The relative efficiency of four representative cropland conversions in reducing water erosion: evidence from long‐term plots in the Loess hilly area,China

Large areas of traditional slope cropland were recently converted to other land‐use types in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. In this study, we selected four representative conversion options of slope croplands, i.e., pastureland rotated with cropland (cultivated with Medicago sativa L. and rotated with Triticum aestivum L.), shrubland and woodland (afforested with Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Pinus tabulaeformis), and grassland (native herbage Stipa breviflora) to study the effect of land‐use conversion by comparing with traditional cropland. Compared with slope cropland, the relative effects of different conversion options on surface runoff and soil erosion were assessed over a 14‐year measurement period. Observations showed that distinct features and consequences of vegetation succession were found among the conversion options. Plots of shrubland had the highest vegetation coverage with dense undergrowth; natural herbaceous and subshrub species gradually spread into plots of grassland resulting in higher vegetation cover. Neither bushes nor herbs colonized the plots of Pinus tabulaeformis, which resulted in a higher percentage of bare soil. Significant differences in runoff generation, sediment yield and conservation efficiencies among the selected conversion options were detected through an analyses of variance (ANOVA). Compared with cropland, total runoff and sediment decreased by 65 per cent and 95 per cent in shrubland, 41 per cent and 92·5 per cent in grassland, 18 per cent and 77 per cent in woodland, and 12 per cent and 58 per cent in pastureland, respectively. The ranking of soil and water conservation efficiencies was shrubland > grassland > woodland > pastureland > cropland. Based on the effectiveness of soil and water conservation, shrubland and grassland are highly recommended as promising options for cropland conversion projects. However, pastureland and woodland are not suggested as potential options for slope‐cropland conversion because of low soil and water conservation in the long term. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同退耕类型径流、侵蚀效应及其时间变化特征

在自然降水条件下,连续14年对半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区坡耕地及其4种退耕类型径流、侵蚀进行观测实验。结果表明:坡耕地退耕显著减少地表径流和土壤侵蚀,退耕类型之间径流量和侵蚀量存在显著差异,其大小次序为:农耕坡地>牧草地>乔木林地>自然草地>灌木林地。地表径流和侵蚀具有明显的季节分布特征,减流、减沙效应主要发生于7月和8月。牧草地累积减流、减沙效应随年度增加逐步下降,乔木林地的累积减流效应逐渐下降而减沙效应则逐步增加,灌木林地累积减流、减沙效应持续提高,自然草地则为先增长后降低的过程。14年观测结果表明:累积减流、减沙效应次序为:灌木林地>自然草地>乔木林地>牧草地。牧草地和乔木林地在短期具有较好的减流、减沙效应,而灌木林地和自然草地具有较好稳定持久的水土保持功能。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区生态用水资源利用研究

对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同植被地连续10a的试验调查发现,人工草地和沙棘、油松林地土壤水分在长系列年内变化上基本一致,1m土层含水量处于100～140mm,生长期土壤水分基本上处于亏缺状态;而荒坡草地土壤含水量年内均比人工草地高约40mm,土壤水分一直处于适宜、稳定的水平。林地沙棘和油松均表现出适应该地气候特点的生长的状况,但从土壤水文循环状况看,土壤水分长时期处于亏缺状态不利于植被的再生长和生态效益的发挥。径流试验研究表明,人工草地、油松林地年内平均径流深分别为1.45mm和1.27mm,径流系数为0.08和0.07;荒坡草地和沙棘林地在年内基本上不发生大的径流,且多为清流。因此,植被恢复在治理措施上应当注重植被的自然修复和保护,并充分利用径流资源补充土壤水分,使其朝着利于植被生长的方向发展。     

Effect of land use on soil nutrients in the loess hilly area of the Loess Plateau,China

