旱盐交叉胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质的影响

采用盆栽土培试验研究不同干旱条件下盐胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长和渗透调节物质含量的影响。结果表明,0.3%或0.6%的土壤含盐量可提高轻度(土壤相对含水量65%)和中度(土壤相对含水量50%)干旱胁迫下燕麦幼苗的生物量和植株含水量,同时叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量增加,游离氨基酸含量下降,根系和地上部Na+含量增加、K+含量降低;而0.9%的土壤含盐量处理或在重度干旱(土壤相对含水量35%)胁迫下随土壤含盐量的增加,燕麦幼苗生物量和植株含水量降低,叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质含量下降,脯氨酸和游离氨基酸含量增加,根系和地上部Na+含量进一步提高,K+含量迅速降低。表明适量的土壤含盐量可通过提高渗透调节缓解轻、中度干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长的抑制,而过量的盐分加重干旱胁迫对燕麦幼苗的伤害作用。     

盐胁迫下琯溪蜜柚苗木生理生化特性的变化研究

水培试验研究了不同浓度盐胁迫下琯溪蜜柚苗木生理生化特性的变化。结果表明,盐胁迫下溪蜜柚苗木根系活力、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶片细胞汁液pH、光合色素含量及氨基酸含量降低,大分子渗漏值及丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,且它们之间均呈显著和极显著相关性。琯溪蜜柚植株根系活力及叶片MDA含量对盐胁迫较敏感,根系活力下降可能是柚植株受盐胁迫后最早的伤害反应。     

钙调素拮抗剂W7对低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜为材料采用营养液栽培法研究了低氧胁迫下钙调素拮抗剂W7对根系抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:用50mmol·L-1W7预处理24h后,进行低氧胁迫处理,黄瓜根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性降低,而O2产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量均高于低氧胁迫处理.钙调素拮抗剂W7预处理后,导致黄瓜根系内活性氧含量升高和保护酶活性下降,从而降低黄瓜对低氧胁迫的抵抗能力,减缓了根系生长,表明Ca2 ·CaM信号系统的诱导和调控对缓解低氧胁迫具有重要作用.     

干旱及复水条件下草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆幼苗渗透调节物质和莽草酸含量的影响

为探明干旱胁迫及复水条件下不同剂量草甘膦对抗草甘膦大豆(RR1)幼苗叶片渗透调节物质、莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)含量及根系活力的影响,采用盆栽试验,在大豆的第3复叶期进行水分胁迫5d和除草剂草甘膦处理,研究RR1幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白(soluble protein, SP)、可溶性糖(soluble sugar, SS)、游离脯氨酸(free praline, FP)、莽草酸(shikimic acid, SA)含量和根系活力(RA)的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫前期RR1叶片的SP含量随草甘膦剂量的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,0.46kg/hm2叶片SP的含量最高,胁迫后期SP含量随草甘膦剂量的增加而降低;SS、FP和SA含量随草甘膦剂量的增加和胁迫时间的延长而增加,RA随草甘膦剂量的增加和胁迫时间的延长而降低。复水12d后,不同剂量草甘膦处理的各指标均有所恢复。干旱条件下,经草甘膦处理的RR1叶片的SP含量和RA低于草甘膦在正常水分条件下的处理,而SS、FP和SA含量相反。相关性分析表明,FP和SA含量与草甘膦剂量的相关关系最明显;而SS和SA含量与干旱胁迫时间的相关关系最明显。说明正常水分条件下,草甘膦对RR1幼苗造成的伤害经过一段时间后有所缓解;干旱胁迫加剧了草甘膦对RR1幼苗叶片渗透调节物质、莽草酸含量和根系活力的影响。抗草甘膦大豆主要通过积累FP、SS和SA对草甘膦和干旱胁迫做出响应。     

复合微生物肥料对盐胁迫下番茄生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方法,研究不同NaCl浓度(0、20 m M、50 m M和100 m M)胁迫下,添加复合微生物肥料对番茄幼苗生长、光合色素含量、根系活力和抗氧化指标的影响。结果显示,低盐胁迫(20 m M NaCl)促进了番茄幼苗的生长,但随盐胁迫浓度的升高,生物量逐渐降低,同时降低了根系活力同时下降;不同盐浓度胁迫均提高了番茄叶片内光合色素含量、根系和叶片内抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)产生速率。添加复合微生物肥料显著提高了盐胁迫番茄幼苗生物量、根系活力,、进一步提高了叶片内光合色素含量和根系抗氧化酶活性,显著降低了叶片内抗氧化酶活性;此外,复合微生物肥料的添加使番茄叶片和根系内MAD含量和O2.-产生速率均显著低于盐胁迫处理,使但是提高了叶片和根系内可溶性蛋白含量增加。以上结果表明,复合微生物肥料可通过调节番茄叶片渗透势、提高根系活力和、光合色素含量以及番茄抗氧化损伤的能力来增强番茄幼苗的抗盐性,通过促进光合制造、贮存碳水化合物的能力来,最终提高番茄幼苗生物量的累积。     

