基于宏基因组测序解析长刺蒺藜草入侵对根际土壤氮循环的影响

为揭示外来入侵植物长刺蒺藜草 Cenchrus longispinus对氮素高效利用的微生态机制,利用宏基因组测序技术分析长刺蒺藜草、狗尾草 Setaria viridis、披碱草 Elymus dahuricus三种杂草根际土壤及对照中参与氮循环的微生物类群及功能基因差异。结果显示,长刺蒺藜草入侵显著增加了根际土壤中全氮和硝态氮含量,显著降低了土壤水溶性氮含量;长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中链霉菌属Streptomyces、红色杆菌属 Rubrobacter、硝化螺旋菌属 Nitrospira及类诺卡氏菌属 Nocardioides微生物丰度与其他3个处理之间差异显著,并与根际土壤中硝态氮含量显著相关;长刺蒺藜草根际土壤中微生物的氮代谢功能基因nasB和nifK丰度与对照之间差异显著,且与根际土壤中硝态氮含量显著相关。推测长刺蒺藜草入侵通过增加根际土壤中链霉菌属、红色杆菌属和类诺卡氏菌属微生物丰度影响根际土壤的氮代谢过程,通过减少 nasA基因丰度降低硝酸盐同化速率,其根际土壤有少量nifK固氮基因,表明其有一定的固氮能力。     

棉隆熏蒸对烟草氮素吸收利用的影响

为探究棉隆熏蒸对烟草氮素吸收转化利用的影响,本试验选取云南酸性红壤、北京碱性潮土2种中国典型土壤,以本氏烟Nicotiana benthamiana为对象,研究了棉隆熏蒸对土传病原菌防效、土壤氮素转换、根系氮素供应、植株氮空间分布及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响。结果显示,棉隆熏蒸对2种供试土壤中土传病原菌镰孢属Fusarium spp.、疫霉属Phytophthora spp.真菌的抑制率均超过89%,棉隆熏蒸显著增加了土壤铵态氮含量,减少了硝态氮含量,抑制了土壤硝化速率及根系硝态氮供应速率,而促进了土壤反硝化速率及根系铵态氮供应速率。棉隆熏蒸显著降低了烟草组织总氮含量,但增加了根、茎、叶各部位铵态氮含量,减少了硝态氮含量,且在酸性红壤土中更明显。棉隆熏蒸后硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性有不同程度增加。试验结果表明,棉隆熏蒸通过改变根际氮素形态及含量,进而影响根际氮素供应速率及氮代谢关键酶活性,促进烟草根茎叶各部位硝态氮的代谢,促进烟草生长。研究结果为棉隆的科学应用提供了理论支撑。     

旱地不同栽培模式下土壤水分和矿质氮含量的时空变化

以田间试验为研究手段连续两年研究了旱地不同栽培模式和施用氮肥对冬小麦生长期间土壤水分、硝态氮和铵态氮含量时空变化的影响.结果表明:与常规相比,覆膜和覆草均显著增加了0～5、5～10和10～20cm土层水分含量,而施用氮肥却是0～20 cm各土层水分含量均有所降低.不同栽培模式对土壤贮水量的影响园作物各生育时期的不同而不同,返青期覆膜和覆草模式土壤贮水量显著高于常规对照,拔节期覆草模武土壤贮水量显著高于覆膜模式,灌浆期各模式之同土壤贮水量的差异未达显著水平.冬小麦生长期间不同处理的土壤铵态氮含量均较低,时空变化较小;而不同处理的土壤硝态氮含量的时空变化较大,其含量的时空变化与施氮量、栽培模武和不同时期有密切关系.增加氮肥用量明显提高0～20 cm土层硝态氮含量和矿质氮的累积量,随着生长时期的推进,土壤硝态氮含量降低明显.0～100 cm土层中硝态氮的累积量为覆草＞常规＞覆膜.     

局部根区水氮耦合对玉米幼苗养分吸收利用的影响

研究局部根区水分胁迫下不同氮形态与供应部位对玉米幼苗养分吸收利用的影响。氮设三种形态(50%NO3--N+50%NH4+-N;NO3--N;NH4+-N)。采用分根培养的方法,用聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟水分胁迫。PEG和氮只加入到分根装置的一侧根室,形成局部根区水分胁迫下水氮同区、水氮异区六个处理。收获时测玉米幼苗植株生物量和各养分浓度。结果表明,水氮同区比水氮异区更利于玉米幼苗生长,氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁总含量和增量都高于相应氮形态的水氮异区处理。不同氮形态相比,混合氮有利于促进玉米幼苗生长和增强氮的吸收能力;相对于铵态氮,硝态氮促进了钾、钙、镁、铁总量和增量的增加;养分利用效率基本上与其地上部分该养分浓度的高低呈负相关。     

不同油菜品种苗期叶柄硝态氮含量与产量及品质的关系

油菜是高需氮作物,有效的氮素养分管理是其高产、高效、优质生产的关键。采用大田试验方法,研究了不同施氮水平下18个品种油菜苗期叶柄硝态氮含量与其收获期产量和品质的关系。结果表明:同一施氮水平下,苗期不同油菜品种的叶柄硝态氮含量存在明显差异;土壤供氮充足的情况下,苗期叶柄硝态氮含量能反映收获时不同油菜品种间生物量、产量籽粒吸氮量、整株吸氮量变化;苗期油菜叶柄硝态氮含量与株高、分枝节位高度、单株角果数的相关关系受供氮水平的影响;一次有效分枝、每角粒数、千粒重的相关关系与苗期叶柄硝态氮含量无关;无论施氮水平如何,苗期油菜叶柄的硝态氮含量与籽粒各项品质指标均无显著相关。     