Understanding the effects of land use change on soil properties is important for soil quality improvement and sustainable land use. In this study, six land use types including wasteland (WLD), cropland (CLD), abandoned land (ABD), artificial grassland (AGD), shrubland (SLD) and woodland (WOD) were selected to analyse the effects of land use types on soil nutrient in the Anjiapo catchment in the western part of the Loess Plateau in China. Significant differences were found in soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NON) (P < 0.01) between the six land use types. Our study also showed that land use types have different effects on soil nutrient storage, and vegetation restoration may improve soil nutrients and soil quality. While crop plantation can significantly decrease soil fertility, the trend can be reversed by cropland abandonment and afforestation. It is recommended that more C input, alternative cultivation practices, vegetation restoration and education and techniques training of local farmers could be used to improve soil conditions and to advance the sustainable land use and local development in the loess hilly area in the Loess Plateau of China. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄土丘陵区植被类型和降雨对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响

基于定西市安家沟流域2014―2016年连续3年侵蚀性降雨产流产沙资料,研究了植被类型和降雨对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,侵蚀性降雨可分为3类:A雨型(短历时、中高雨强)、B雨型(中雨量、小雨强)和C雨型(大雨量、小雨强),产流产沙频次为B雨型C雨型A雨型。径流系数油松林(6.915%～9.379%)、小麦地(5.838%～9.034%)和苜蓿地(6.610%～9.671%)分别是冰草地(2.724%～5.246%)的1.7～2.5倍,是沙棘林(2.296%～3.863%)的2～3倍。A雨型的径流系数大于B雨型和C雨型,B雨型和C雨型是产流的主要降雨类型。年均土壤流失量为小麦地(1.478～3.478 t/hm~2)苜蓿地(0.558～2.079 t/hm~2)油松林(0.459～0.887 t/hm~2)冰草地(0.097～0.253 t/hm~2)沙棘林(0.012～0.038 t/hm~2)。小麦地的土壤流失量分别是油松林的3～5倍,是冰草地的14倍,在坡度10°,15°,20°年均土壤流失量分别是沙棘林的123,130,92倍。C雨型对油松林产沙量的贡献率最大,B雨型次之,A雨型最小。A雨型对沙棘林产沙量的贡献率高达79%～86%,高强度、短历时降雨是沙棘林产沙的主要雨型。A雨型对小麦地和苜蓿地产沙量贡献率随着坡度的增大而增大,在坡度20°中、高雨强是小麦地和苜蓿地产沙量增加的主要雨型。小麦地、苜蓿地、油松林、冰草地的径流深与土壤流失量之间呈极显著线性正相关关系(P0.01),土壤流失量的增速为小麦地苜蓿地油松林冰草地,随着坡度的增大产沙速度加快。研究结果可为坡面侵蚀预报模型的建立提供重要的理论依据,同时对科学指导坡面水土保持措施配置有重要的实践意义。     

土地利用方式对红壤坡地雨水利用和水量平衡的影响研究

通过红壤坡地5种典型土地利用方式的长期定位观测研究,剖析了不同利用方式对雨水利用和水量平衡的影响.(1)荒草区常年水分消耗稳定茶园区和恢复区对土壤深层贮水利用能力强,表明不同的土地利用类型对土壤水分利用特征随季节和深度不同而不同;(2)土壤蒸散是各区100 cm耕作层中水量平衡最主要的支出项(83%以上),农作区蒸散量最小,地表径流量最大,恢复区则相反;(3)从减少水土流失和提高水分利用率两者结合考虑,构建农林复合系统以及间作、套作、撩壕等耕作方式为红壤坡地最优的雨水资源利用模式.     

