福建省海水贝类养殖区表层沉积物及贝类滴滴涕的残留与风险评价

为了评估福建省海水贝类养殖区滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和风险,于2005年8月和2006年8月,采集养殖区20个站位的表层沉积物样品20个、养殖贝类样品46个,用气相色谱法测定其中DDTs的残留量,并对其残留水平、分布趋势和组成特征进行分析,以期对该地区污染状况、生态风险及贝类食用安全进行探讨与评价。结果表明,福建省贝类养殖区表层沉积物DDTs含量范围为1.93～56.6μg/kg(干重),平均值15.8μg/kg;40%的样品DDTs的污染指数在0.697～2.83之间,不同程度受到DDTs的污染,提示存在一定的潜在生态风险。养殖贝类DDTs含量范围为2.04～107μg/kg(湿重),平均21.7μg/kg;贝体DDT残留量符合中国无公害水产品质量安全标准,低于欧盟、美国、日本的食品安全限量;以每人50 g/d的摄食量估算,沿海居民食用养殖贝类的DDTs暴露量远低于WHO暂定的TDI值、美国EPA推荐的RfD值,由此引起的健康风险小。与国内邻近海域相比较,福建省贝类养殖区表层沉积物和养殖贝类体中DDTs残留量处于中等水平,与亚太等国外海域相比较,处于较高水平;从DDTs的组成特征推测,调查区部分海域有新的DDTs污染源输入。     

2003～2005年和1991～1993年广东沿海牡蛎体六六六和滴滴涕残留比较

于2003-2005年的每年春季,在广东沿岸10个海湾,每个海湾采集近江牡蛎（Crassostrea rivularis）成体30只,测定其中六六六（BHCs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的含量。结果显示,2003-2005年近江牡蛎体中DDTs平均含量是68.7ng/g（干重）,为1991-1993年的5.54倍。样品中DDTs年平均含量在2003-2005年快速增加,但在1991-1993年前是缓慢减少。2003-2005年DDE/DDTs含量比为12.8%-39.1%,比12年前的45%-55%明显更低。2003-2005年牡蛎样品中BHCs平均含量是3.27ng/g（干重）,仅相当于1991-1993年的16%。样品中BHCs年平均含量在2003-2005年持续降低,降速比1991-1993年缓慢。2003-2005年γ-BHC/BHCs平均含量比为19.6%,低于12年前的26%。样品中BHCs、DDTs区域平均含量由高到低依次为粤东沿岸、珠江口、粤西沿岸/粤东沿岸、粤西沿岸、珠江口,与12年前的区域分布格局相同。本研究采集的牡蛎样品中,BHCs、DDTs含量范围分别是未检出-1.21μg·kg^-1和0.11-76.3μg·kg^-1（湿重）,均低于中国和欧美的最低残留限量（湿重）。     

福建漳江口水产品中六六六和滴滴涕的残留及其人体健康风险

采用气相色谱(GC-ECD)方法分析了漳江口水产品中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留量,并对其残留水平、组成特征和人体健康风险进行了探讨与评价。结果表明:鱼类、虾类和贝类中HCHs残留量(以湿重计)分别为0.842 ng·g-1(未检出~1.42ng·g-1)、0.374 ng·g-1(未检出~0.762 ng·g-1)、1.04 ng·g-1(未检出~1.59 ng·g-1);DDTs残留量分别为96.3 ng·g-1(3.40~432 ng·g-1)、6.79 ng·g-1(1.53~12.1ng·g-1)、37.0 ng·g-1(9.02~78.0 ng·g-1)。水产品中DDTs残留量鱼类贝类虾类,且其残留量均高于HCHs的残留量。与其它地区相比,漳江口水产品中HCHs、DDTs含量属于中等水平。组成特征显示研究区域近期无HCHs污染源输入,但局部区域近期有新DDT的输入,可能与三氯杀螨醇的使用有关。所采集的水产品中HCHs、DDTs残留量尚低于我国食品安全国家标准—食品中农药再残留限量(GB2763-2014),亦低于日本、欧盟等发达国家和地区相关的最大残留限量,HCHs、DDTs通过膳食的暴露暂时不会对该地区的人体健康产生危害。     

