猪肌内脂肪沉积相关基因的筛选及其表达特性分析

【目的】 通过分析马身猪和大白猪背最长肌转录组测序数据,筛选肌内脂肪沉积相关基因,并对其表达特性进行分析。【方法】 采集180日龄马身猪和大白猪背最长肌,采用RNA-Seq技术对其进行转录组测序,筛选差异表达基因并进行GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析;采用GeneCards在线查询基因功能,进一步筛选与肌内脂肪沉积相关的差异基因;采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测差异基因在2个品种猪不同组织以及肌内脂肪细胞成脂分化过程中的表达变化。【结果】 获得2个品种猪背最长肌差异表达基因共280个,其中128个表达显著上调,152个表达显著下调。GO功能富集分析注释到46个条目,其中生物过程24条,分子功能8条,细胞组分14条。KEGG通路分析显著富集到PPAR信号通路、MAPK信号通路和脂肪细胞因子信号等脂肪沉积相关通路。GeneCards功能查询获得TRAF2、DUSP1、ACOT4、NR4A1、SLC27A6、PLIN5共6个与脂肪沉积相关的基因。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,马身猪和大白猪背最长肌中NR4A1、DUSP1、PLIN5基因表达量差异显著或极显著(P<0.05;P<0.01),TRAF2、ACOT4和SLC27A6基因表达量差异不显著(P>0.05),但表达变化趋势与测序结果一致;马身猪腹部皮下脂肪组织中NR4A1和PLIN5基因表达量极显著高于背部皮下脂肪组织(P<0.01),而大白猪背部皮下脂肪组织中NR4A1和DUSP1基因表达量极显著高于腹部皮下脂肪组织(P<0.01),PLIN5基因表达量显著高于腹部皮下脂肪组织(P<0.05)。在背部皮下脂肪组织中,NR4A1、DUSP1和PLIN5基因在大白猪中的表达量极显著高于马身猪(P<0.01);在腹部皮下脂肪组织中,NR4A1和DUSP1基因在大白猪中的表达量显著高于马身猪(P<0.05),PLIN5基因表达量在2个品种间无显著差异(P>0.05)。体外培养的猪肌内脂肪细胞分析表明,随着成脂天数的增加,NR4A1基因表达量呈下降趋势,DUSP1和PLIN5基因表达量均呈上升趋势。【结论】 本研究获得了NR4A1、DUSP1、PLIN5 3个与猪肌内脂肪沉积相关的候选基因,可为后续进一步探讨猪肌内脂肪沉积调控机制提供一定的参考。     

猪骨骼肌纤维类型和能量代谢相关基因的表达特性研究

【目的】研究马身猪、晋汾白猪和杜长大猪骨骼肌肌纤维类型和能量代谢相关基因的表达特性。【方法】选取6月龄马身猪、晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,屠宰后采集背最长肌和趾长伸肌,采用HE染色检测肌纤维的直径、密度和横截面积,通过实时荧光定量PCR分别检测Ⅰ型、Ⅱa型、Ⅱb型和Ⅱx型肌纤维的标记基因(MYH7、MYH2、MYH4和MYH1),线粒体活性相关基因(ATP5A1、PGC1-α和PPARβ),电子传递链活性相关基因(UQCRC2、SDHA、NDUFA9),以及糖酵解活性相关基因(LDHA、LDHB和GK)的表达量。【结果】马身猪背最长肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均显著低于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,而密度显著高于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪(P<0.05);马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均显著低于杜长大猪,而密度显著高于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌MYH7基因的表达量最高,晋汾白猪最低;马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌MYH7基因的表达量显著高于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌和趾长伸肌MYH2基因的表达量显著高于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,晋汾白猪趾长伸肌MYH2基因的表达量显著高于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌MYH4基因的表达量显著低于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌MYH4基因的表达量显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。马身猪背最长肌中ATP5A1和PGC1-α基因的表达量均显著低于晋汾白猪和杜长大猪,晋汾白猪PGC1-α和PPARβ基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05);马身猪和晋汾白猪趾长伸肌中ATP5A1、PGC1-α和PPARβ基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。晋汾白猪背最长肌中UQCRC2、SDHA和NDUFA9基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪和马身猪(P<0.05);晋汾白猪和马身猪趾长伸肌中UQCRC2、SDHA和NDUFA9基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪,马身猪UQCRC2和SDHA基因的表达量均显著低于晋汾白猪(P<0.05)。晋汾白猪和马身猪背最长肌和趾长伸肌中LDHA、LDHB和GK基因的表达量均显著低于杜长大猪(P<0.05)。【结论】马身猪骨骼肌肌纤维直径和横截面积都较小,Ⅰ型和Ⅱa型肌纤维标记基因的表达量较高;杜长大猪骨骼肌Ⅱb型肌纤维标记基因的表达量较高,氧化磷酸化和糖酵解相关基因的表达量均较高。     