转碱蓬SsNHX1基因烟草的耐盐抗旱性研究

烟草是重要的模式植物和经济作物,盐害和干旱两种环境因子对其生长发育、产量和品质都危害很大。为了提高烟草的耐盐抗旱性,本研究利用农杆菌介导的遗传转化法在烟草中过量表达了碱蓬液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运基因SsNHX1,对转基因烟草的耐盐及抗旱性进行表型鉴定和各项生化指标的检测,以期得到耐盐抗旱表性良好的SsNHX1转基因烟草。表型分析发现,SsNHX1基因过表达株系L1和L5的抗盐能力比野生型显著提高,表现为盐胁迫条件下仍能保持旺盛的生长且根系的伸长未受抑制。SsNHX1过表达株系在叶片和根系中积累了更多的Na~+和K~+,同时Na~+含量增长速率较快,而K~+含量降低速率较缓,并可维持较高的叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量,及较低的丙二醛含量和相对电导率。干旱胁迫发现,过表达株系受干旱胁迫程度更小,并在复水后迅速恢复正常生长。同时,过表达株系的丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著低于野生型,且维持了较高的叶片相对含水量及叶绿素含量。这些结果说明SsNHX1基因在烟草中过量表达后,降低了盐胁迫和干旱胁迫对烟草根系及细胞膜的损伤,并通过调节离子含量、降低细胞的渗透势,维持了叶片较高的相对含水量和叶绿素含量,最终提高了烟草的抗盐和抗旱性。     

脉冲电场对渗透胁迫下玉米幼苗自发光子辐射的影响

为了揭示极低频脉冲电场(extremely low frequency pulsed electric field,ELF-PEF)对作物幼苗抗旱性的影响及其机理,采用渗透势为-0.1MPa的PEG-6000溶液对玉米幼苗形成生理干旱,研究了1Hz脉冲电场对渗透胁迫下玉米幼苗生长和自发光子辐射的变化。结果表明,在-0.1 MPa的渗透胁迫下玉米幼苗根系和叶片鲜质量缓慢增长,玉米幼苗种胚的自发光子辐射表现出先增加后减小的趋势,幼苗根系和叶片的自发光子辐射也呈现出波动性的增长趋势;经过脉冲电场处理的玉米幼苗根系和叶片鲜质量始终高于(P0.05)未经过脉冲电场处理的对照组,玉米种胚的自发光子辐射峰值出现的时间比对照组早(P0.01),峰值辐射强度也比对照高(P0.01),玉米幼苗根系和叶片的自发光子辐射都有所增强(P0.05),在渗透胁迫初期脉冲电场处理对玉米幼苗叶片自发光子辐射的增强效应非常显著(P0.01)。研究结果为揭示极低频脉冲电场对作物幼苗抗旱性的影响机理提供参考。     

水分胁迫下氮素对分蘖期小麦某些生理特性的影响

本研究结果表明 :水分胁迫且充足供氮时 ,叶片硝酸还原酶活性降幅较小 ;水分胁迫且不供氮时 ,硝酸还原酶活性几乎检测不出。水分胁迫下叶片可溶性蛋白含量和叶绿素含量均低于对照 ;根系活力在水分胁迫下均升高 ,根系还原活性在水分胁迫下显著降低。在小麦分蘖期 ,水分胁迫使根系的分布范围增大 ;氮素供给充足时 ,水分胁迫使根系干物质积累增多 ;但水分胁迫下使地上干物质积累降低 ,不供氮处理降幅更大。分蘖期的水分胁迫导致小麦收获期株高显著低于对照处理 ,不供氮处理更是明显 ;根系、地上干物质积累低于对照水平 ;不供氮处理降幅极大。分蘖期水分胁迫处理影响小麦的产量     