广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的时空变化趋势研究

为了解广东沿岸牡蛎体内滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和时空分布情况,于1989-1993和2003-2012年间每年3月份采集广东沿岸海域的近江牡蛎,用气相色谱法测定其DDTs的含量,同时结合1980-1985年广东省海岸带污染调查的相关数据,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的残留量、时空分布和组成特征,并评价了其食用安全性与生物质量。结果表明：广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs检出率为96.9%,检出的样品中含量范围为0.11～76.3 ng/g,平均值是(3.87±7.40) ng/g。在时间上,广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs含量呈现明显的阶段性变化特点, 1980s-1990s初期为显著下降阶段,2003-2007年先小幅反弹后略微下降,2008-2012年总体呈归于平稳的趋势,且该时段各年份间无显著差异（P > 0.05）。空间上,1980s初期珠江口岸段牡蛎体DDTs含量远高于粤东、粤西岸段,随着时间推移,3个岸段之间含量差距逐渐缩小,1989年之后各年间3个区域DDTs平均含量在统计学上没有显著差异（P > 0.05）。DDTs的组分特征分析显示,广东沿岸海域牡蛎体内DDTs主要来源于历史使用残留,但在1989-1993年和2003-2007年时段内可能有三氯杀螨醇来源的DDTs输入。评价结果表明,就DDTs而言,广东沿岸海域所有样品均未超我国相关残留限量标准,近年来大部分站点牡蛎食用安全,生物质量状况良好。     

微山湖内源有机氯农药残留的生态风险评估

微山湖作为南水北调东线工程的重要缓冲枢纽,其内源水质对整个东线工程的影响至关重要。为了研究微山湖水体和沉积物中有机氯农药污染的潜在风险,从微山湖30个采样点采集湖区上覆水和表层沉积物样品,采用气相色谱法对其中的有机氯农药含量进行测定。结果表明:1微山湖水体中有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量分别为34.4~195.9 ng/L和34.9~168.5 ng/L,与国内外其他地区湖泊相比,污染水平偏高,但均未超出我国地表水环境质量标准;沉积物中HCHs和DDTs含量分别为4.52~7.50 ng/g和4.73~7.67 ng/g,总体而言,相对国外其他地区湖泊污染水平偏高,相对国内其他地区湖泊污染水平偏低;2微山湖水体有机氯农药的非致癌风险总体处于低水平,致癌风险仍然存在,但随着采样时间的推移,水体中有机氯农药的非致癌风险和致癌风险均呈现递减趋势;3微山湖沉积物中有机氯农药的非致癌风险指数与致癌风险指数均小于风险警戒值,但90%的采样点沉积物中DDE和全部采样点沉积物中DDT的残留量介于环境影响低值(Effects range-low,ERL)和环境影响中值(Effects range-median,ERM)之间,会对生物产生毒性作用。     

广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的时空变化趋势

为了解广东沿岸牡蛎体内滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平和时空分布情况,于1989-1993年和2003-2012年间每年3月份采集广东沿岸海域的近江牡蛎,用气相色谱法测定其DDTs的含量,同时结合1980-1985年广东省海岸带污染调查的相关数据,分析了广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs的残留量、时空分布和组成特征,并评价了其食用安全性与生物质量.结果显示,广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs检出率为96.9％,检出的样品中含量范围为0.11～76.3 ng/g,平均值是(3.87±7.40) ng/g.在时间上,广东沿岸牡蛎体内DDTs含量呈现明显的阶段性变化特点,20世纪80年代至90年代初期,为显著下降阶段,2003-2007年先小幅反弹后略微下降,2008-2012年总体呈归于平稳的趋势,且该时段各年份间无显著差异.空间上,20世纪80年代初期,珠江口岸段牡蛎体DDTs含量远高于粤东、粤西岸段,随着时间推移,3个岸段之间含量差距逐渐缩小,1989年之后各年间3个区域DDTs平均含量在统计学上没有显著差异.DDTs的组分特征分析显示,广东沿岸海域牡蛎体内DDTs主要来源于历史使用残留,但在1989-1993年和2003-2007年时段内可能有三氯杀螨醇来源的DDTs输入.结果表明,就DDTs而言,广东沿岸海域所有样品均未超我国相关残留限量标准,近年来大部分站点牡蛎食用安全,生物质量状况良好.     