CREB-H基因在猪不同组织中表达谱及肝脏中的表达规律

本研究旨在分析环腺苷酸应答元件结合蛋白H（cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein 3-like 3，CREB-H）在猪不同组织中的表达谱及其在马身猪和大白猪肝脏中的发育性表达规律。采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blotting技术检测1日龄猪12个组织（心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、小肠、小脑、下丘脑、背最长肌、股肌和腰肌）中CREB-H基因的表达谱，以及CREB-H在1、30、60、90、120、150和180日龄马身猪和大白猪肝脏中的表达规律。结果显示，CREB-H基因mRNA在马身猪的12个组织中广泛表达，其中在肝脏和小肠中高表达；CREB-H蛋白在肝脏组织中的表达量显著高于其他组织（P<0.05），在心脏、脾脏和小脑中不表达。猪肝脏CREB-H基因mRNA和蛋白的发育表达受日龄、品种、品种与日龄相互作用的影响（P<0.01）。马身猪和大白猪肝脏中CREB-H基因mRNA和蛋白的表达量均在1日龄时达到最大值。在各发育阶段，马身猪CREB-H蛋白的表达量均极显著高于大白猪（P<0.01），且CREB-H主要在猪肝脏中表达。CREB-H在两猪种肝脏中的表达存在时空差异，可能与猪在不同发育期的脂质代谢能力有关，本试验结果为研究猪的脂质代谢调控机制提供一定的理论依据。     

NR1H3基因调控猪前体脂肪细胞分化的研究

旨在探讨NR1H3基因在猪脂肪组织中的发育性表达规律及对猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的影响,以确定其在脂肪沉积过程中的主要功能。本研究采用qRT-PCR方法检测30、90、240日龄马身猪皮下脂肪组织中NR1H3的发育性表达规律;采集5日龄杜长大仔猪背部脂肪组织,分离猪前体脂肪细胞;通过细胞免疫荧光技术检测细胞中Adiponectin含量以鉴定细胞的纯度;构建猪NR1H3基因的过表达载体,设计NR1H3 siRNA序列,分别转染分离得到的猪前体脂肪细胞,采用qRT-PCR、Western blot和油红O染色等方法检测过表达和干扰效率及它们对成脂分化关键基因表达的影响。结果表明,马身猪皮下脂肪组织中NR1H3的表达量随日龄增加呈上升趋势,30日龄时表达量最低,240日龄时表达量最高,差异极显著(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,猪前体脂肪细胞中过表达NR1H3,脂肪细胞的脂滴数明显增多,下游靶标SREBP-1c和ChREBP的表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),且成脂关键基因FAS、C/EBPβ、PPARγ和FABP4的mRNA表达量极显著提高(P<0.01),促进成脂过程;相反,干扰NR1H3基因,脂滴数明显减少,下游靶标及成脂关键基因的mRNA表达量极显著下调(P<0.01),抑制成脂过程。本研究表明,NR1H3基因是猪前体脂肪细胞成脂分化的正调节剂,通过影响其下游靶标SREBP-1c和ChREBP的表达而影响成脂分化,研究结果对阐明猪脂肪沉积的分子机理、改善肉质品质有重要意义。     