渗透胁迫对玉米幼苗根系活力和K+吸收动力学特征的影响

本试验以三个抗旱性不同的玉米品种作为试验材料,以26％聚乙二醇Polyethylene.glycol(PEG)(分子量4000)溶液对幼苗进行模拟渗透胁迫,研究了渗透胁迫对3个抗旱性不同的玉米品种幼苗根系活力及对K+吸收的动力学的影响。结果表明,玉米幼苗根系对K+的吸收速度符合Michaelis-Menten动力学方程;短期(24h内)的渗透胁迫可在一定程度上促进根系的生长,根系活力增强,NR活力升高,根系与离子的亲和力增加(Km下降),抗旱性强的品种促进程度大于抗旱性弱的品种;较长时间(超过48h)的渗透胁迫则抑制根系的生长,根系活力、NR活性等降低,根系与离子的亲和力下降(Km升高)。抗旱性强的品种受抑程度轻,Km值的升幅小,而抗旱性弱的品种受抑程度重,Km值的升幅大。玉米幼苗根系吸收K+的Km与根数、根重、根系活力、吸收面积、NR活力等极显著相关,可作为玉米抗旱性强弱的指标。     

杨树苗叶片光合特性和抗氧化酶对干旱胁迫的响应

以鲁林1号杨扦插苗为试材,采用盆栽控水试验,研究不同干旱胁迫处理对杨树苗叶片相对含水量、光合速率、叶绿素荧光及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着胁迫时间的延长,杨树苗叶片的相对含水量、净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度在轻度胁迫下缓慢降低,而在中度和重度胁迫下迅速降低;胞间CO2浓度在轻度胁迫下缓慢下降,在中度胁迫下先降后升,而在重度胁迫下一直升高,表明Pn的降低在轻度胁迫下是由气孔因素引起,中度胁迫下是由气孔因素和非气孔因素共同引起,而在重度胁迫下是由非气孔因素引起。随着胁迫时间的延长,叶片的PSⅡ原初光能转化效率和光化学猝灭系数在轻度胁迫下缓慢降低,而在中度和重度胁迫下快速降低;非光化学猝灭系数在轻度胁迫下显著升高,而在中度和重度胁迫下先升高后降低;叶片SOD和POD活性先升高后降低。因此,轻度胁迫下杨树苗通过热耗散和抗氧化酶活性调节的协同作用稳定了光合机构的功能,Pn降低主要受气孔限制因素影响;而中度和重度胁迫下光系统Ⅱ和抗氧化酶系统损伤,是Pn降低的非气孔限制因素。     

气量法测定尿素中水分含量的研究

建立气量失重法和气量体积法两种方法测定尿素中水分含量。利用尿素中的水分极易与碳化钙反应,生成的乙炔气体质量或体积与尿素中水分质量成正比关系,来分析计算尿素中水分含量。通过试验确定水分和碳化钙完全反应时间为10 mim的条件下,气量失重法加标回收率为96.0%~101.8%,平行测定结果的变异系数为1.05%~3.86%;气量体积法加标回收率为97.5%~100.6%,平行测定结果的变异系数为1.22%~4.16%。并通过与国标检测方法测得结果相比较、验证,气量失重法和气量体积法两种方法都可以快速、准确地测定尿素中水分含量,可满足基层实验室日常检测尿素中水分含量的工作需求;气量失重法和气量体积法相比较,气量失重法所需仪器更为简单,操作更为简便。     

Increased total nitrogen content of poultry manure by decreasing water content through composting processes

Microbial mineralization of urea and uric acid in poultry litter can lead to loss of nitrogen (N) content and its value as a fertilizer. To minimize the loss of N in the composting processes, controlling the water content in litters is a key to reduce the mineralization processes of N compounds. The N content of litter may be influenced by diets, hen age and the type of poultry houses used. The objectives of the present study were i) to determine the relationship between the water content and the decomposition rate of uric acid in poultry litter and ii) to investigate the effect of hen age and crude protein (CP) percentages in diets on the N content of poultry litter. A layer feeding trial was conducted in two poultry farms with windowless and open-floor houses. An incubation study of poultry litter was performed under different levels of water content. Our study found that the diet CP percentage (16.5–18%) and the growth stage of laying hens did not have a significant effect on the amount of total N (52–56?g?kg^?1) and uric acid-N (26–31g?kg^?1) in fresh litters. At the 7^th day of litter incubation study, the concentration of uric acid-N was 22 g kg^?1 in litters with a water content of 35%, whereas it further decreased to less than 1.3 g kg^?1 in litters with a water content of 55% and higher levels. The decomposition rate of uric acid-N in litter was 0.3–3.1g?kg^?1?day^?1 in the windowless house and 3.1–7.1g?kg^?1?day^?1 in the open-floor house. Decomposition of uric acid in litters was positively correlated to the litter moisture content that is controlled to be lower in windowless houses (40–50%) than in open-floor houses (55–80%) during the composting period. Our study suggests that the use of windowless houses for layer chicken production is effective for producing poultry manure with a high N content.     