纳米碳对不同植被覆盖下黄土坡地降雨侵蚀的抑制效果

纳米碳对黄土高原地区土壤水分运动具有显著影响。该文基于野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了不同植被覆盖(空地、柠条、苜蓿、黄豆和玉米)条件下,在黄土坡面上中下位置条施不同质量分数纳米碳(0、0.1%、0.5%、0.7%和1.0%)对坡地产流产沙过程的影响。该文试验设计1.0 m×1.0 m降雨小区,前期在小区坡面种植植被以及埋入不同质量分数纳米碳,其中未做植被覆盖处理和未施加纳米碳的小区作为对照,共25个试验小区。采用针孔式人工模拟降雨器进行模拟降雨,雨强为60 mm/h,降雨历时40 min。降雨过程中定时收集径流及泥沙,用以研究在不同植被覆盖条件下纳米碳对黄土区坡地径流与泥沙的调控机理影响。研究结果显示,在土壤中施入纳米碳,对坡面初始产流时间的影响显著。随着施入纳米碳质量分数的增加,不同植被覆盖的初始产流时间总体随之增加,在4种植被覆盖中,苜蓿延缓产流时间效果最明显,较之空白对照最大增加了287.1%。纳米碳的施入,使各植被覆盖中坡面径流量明显降低,施入不同质量分数纳米碳,各植被覆盖中减流效果最显著的仍为苜蓿,径流量较之对照减少了66.47%,而空地、柠条、黄豆、玉米这4种处理减流幅度均在31.5%~33.6%之间。同时,纳米碳对于坡面径流减沙效果亦非常显著。施入纳米碳后,各植被减沙效果排序依次是:苜蓿柠条玉米黄豆。通过纳米碳对产流产沙量的影响进行相关性分析,得出纳米碳对试验结果具有显著的影响;在水土流失调控效果评价值影响分析中,纳米碳对水土流失调控效果较合适的质量分数为0.5%。综上,在黄土区土壤中施加纳米碳并提高施入纳米碳的比例,对于该地区水土流失的治理具有积极作用。     

黄土高原生物利用型土壤干层的水文生态效应研究

对黄土高原高产农、林、草、灌、果5种植被1000cm土层土壤剖面含水量多点测定结果表明,各植被类型均存在不同程度的生物利用型土壤干层,该土壤干层的水文作用表现为增强土壤-植被-大气间垂直水分交换,阻碍入渗降雨转化为地下径流,削弱植被对枯水季节低径流量的补偿能力,其生态效应是恶化植物生长的土壤水分环境,削弱土壤水库对年际干旱的调节能力。     

丘红壤坡耕地苎麻与花生水土保持效果对比研究

通过径流小区试验,进行了苎麻与花生水土保持效果的对比试验,重点分析降雨量、作物覆盖度、叶面积指数等农艺性状及冠层截留量与地表径流量的关系。试验从4月份作物种植后开始测定,7月底作物收获结束。结果表明,无论是地表拦蓄径流量,还是泥沙侵蚀量,苎麻处理都优于花生处理;与花生处理相比,苎麻处理的冠层截留量提高了22.9%~908.3%(p<0.01),土壤入渗率增加了16.2%~157.7%;红壤坡耕地径流量与降雨量呈显著正相关,与覆盖度和叶面积指数呈显著对数或指数负相关。     

Soil respiration as affected by vegetation types in a semiarid region of China

There are variations in soil respiration across vegetation types; however, it is unclear which factors are mainly responsible for the variations. A field experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 in a semiarid region of China to investigate the daytime and monthly variation of soil respiration across vegetation types and to determine the factors controlling the variation. An automated portable soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) flux measurement system was used to measure the soil respiration in shrubland, grassland, fallow land, and cropland during the growing periods. The results showed that the relative daytime variation amplitude of soil respiration in the fallow land and cropland was as small as that of shrubland and grassland during July, but greater than that of shrubland and grassland during August and October. A hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime soil temperature was observed for all four vegetation types. There was also a hysteresis effect for the relationship between the daytime soil respiration and daytime air temperature for the grassland. Over the study period, the monthly soil respiration rates of the fallow land and cropland were statistically comparable and significantly lower than those of the shrubland and grassland, with the exception of August, during which the monthly soil respiration of the cropland was as great as that of shrubland and grassland. The factors responsible for the monthly soil respiration variation across the vegetation types differed from month to month. In general, the soil temperature and soil water content were mainly responsible in August and September; however, the root biomass predominated in July and October. The results are valuable for accurately estimating regional carbon fluxes by considering the temporal variability of the soil respiration variation across vegetation types in the Loess Plateau of China.     