载脂蛋白CⅡ基因在猪肝脏组织中的发育性表达研究

试验旨在探究载脂蛋白CⅡ(apolipoprotein Ⅱ,ApoCⅡ)基因mRNA在马身猪和大白猪肝脏组织中的发育性表达规律,揭示ApoCⅡ基因表达水平与猪脂质代谢之间的关系。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了马身猪和大白猪1~180日龄(1、30、60、90、120、150和180日龄)肝脏组织中ApoCⅡ基因mRNA表达。结果表明,马身猪和大白猪肝脏组织ApoCⅡ基因mRNA发育性变化趋势存在差异,马身猪ApoCⅡ表达量从1日龄到60日龄逐渐降低,在90日龄时上升,之后逐渐降低;而大白猪从1日龄到150日龄呈现逐渐降低趋势,180日龄时回升。1日龄时,马身猪和大白猪肝脏中ApoCⅡ基因mRNA的表达量差异不显著(P>0.05),在其他阶段,两品种间的表达量存在显著或极显著差异(P<0.05或 P<0.01)。这表明肝脏中ApoCⅡ mRNA的表达具有显著的日龄依赖性和明显的品种差异性,其表达可能对猪脂质代谢有显著影响。     

猪m6A去甲基化酶FTO、ALKBH5基因表达水平与大肠杆菌F18感染抗性的关系分析

为了探讨猪6-甲基腺嘌呤（m⁶A）去甲基化酶mRNA表达水平与仔猪大肠杆菌F18抗性的关系,本研究运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测m⁶A去甲基化酶FTO和ALKBH5基因在35日龄苏太猪断奶仔猪大肠杆菌F18抗性型和敏感型个体十二指肠和空肠组织中的mRNA表达差异,同时分别利用F18ab、F18ac大肠杆菌菌体刺激和内毒素LPS诱导猪小肠上皮细胞（IPEC-J2）,检测FTO、ALKBH5基因表达变化。结果表明,FTO、ALKBH5基因在抗性型个体十二指肠和空肠中的表达量均极显著或显著高于敏感型个体（P<0.01,P<0.05）;不同F18大肠杆菌菌体刺激IPEC-J2细胞后,FTO基因表达水平均无显著变化（P>0.05）,而ALKBH5基因在F18ac刺激后表达量显著上调（P<0.05）;LPS诱导4 h时,FTO和ALKBH5基因表达量均显著上调（P<0.05）。本研究在细胞和个体水平上初步验证并发现了m⁶A去甲基化酶FTO和ALKBH5基因表达水平与大肠杆菌感染仔猪密切相关,为今后深入研究RNA去甲基化修饰在仔猪细菌性腹泻调控中的作用机制提供了理论基础。     

SRSF10对山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞分化的影响

旨在克隆山羊SRSF10基因序列,明确其生物学特性,并通过过表达和干扰手段阐明SRSF10对山羊肌内脂肪细胞分化的影响。本研究以简州大耳羊(Capra hircus)为试验对象,利用RT-PCR技术克隆山羊SRSF10基因序列,并进行生物信息学分析; 利用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,qPCR)技术研究其在成脂诱导分化不同阶段细胞中的表达水平; 转染pcDNA3.1-SRSF10过表达载体和SRSF10-siRNA至山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞并诱导分化,通过油红O和Bodipy染色法从形态学上明确其对脂滴积聚的影响; 通过qPCR方法检测脂肪细胞分化标志基因表达的变化。结果显示,获得山羊SRSF10基因序列为1 026 bp,其中CDS区552 bp,共编码183个氨基酸; SRSF10在诱导分化96 h的肌内脂肪细胞中表达量最高; 过表达和干扰山羊SRSF10分别促进和抑制了肌内脂肪细胞中的脂滴积聚; 过表达后基因SREBP1、PPARγ和C/EBPα的相对表达量极显著上调(P < 0.01),干扰后分化标志基因SREBP1、PPARγ和C/EBPα相对表达水平极显著降低(P < 0.01)。结果表明,山羊SRSF10是肌内脂肪细胞分化的正调控作用因子,并且这种调控作用可能主要通过调节SREBP1、PPARγ和C/EBPα的表达来实现。     