东莞及其邻近海域经济鱼类体内滴滴涕残留特征及风险评价

采用Agilent 7890N型气相色谱仪、毛细管色谱柱（HP-5 30 m×320μm×0.25μm）和ECD检测器测定了东莞及其邻近海域6种经济鱼类体内的滴滴涕（DDTs）残留量。结果显示,鱼类体内残留的w（DDTs）为1.527～24.842μg.kg-1,最高的为凤鲚（Coilia mystus）,其后为尖尾鳗（Uroconger lepturus）和龙头鱼（Harpadon nehereus）;鱼类体内DDTs的4种同分异构体中,w（P,P’-DDE）最高,其后为w（P,P’-DDD）、w（P,P’-DDT）和w（O,P’-DDT）,其所占总量百分比的平均值分别为44.55%、29.19%、22.01%和4.25%;东莞及其邻近海域内应无新的DDTs污染源输入,鱼体内的DDTs可能来自过去的污染,对人体健康不构成威胁。     

诏安湾海洋生物体中多氯联苯（PCBs）和有机氯农药（OCPs）污染特征及对人体健康影响评价

以诏安湾内4个航次调查和分别采集到的虾类、贝类及鱼类样品为研究对象,采用气相色谱（GC）法,分析了样品中PCBs及OCPs含量及组分特征,采用致癌风险指数CRI（carcinogenic risk index）和接触风险指数ERI（expose risk index）作为人体健康评价标准进行了评价。结果显示：PCBs（多氯联苯）、HCHs（六六六）和DDTs（滴滴涕）在样品中质量分数变化范围分别为：0．00—7．32ng／g、0．00～0．65ng／g及0．00～152．93ng／g。PCBs主要以PCB77（3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯）为主,HCHs不具有明显的组分特征且在大部分样品中未检出,4种DDTs污染物中,4．4’-DDT是主要的组分,DDT／∑DDTs平均值为68％,说明诏安湾内可能存在DDTs新的输入源,污染物的CRI〈1．0×10^-4,显示为可接受的致癌风险;ERI〈1,显示为可接受的接触风险。     

闽南地区水产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)的分布特征及风险评价

根据2013年1月和7月对闽南沿海地区(厦门、漳州、泉州)水产品中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)的调查,探讨该地区不同类型水产品中PAEs的残留水平和分布特征,并对PAEs的污染状况及其生态风险进行了评价。结果显示,海水鱼类PAEs总量为2.45×102-1.13×103μg/kg(湿重,下同),均值为6.78×102μg/kg;淡水鱼类PAEs含量范围为4.36×102-1.37×103μg/kg,均值为8.73×102μg/kg;虾类PAEs含量范围为3.22×102-1.27×103μg/kg,均值为7.76×102μg/kg;蟹类PAEs含量范围为6.17×102-1.20×103μg/kg,均值为7.91×102μg/kg;贝类PAEs含量范围为9.77×102-1.35×103μg/kg,均值为1.22×103μg/kg。所有水产品中均未检测出邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DNOP)残留,其他4种PAEs的残留量按邻苯二甲酸二-(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的顺序递减。PAEs在不同类型水产品中均有不同程度的残留,表明环境中PAEs在水产品体内的富集已是一个较为普遍的现象。针对食用水产品进入人体的DEHP和DBP,进行健康风险评价,结果显示,该地区水产品中的接触风险指数ERI均小于1,表明闽南地区通过食用水产品途径暴露于PAEs的接触风险是可接受的。     

崇明岛草鱼池塘沉积物中多环芳烃的分布状况及生态风险

为探究崇明岛池塘养殖持久性污染状况,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对崇明岛不同区域草鱼池塘沉积物中16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量及分布情况进行了研究,同时运用主成分分析法、特征比值法和质量标准法等对草鱼池塘中PAHs的来源及生态风险进行了分析。结果显示,崇明岛草鱼池塘养殖沉积物中的PAHs总含量为未检出(ND)~1 654.09 μg/kg,平均含量为95.13 μg/kg,其中4~5环PAHs对总浓度的贡献率最高;崇明岛不同区域草鱼池塘沉积物中的PAHs含量差异较大,表现为岛中部池塘含量低,沿岛四周池塘含量较高,尤其是岛西部沿岸区池塘含量最高且种类多;分析发现,崇明岛草鱼养殖池塘中的PAHs主要来源于岛内生物燃烧和石油燃烧,总体处于中等偏下污染水平,生态风险较低,但在西北部池塘存在潜在生态风险,应予以重视。     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