黄土丘陵小流域植被生态用水评价

以黄土丘陵区安家沟小流域为例,计算了植被最小需水量,评价了不同植被类型的生态用水量。研究结果表明:(1)土壤含水量、蒸散量均与植被类型和降雨量密切相关。对于相同年份,乔灌林地的土壤含水量和蒸散量都显著地大于农地;对于相同的植被类型,干旱年份(2 0 0 2年)的土壤含水量和蒸散量都显著小于湿润年份(2 0 0 3年)。(2 )从月尺度来说,不论是干旱年还是湿润年,植被生态用水在生长季节旺季均低于其最小生态需水量;从年尺度来说,干旱年份所有植被生态用水均低于其最小生态需水量,但湿润年份所有植被(除小麦外)生态用水都可以达到其最小生态需水量;以多年平均降雨量为标准,马铃薯和沙棘可以达到其最小生态需水标准,其它4种植被类型都不能达到其最小生态需水标准。本文建议:对于半干旱黄土丘陵地区,植被恢复不宜以乔灌林为主,并注意斑块形状和种植密度;在植被恢复的过程中,可以采用人工方法,促进自然恢复,以加快植被恢复的过程     

南方花岗岩红壤区不同土地利用类型坡地产流与侵蚀产沙研究

基于自然坡面径流小区,分析了南方花岗岩红壤区5种典型土地利用下坡面地表径流与侵蚀产沙规律.结果表明,不同地类地表径流与侵蚀产沙分异规律明显.裸露荒地、坡耕地、早地和疏林地的地表径流分别是典型林分林地的1 354.9%,1 099.9%,712.3%和285.4%;不同地类土壤侵蚀强度排序为裸露荒地＞坡耕地＞旱地＞疏林地＞典型林分林地,说明植被能较好地调蓄地表径流和减少侵蚀产沙.在不同降雨强度和雨型条件下,不同土地利用的坡面产流与侵蚀产沙也表现出显著的差异.裸露荒地、坡耕地、旱地、疏林地是研究区主要的侵蚀产沙地类.基于径流小区次降雨条件下径流和侵蚀产沙观测资料,建立了不同地类坡面径流与侵蚀产沙的回归方程.     

Changes in soil properties across a chronosequence of vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil fertility is important for vegetation growth and productivity. The relationship between vegetation and soil fertility is important for both scientific and practical reasons. However, the effects of soil fertility on vegetation development and succession are poorly documented on the Loess Plateau. In this study, we compared soil properties of the Yanhe Watershed in northern Shaanxi across five different land uses (shrubland, farmland, natural grassland, woodland and artificial grassland) and a chronosequence of soils undergoing restoration for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 years. We found that revegetation had a positive effect on soil bulk density decrease, total porosity and capillary porosity increase in the surface soil layers but not in the subsurface layer. Additionally, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen and available potassium were greater at shrubland and woodland sites compared with other land uses. Total phosphorus and available phosphorus were greater at farmland sites. Results of the study indicate that revegetation on eroded soil can produce important increases in soil fertility on older plantations and in areas with natural succession.     

Soil nitrogen and denitrification potential as affected by land use and stand age following agricultural abandonment in a headwater catchment

Changes in vegetation and soil properties because of agricultural abandonment may affect soil nitrogen (N) and associated processes. We investigated soil N (total N: TN, inorganic N: NH₄–N and NO₃–N) and denitrification potential in cropland, pine plantations and abandoned agricultural land along a secondary succession sequence (grassland→shrubland→secondary forest) in a headwater catchment in the Qinling Mountains, northwest China. The results show that the soil denitrification potential differed significantly among the five land‐use types with the highest potential in the secondary forest, followed by grassland, shrubland, cropland and plantations. The denitrification potential of the 20‐ to 40‐cm layer was significantly lower compared with the topsoil (0–20 cm) across all land‐use types. TN, soil organic matter (SOM) and NH₄–N increased significantly with stand age, whereas there was an opposite trend in soil pH. However, the denitrification potential did not relate to stand age in a linear manner. We conclude that changes in soil TN, SOM and pH during vegetation succession following agricultural abandonment are critical controls on the denitrification potential.     