miR-106b-5p靶向KLF4调控山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞分化

旨在明确miR-106b-5p对山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞分化的影响，并确定这种作用是通过靶向KLF4来实现的。本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR （quantitative real-time PCR，qRT-PCR）技术检测miR-106b-5p在山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞分化过程中的表达模式，通过脂质体转染技术将miR-106b-5p mimic和miR-106b-5p inhibitor转入体外培养的山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞，油红O染色法从形态学验证miR-106b-5p对脂肪细胞中脂滴积聚的影响，qRT-PCR检测预测的靶标基因KLF4和脂肪分化标志基因的表达情况，利用双荧光素酶报告系统鉴定miR-106b-5p与KLF4的靶标关系。qRT-PCR结果显示，miR-106b-5p在山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞诱导分化第3天时表达量最高。在山羊肌内脂肪细胞中干扰miR-106b-5p后油红O染色显示脂滴聚积减少，过表达miR-106b-5p后脂滴聚积增加。在山羊肌内前体脂肪细胞中转染miR-106b-5p inhibitor后PPARγ表达量显著降低（P<0.05），而KLF4表达量极显著升高（P<0.01）；转染miR-106b-5p mimic后LPL和PPARγ表达量极显著升高（P<0.01）。荧光素酶活性试验结果显示，过表达miR-106b-5p可显著抑制KLF4荧光活性。miR-106b-5p通过靶向并负调节KLF4的表达促进山羊肌内脂肪细胞分化。     

秦川牛ACTC1基因的表达特性分析

试验旨在揭示ACTC1基因在秦川牛中的时空表达规律，为进一步研究ACTC1基因在肉牛肌肉发育和脂肪沉积等方面的功能奠定基础。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了ACTC1基因在24月龄成年秦川牛13种组织和4日龄新生秦川牛12种组织中的表达规律，同时研究分析了该基因在秦川牛成肌细胞和前体脂肪细胞不同分化阶段（0、2、4、6、8 d）的表达特性。结果显示，ACTC1基因在秦川牛心脏中的表达量最高，骨骼肌中次之；除瘤胃和肾脏外，24月龄成年牛各组织中的表达量显著或极显著高于4日龄新生牛（P<0.05；P<0.01）；ACTC1基因在成肌细胞中的表达随着分化程度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势，在成肌细胞分化第2、4、6和8天ACTC1基因的表达量与第0天相比差异极显著（P<0.01），分别是第0天的2.6、4.7、5.6和4.2倍，这与成肌细胞的分化速率一致；在脂肪细胞中ACTC1基因的表达趋势为先降后升，第2、4天的表达量与第0天相比差异极显著（P<0.01），从分化第2天开始表达量随脂肪细胞分化程度增加而增加。ACTC1基因在不同年龄牛肌肉组织（心肌和骨骼肌）中的表达量最高，且其表达特性与肌细胞分化整体趋势一致；另外，ACTC1基因在脂肪细胞中的表达也有一定的规律。综上所述，推测ACTC1基因可能会影响牛肌肉组织的生长发育和脂肪沉积。     