Vanillin content in boiled peanuts

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determination of vanillin in boiled peanuts has been developed. Vanillin was extracted with acetonitrile by blending at high speed followed by purification of an aliquot of the extract on a minicolumn packed with Al(2)O(3). Vanillin was quantitated by HPLC on silica gel with n-hexane/2-propanol/water/acetic acid (2100/540/37/2, v/v) as a mobile phase. The recovery of vanillin added to fresh peanut hulls at 0.50 and 2.50 microg/g was 78.7 +/- 2.7 and 79.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. The detection limit of vanillin in boiled peanuts was estimated at 0.05 microg/g. UV-detector response to vanillin was linear to at least 2.5 microg/injection. Free vanillin has been found in two commercial brands of boiled peanuts at low ppm levels. Both the kernels and the hulls contained vanillin, which was formed during hydrolysis of lignin, one of the major constituents of the peanut hulls. Since vanillin has a low flavor threshold, it could be considered as one of the major ingredients that determines the flavor of boiled peanuts.     

Estimation of clay content from easily measurable water content of air‐dried soil

Soil texture is one of the main factors controlling soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Accurate soil‐texture analysis is costly and time‐consuming. Therefore, the clay content is frequently not determined within the scope of regional and plot‐scale studies with high sample numbers. Yet it is well known that the clay content strongly affects soil water content. The objective of our study was to evaluate if the clay content can be estimated by a simple and fast measure like the water content of air‐dried soil. The soil samples used for this study originated from four different European regions (Hainich‐Dün, Germany; Schwäbische Alb, Germany; Hesse, France; Bugac, Hungary) and were collected from topsoils and subsoils in forests, grasslands, and croplands. Clay content, water content of air‐dried soil, and SOC content were measured. Clay content was determined either by the Pipette method or by the Sedigraph method. The water content of air‐dried soil samples ranged from 2.8 g kg^–1 to 63.3 g kg^–1 and the corresponding clay contents from 60.0 g kg^–1 to 815.7 g kg^–1. A significant linear relationship was found between clay content and water content. The scaled mean absolute error (SMAE) of the clay estimation from the water content of air‐dried soil was 20% for the dataset using the Pipette method and 28% for the Sedigraph method. The estimation of the clay content was more accurate in fine‐textured than in coarse‐textured soils. In this study, organic‐C content played a subordinate role next to the clay content in explaining the variance of the water content. The water retention of coarse‐textured soils was more sensitive to the amount of organic C than that of fine‐textured soils. The results indicate that in our study the water content of air‐dried soil samples was a good quantitative proxy of clay contents, especially useful for fine‐textured soils.     

新疆水稻主产区土壤硒含量与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关性

对新疆水稻主产区的44个稻田耕层土壤及收获籽粒进行调查取样,结果表明:稻田13%属于足硒土壤,82%属于富硒土壤且有5%属于高硒土壤。而水稻籽粒硒含量达到国家谷物类食品富硒标准的仅有20%,水稻籽粒硒含量与稻田土壤全硒含量相关性不显著,但水稻籽粒硒含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,且土壤p H值及土壤有效磷含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,说明在新疆水稻主产区土壤有效硒含量是衡量土壤供硒潜力的有效指标,在实际生产中大部分的稻田需要通过施用适量外源硒肥来提高水稻籽粒中硒的含量。     

水溶液中微量尿素的测定

利用尿酶转化水溶液中的微量尿素 ,然后用靛酚蓝比色法测定溶液中铵的含量 ,从而换算出尿素的含量。该方法的关键是酶解时间要足够长 ,在 35℃酶解 5 0～ 60min为宜。该方法灵敏度和精度都很高 ,灵敏度 <0 .0 5mg/kg ,线性回归方程为 y =1 .0 0 36x -0 .0 0 37,R2 =0 .9999,相关性极其显著。此外 ,该方法成本低 ,适合大批量样品的人工或自动化分析。     

Carotenoid content of 50 watermelon cultivars

The lycopene content of 50 commercial cultivars of seeded and seedless red-fleshed watermelons was determined. Scanning colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays of total lycopene were used to separate watermelon cultivars into low (<50 mg/kg fw), average (50-70 mg/kg fw), high (70-90 mg/kg fw), and very high (>90 mg/kg fw). Cultivars varied greatly in lycopene content, ranging from 33 to 100 mg/kg. Most of the seeded hybrid cultivars had average lycopene contents. Sixteen of the 33 seedless types had lycopene contents in the high and very high ranges. All-trans-lycopene was the predominant carotenoid (84-97%) in all watermelon cultivars measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, but the germplasm differed in the relative amounts of cis-lycopene, beta-carotene, and phytofluene. Red-fleshed watermelon genotypes vary extensively in carotenoid content and offer opportunities for developing watermelons with specifically enhanced carotenoids.