲水文循环影响的评价研究;加强以流域为单元,开展绿洲稳定性研究;加强人工绿洲建设与天然绿洲稳定的关系、流域内绿洲空间布局、结构与绿洲稳定性关系、绿洲生态用水和生产用水比例与绿洲稳定性的研究。     

黄土高原油松林林下物种多样性的多尺度格局

通过加性分配方法,在小样方、样方以及样地3个尺度上研究了黄土高原油松林林下物种多样性的格局,揭示了空间尺度在物种多样性评价中的重要性。结果表明：大尺度（样地尺度）决定物种丰富度格局,物种丰富度随尺度的增加而增加,在样地尺度上的β多样性贡献最大;Shannon多样性指数与物种丰富度呈现出截然相反的格局,小尺度（小样方尺度）决定Shannon多样性格局,其最大贡献来自于小样方尺度上的α多样性。扩散限制和环境筛选都是油松林群落构建的重要过程,二者相互作用,共同决定了其林下的多样性格局。