黄土丘陵区不同降雨格局下土地利用的水土流失效应

研究不同类型降雨事件下土地利用／覆被对水土流失过程的影响，对于科学指导植被建设和控制水土流失具有重要意义。基于14a径流小区观测数据，依据降雨量．降雨历时和最大30min雨强3个指标。利用快速聚类的方法将定西市安家沟内产流性降雨事件划分为3种格局。总体而言，降雨格局2为雨量集中、雨强很高而历时较短的降雨事件的集合；降雨格局3为雨量分散、雨强小而历时很长的一类降雨事件的集合；而降雨格局1则为雨强、历时等特征值都介于格局3和格局2之间的降雨事件的集合体。在此基础上，着重研究了5种土地利用类型在不同降雨格局下的径流侵蚀规律。（1）从静态观点来看，5种土地利用类型抵抗径流侵蚀的能力依次为沙棘〉荒草〉油松〉苜蓿〉小麦。苜蓿地的土壤侵蚀严重。可能跟人为干扰破坏和苜蓿自身生长习性有关。（2）3种降雨格局中，以降雨格局2下各土地利用类型的径流侵蚀最为严重，降雨格局1次之，降雨格局3最弱。即雨量集中、雨强很高而历时较短的降雨类型是影响该地区水土流失的主导因素。（3）多年生植被（如沙棘，油松等）的径流侵蚀有随生长年数增长而减弱的趋势，以生长初期最为严重，随后逐渐减弱并稳定在一个较低的水平上。因而认为，不同土地利用类型下的径流侵蚀不仅取决于该植被类型，更重要的是决定于该植被所处的生长发育阶段。     

Soil Moisture Variations with Land Use along the Precipitation Gradient in the North–South Transect of the Loess Plateau

Knowledge of soil moisture spatial variation with land use along the precipitation gradient is necessary to improve land management and guide restoration practice in the water‐limited Chinese Loess Plateau. This study selected 45 sampling points at 11 sites across the north–south transect of the Loess Plateau based on the precipitation gradient and land use. Results showed that the vertical profiles of soil moisture revealed large variations with the precipitation gradient changing, especially in the surface layer (0–100 cm). Significant linear correlation existed between the average soil moisture of the profile and the mean annual precipitation (MAP) for each land use type (p < 0·05). Hereinto, the soil moisture under the grassland was affected more greatly by precipitation. The soil moisture under each land use commonly revealed the trend as farmland > grassland > shrubland > woodland, while it might be higher under the woodland than the shrubland in the surface layer in regions with MAP <500 mm. The soil moisture of woodland or shrubland at the selected points was below or approximate to the permanent wilting point in regions with MAP <520 mm. Covariance analysis confirmed the effects of land use and MAP on the soil moisture in depth of 100–300 cm, and it showed land use did not pose significant effects in the surface layer. In addition, our study indicated that it is necessary to reconsider and re‐evaluate the current vegetation restoration strategy in the perspective of vegetation sustainability and soil water availability, in which woodland and shrubland were selected on a large scale in the arid and semi‐arid regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impacts of land-use pattern on soil water-content variability on the Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

Long-term vegetation restoration carried out on the slopes of the Loess Plateau of China employed different spatial and temporal land-use patterns but very little is known about the effects of these patterns on soil water-content variability. For this study the small Donggou catchment was selected to investigate soil water-content distributions for three spatial scales, including the entire catchment area, sampling transects, and land-use systems. Gravimetric soil water contents were determined incrementally to a soil depth of 1.20 m, on 10 occasions from April to October, 2007, at approximately 20-day intervals. Results indicated that soil water contents were affected by the six land-use types, resulting in four distinct patterns of vertical distribution of soil moisture (uniform, increasing, decreasing, and fluctuating with soil depth). The soil water content and its variation were also influenced in a complex manner by five land-use patterns distributed along transects following the gradients of five similar slopes. These patterns with contrasting hydrological responses in different components, such as forage land (alfalfa)–cropland–shrubland or shrubland–grassland (bunge needlegrass)–cropland–grassland, showed the highest soil water-content variability. Soil water at the catchment scale exhibited a moderate variability for each measurement date, and the variability of soil water content decreased exponentially with increasing soil water content. The minimum sample size for accurate data for use in a hydrological model for the catchment, for example, required many more samples for drier (69) than for wet (10) conditions. To enhance erosion and runoff control, this study suggested two strategies for land management: (i) to create a mosaic pattern by land-use arrangement that located units with higher infiltration capacities downslope from those with lower soil infiltrabilities; and (ii) raising the soil-infiltration capacity of units within the spatial mosaic pattern where possible.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复中的土壤水分变化研究