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Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Brazilian wetlands: their definition,delineation, and classification for research,sustainable management,and protection

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Effects of levamisole,echinacea, and thyme oral administration on growth factors,blood parameters,and immunity in beluga,Huso huso

A total of 180 fish (95.50 g) were fed with 0.1% levamisole, 0.5% thyme, and 0.5% echinacea crude extract for 60 days. The control group received no stimulant. The results of growth parameters indicated a significant positive effect of levamisole in comparison with the control group, though it was not significantly different from echinacea and thyme treatments (P > 0.05). No mortalities were observed in the treatments. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the treatments. The highest numbers of white and red blood cells and the greatest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected in the levamisole treatment, showing significant differences with the other groups in the percentage of hemoglobin only (P < 0.05). The highest levels of MCH and MCHC were also measured in the levamisole treatment. Differential count of white blood cells revealed no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte levels with the control. There was a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophil in the levamisole treatment alone. No significant differences were recorded in total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Levamisole treatment displayed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and lysozyme as well as the greatest amount of immunoglobulin. So 0.1 levamisole yielded better results in the growth, blood, and immunity parameters and can be used as a stimulant without injuring body organs.     

Compositional differences,antioxidant activity,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition,and sensory characteristics of kamaboko fermented in wheat,rice, brown rice,and soybean koji

Fisheries Science - Fermentation of kamaboko in koji with wheat (KW), rice (KR), brown rice (KB), or soybean (KS) was performed by simulation of tofuyo processing. Moisture and protein content...     

Meristics and Morphometrics of Golden Shiner,Notemigonus crysoleucas,Rudd, Scardinus erythrophthalmus,and Their Reciprocal F1 Hybrids

Rudd, Scardinus erythrophthalmus, a European minnow, has been hybridized with golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, in an attempt to produce sterile hybrids. If these hybrids are to be used as bait, easy means of differentiating the parental species and their hybrids is needed to ensure that no rudd are being sold. The scale pattern along the keel is the easiest and quickest way to distinguish the two species and their hybrids: the keel is raised and scaleless in the golden shiner, and it has 6-9 scales in the rudd; in hybrids, the keel is scaled, but the scales have different shapes and insertions than those in the rudd. No other phenotype can be used to positively identify these groups. No phenotype can be used to separate the reciprocal hybrids.     

Coral communities of Biscayne Bay,Florida and adjacent offshore areas: diversity,abundance, distribution,and environmental correlates

• 1. Hardbottom habitats of Biscayne Bay, a shallow lagoon adjacent to the city of Miami, Florida, USA, contain a limited number of coral species that represent a small subset of the species found at nearby offshore hardbottom and reef habitats of the Florida Reef Tract. Although the physical characteristics of this basin make it a marginal environment for coral growth, the presence of dense populations of Siderastrea radians and Porites furcata indicate that these, as well as other corals that are found at lower densities, are able to tolerate extreme and fluctuating conditions. Three factors, temperature, sedimentation, and salinity, appear to limit coral abundance, diversity, and distribution within Biscayne Bay.
• 2. Temperatures exhibit high frequencies of extreme high and low values known to cause coral stress and mortality elsewhere. Similarly, sedimentation rates are very high and sediment resuspension caused by currents, storms and boating activities commonly bury corals under sediment layers. Sediment burial was shown experimentally to influence growth and mortality of S. radians.
• 3. The salinity of Biscayne Bay is influenced by freshwater inputs from canal, sheetflow and groundwater sources that create a near‐shore environment with low mean salinity and high salinity fluctuation. Coral communities along this western margin have the lowest coral density and species richness. Chronic exposure to low salinity was shown experimentally to cause a decrease in the growth of S. radians.
• 4. The location of Biscayne Bay, downstream of a large restoration effort planned for the Everglades watershed, highlights the need to understand the relationship between the physical environment and the health of benthic communities. The data presented here provide the type of scientific information needed so that management decisions can take into account the potential impacts of human activities on the health of coral populations that are already near their tolerance limits for temperature, salinity, and sedimentation.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.