C-型利钠肽调控鸡肌内脂肪细胞脂肪沉积的作用机制研究

本研究旨在探讨C型利钠肽（CNP）对鸡胸肌组织肌内前脂肪细胞的增殖、分化和分解的调控作用及机制，为进一步阐明肌内脂肪沉积的分子机制奠定基础。以黄羽肉鸡胸肌组织的肌内前脂肪细胞作为体外研究模型，利用10^-7 mol/L CNP激素外源诱导前脂肪细胞，采用CCK8、Edu染色法观察肌内前脂肪细胞增殖的变化，油红O染色和异丙醇萃取法观察脂肪分化和沉积的变化；利用试剂盒检测细胞内cGMP及甘油浓度变化；实时荧光定量PCR检测利钠肽受体A、B、C（NPRA、NPRB和NPRC）的表达变化。结果显示，与对照组相比，CNP诱导前脂肪细胞1和3 d后，细胞的增殖能力显著升高（P<0.05）；CNP诱导3和6 d后，诱导组脂肪细胞的分化和脂滴沉积能力极显著降低（P<0.01），释放到培养基的甘油浓度及细胞中的cGMP的浓度极显著升高（P<0.01）。NPRB和NPRC基因mRNA的表达极显著和显著高于对照组（P<0.01；P<0.05），NPRA基因mRNA的表达无显著变化（P>0.05）。本试验结果表明，CNP通过NPRB/NPRC-cGMP通路调控肉鸡肌内脂肪细胞的脂代谢过程。     

Mechanism of C-type Natriuretic Peptide Regulating Lipid Deposition of Intramuscular Adipocytes in Chickens

The aim of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect and mechanism of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) on the proliferation,differentiation and lipolysis of intramuscular preadipocytes (IMPs) in breast muscle of chickens,and lay a foundation on further elucidating the molecular mechanism of intramuscular fat deposition in chickens.The IMPs of breast muscle in Yellow-feathered broilers were used as the model in vitro,the preadipocytes were induced by 10^-7 mol/L CNP.The proliferation,differentiation and lipolysis of IMPs were observed by CCK8,Edu staining,Oil Red O staining and isopropanol extraction,respectively.The concentration of cGMP and glycerin were detected by cGMP and glycerin kit,respectively.The expression of NPRA,NPRB and NPRC genes mRNA was detected by Real-time quantitative PCR.The results showed that compared with control group,the cell proliferation in CNP treatment group was enhanced significantly at 1 and 3 d (P<0.05).The cell differentiation and lipid deposition were extremely significantly decreased at 3 and 6 d (P<0.01),the intracellular cGMP concentration and glycerin concentration in the medium at 3 and 6 d were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01).The expression of NPRB and NPRC genes mRNA in CNP treatment group was extremely significantly or significantly higher than control group (P<0.01;P<0.05),and the expression of NPRA gene mRNA had no significant difference (P>0.05).The results revealed that CNP regulated the lipid deposition of intramuscular adipocytes through NPRB/NPRC-cGMP pathway in chickens.     

Study on Differences of UCP3 Gene Expression of Reciprocal Crosses F1 with Luchuan Pig and Duroc Pig

In order to breed high quality pig strain and improve the pork quality,the intramuscular fat content and the differences of UCP3 gene expression were studied in Luchuan pigs with Duroc reciprocal cross F1 and its parents Luchaun pigs.8 head of Luchuan pigs,Luchuan pigs with Duroc reciprocal cross F1 generation were respectively selected to analyze the correlation of UCP3 gene expression with intramuscular fat and eye muscle area.Expression of UCP3 mRNA in muscles of different pig breeds were measured by Real-time RT-PCR,and the eye muscle area and intramuscular fat content were measured too.The results indicated that the eye muscle area,intramuscular fat and the UCP3 gene expression were significantly different in the three groups of pigs (P<0.05).The crossbreds inherited the big body size of Duroc,and the high intramuscular fat content of Luchuan pig.The extremely significantly negative correlations were observed between UCP3 gene expression and the pig eye muscle area,the extremely significantly positive correlations were observed between UCP3 gene expression and intramuscular fat content.UCP3 gene should be the main candidate gene for fat trait research in pigs.     