选择了黄土高原安塞县境内的纸坊沟、县南沟、西沟、郭阳湾等不同流域,对黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕地植被恢复过程中的土壤水分变化规律进行了研究.研究结果表明,随着退耕年限的增长,60 cm以下土层的土壤水分含量逐渐减少;对于不同地形条件的土壤含水量,阴坡＞半阴坡＞阳坡,坡下＞坡中＞坡上,并且随着坡度的增大,土壤含水量减小;不同的植被类型土壤水分含量也不同,在选择的草地、灌木地、林地3种植被类型中,以草地的土壤含水量最高,林地最小,灌木地介于两者之间;从恢复方式看,自然恢复的土壤水分含量相对较高,人工恢复的土壤水分含量相对较低,自然+人工恢复介于两者之间.另外,对于同一种植被类型,生物量越大,土壤水分含量越小.     

黄土区坡地和坝地土壤电阻率分布特征及应用

土壤水分的准确高效测定是土壤水文学研究的重要基础,以土壤电学性质为基础的电阻率成像法(ERT)为土壤水分信息获取提供了新的技术手段.为探究E RT在黄土区土壤水文过程研究中的可行性,利用高密度电法仪测定了陕北六道沟小流域典型坡地和坝地剖面土壤电阻率(ρ),分析了不同土地利用方式下ρ二维分布特征,探讨了E RT在黄土区土...     

贵州省黔南区不同侵蚀性雨型条件下生物措施对坡面产流产沙的响应

为探讨不同降雨条件下的生物措施对坡面产流产沙特征的影响，分析了贵州省黔南自治州云雾水土保持监测站2014—2017年4年6个小区104次侵蚀性降雨下的实测产流产沙数据。结果表明：（1）侵蚀性降雨按历时、雨强和雨量可分为3类，包括A雨型（中历时、中雨强、中雨量），B雨型（长历时、小雨强、大雨量），C雨型（短历时、大雨强、小雨量）。C雨型为引起区域水土流失的主要雨型。（2）较坡耕地而言，A雨型和C雨型条件下减流量均呈水平阶整地+经果林 > 水保林 > 人工草地 > 自然恢复草地 > 经果林的趋势；减沙量均为水平阶整地+经果林 > 人工草地 > 水保林 > 自然恢复草地 > 经果林。B雨型减流量为水平阶整地+经果林 > 自然恢复草地 > 水保林 > 人工草地 > 经果林；减沙量为水平阶整地+经果林 > 自然恢复草地 > 人工草地 > 水保林 > 经果林。除自然恢复草地外B型雨条件下各措施对水土流失的调控作用不如A雨型和C雨型。不同措施对坡面产沙量的调控作用优于产流量，自然恢复草地在B型雨下具有良好的水土保持效果。（3）坡耕地水土流失最为严重，多年平均土壤侵蚀模数为365.33 t/（km²·a），水平阶整地+经果林措施水土保持效果最优，其土壤侵蚀模数为3 t/（km²·a），较坡耕地可降低土壤侵蚀率达99.2%。同时，水平阶整地+经果林措施在A、B、C雨型下较坡耕地可分别减少产流62.7%，53.0%和63.2%。（4）坡面产流同降雨一样，集中在5—8月；C雨型与产沙量集中分布在5—6月。根据研究结果，研究区每年的5—8月为水土流失高发期，尤其是5，6月，这个时段应为水土流失治理的重点时段，在治理同时要针对不同雨型条件采取不同生物治理措施，并且要对C雨型进行重点防范。