Cellular Localization,Expression Patterns of CCAR1 Gene,and Its Effect on Cell Proliferation in Pig

The aim of this study was to obtain the complete coding sequence (CDS) of CCAR1 gene, and to explore its subcellular localization, expression profile and its effects on cell prolification and action mechanism in pig. In this study, the cDNA from kidney tissue of 1-day-old Mashen pigs were used as the template to obtain the full-length CDS of CCAR1 gene by RT-PCR and sequencing. The cellular immunofluorescence staining was used to explore the subcellular localization of CCAR1 in PK15 cells. The temporal and spatial expression profile of CCAR1 was investigated by qRT-PCR in this study. The CCAR1 gene in PK15 cells was knocked out by using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, and the effects of CCAR1 gene on cell proliferation and expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis related genes were investigated by qRT-PCR, Western blot and CCK8 (cell counting kit 8) technologies in this experiment. The results showed that the complete CDS region of pig CCAR1 gene was 3 459 bp in length (MH301308.1). CCAR1 protein was localized in both cytoplasm and nucleus of PK15 cells. The expression profiles of CCAR1 mRNA between Large White and Mashen pigs was similar, which was expressed in all detected tissues, with the highest expression in kidney and small intestine, middle expression in spleen, liver, cerebellum and muscle, and the lowest expression in heart and subcutaneous fat. Temporal expression results showed that CCAR1 was expressed in both psoas muscle and longissimus dorsi muscle at 3 developmental stages both in Mashen and Large White pigs. The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system effectively reduced the expression of CCAR1. CCK8 results showed that after 48 hours of transfection, compared with the control group, the proliferation of cells in the experimental groups were extremely significantly inhibited (P<0.01). After CCAR1 gene knocked out, the expression level of Mki67, a marker of cell proliferation, was significantly decreased (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the expression level of Caspase3 and the core protein β-catenin in Wnt pathway between control group and experimental groups, and the expression level of downstream target gene C-myc of Wnt pathway was decreased significantly(P<0.05). CCAR1 gene was expressed almost in all tissues at different developmental stages, and affected cell proliferation by regulating the expression levels of Mki67 and C-myc, and played an important role in growth and development of pig.     

Study on Developmental Expression of ApoCⅡ Gene mRNA in Liver Tissues of Pigs

The aim of this study was to investigate the developmental patterns of ApoCⅡ gene mRNA in liver in Mashen and Large White pigs, and study the relationship between the expression level of ApoCⅡ and the lipid metabolism in pigs.The mRNA relative expressions of ApoCⅡ gene in liver at seven stages of 1,30,60,90,120,150,and 180-day old in Mashen and Large White pigs were determined by quantitative Real-time PCR.The results showed that the developmental trend of ApoCⅡ mRNA expression in liver between Mashen and Large White pigs was different.The ApoCⅡ mRNA abundance was decreased from birth to 60-day old,then increased at 90-day old,and decreased again after that in Mashen pig.However,the relative expression amount in Large White pig was gradually decreased from birth to 150-day old and increased again at 180-day old.Except for the ApoCⅡ mRNA expression amount at 1-day old,the differences of the expression amount at other stages in Mashen and Large White pigs were significant or extremely significant (P<0.05 or P<0.01).The ApoCⅡ mRNA expression in liver was affected by age and breed,and could play an important role in lipid metabolism in pigs.     

陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代UCP3基因表达差异研究

为培育优质猪品系,提高猪肉品质,本试验探索了陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代及其亲本陆川猪肌内脂肪含量和UCP3基因表达差异。试验分别选取陆川猪、陆川猪与杜洛克猪正反交F1代各8头,采用实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法测定肌肉中UCP3基因mRNA在不同品种猪中的表达量,并测定眼肌面积和肌内脂肪含量,以分析UCP3基因的表达量与脂肪和眼肌面积的相关性。结果显示,3组猪在眼肌面积、肌内脂肪含量和UCP3基因mRNA表达量上均差异显著(P<0.05),且正反交F1代均遗传了杜洛克猪体型大、陆川猪肌内脂肪含量高的优势,UCP3基因的表达量与猪眼肌面积呈极显著负相关,与肌内脂肪含量呈极显著正相关。初步推断UCP3基因可作为影响猪脂肪性状的主效基因。