适度水分胁迫下增硝对不同基因型水稻苗期生长及生理特性的影响

以不同基因型代表性稻种（冈优527、扬稻6号、中旱3号、农垦57）为材料,采用水培试验,进行不同水分胁迫程度和不同氮素形态的处理,分析了水分胁迫及氮素形态对不同基因型水稻生长发育的影响及其生理机制。研究结果表明:正常水分供应条件下,适当地提高硝态氮肥的比例（铵硝配比为50∶50）,不影响各营养器官净光合速率(Pn),并能促进水稻叶及根中硝态氮含量增加,但硝态氮肥比例>50%,会导致各生理及代谢指标的显著降低,不利于不同基因型水稻的生长;而适度的水分胁迫下,适当增加硝态氮比例（铵硝配比50∶50）相对于非水分胁迫、纯铵态氮肥处理,更有利于提高功能叶Pn,促进渗透调节物质的积累,能发挥以水促肥的优势,进而促进水稻的生长。此外,不同基因型水稻生长在适度水分胁迫下对增硝营养的响应程度差异显著,籼稻与粳稻相比,杂交籼稻和常规籼稻相比,常规粳型旱稻与常规粳型水稻相比,前者在净光合速率、氮素吸收利用上均表现出更为明显的优势,同品种耐旱性规律一致。     

氮素水平和形态对小麦幼苗叶最小导度的影响

叶最小导度反映了叶片气孔关闭后残余蒸腾的大小,因而是植物抗旱性的一个重要方面。采用水培试验,研究了不同氮素浓度(低氮:2 mmol/L;高氮:15 mmol/L)和形态(硝态氮、铵态氮和硝酸铵)对小麦叶最小导度的影响,试图揭示氮素营养影响植物抗旱性的生理机制。结果表明:铵态氮和硝态氮处理高氮的叶最小导度低于低氮,但硝酸铵处理两个氮水平下的叶最小导度无差异;氮素形态对叶最小导度无显著影响。氮浓度对与叶最小导度有关的形态和生理特征无影响,氮素形态对比叶片重、绒毛密度、蜡质含量和蜡质晶体形态结构和气孔特性亦无显著影响,对叶含水量有显著影响,铵态氮处理叶含水量低于硝态氮和硝酸铵处理。相关分析表明,叶最小导度与比叶片重呈显著正相关。本研究结果说明比叶片重的差异是导致不同处理最小导度不同的重要原因,氮素形态并未通过影响叶最小导度而对植物的抗旱性产生影响。     

减氮施肥及氮肥添加脲酶抑制剂对凉州灌区春玉米产量和氮肥利用的影响

以玉米品种先玉335为试验材料,于2018―2019年在甘肃省武威市黄羊镇黄羊村,研究了不施氮肥(CK)、农户施肥、减氮施肥、农户施肥添加脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)和减氮施肥添加脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)5种方式下玉米产量、产量构成因素、氮肥利用效率、0～100 cm土层硝态氮残留量的差异。结果表明,与农户施肥相比,减氮施肥在氮肥施用量减少20%的基础上,春玉米产量没有显著降低,氮肥利用率显著提高了24.6%,且收获期0～100 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低了25.7%;农户施肥添加脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)处理产量显著提高了15.5%,氮肥农学效率、氮肥利用率、氮素收获指数分别显著提高了120.3%、33.54%、9.06%,且收获期0～100 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低了26.7%;减氮施肥添加脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)处理春玉米产量没有降低,收获期0～100 cm土层硝态氮残留量降低了46.0%,但氮肥利用率较减氮施肥显著降低了12.9%。研究结果表明在凉州灌区减氮施肥和农户施肥添加脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)能够在保证春玉米产量的同时,促进春玉米对氮肥的吸收,降低春玉米收获后土层硝态氮残留,其中农户施肥添加脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)更能够显著提高春玉米产量,具有推广价值。     

不同形态氮素营养对水稻抗旱性影响的研究

采用溶液培养方法,在不同水分胁迫强度下,分析不同氮素形态(铵态氮、硝态氮、铵硝混合态氮)对水稻生长状况与水分关系的影响.结果表明:在轻度水分胁迫(5%PEG,约相当于-0.05 MPa)条件下,供铵和供铵硝混合态氮水稻生物量高于正常水分条件下的相应供氮形态处理,说明适度水分胁迫可以刺激这2种供氮形态水稻的生长;在重度水分胁迫(10%PEG,约相当于-0.15 MPa)条件下,仅供铵态氮水稻生物量高于正常水分条件下的相应供氮形态处理.此外,在水分胁迫条件下,供铵态氮水稻根系总长、根表面积和根系体积受水分胁迫影响不明显.重度水分胁迫条件下,供铵态氮水稻单位茎截面积的伤流液流速、水分利用率等都显著高于其他供氮形态水稻.因此,与其他氮素形态相比,供应铵态氮可以增强水稻在干旱环境下的生长.     

冬小麦特征光谱对其全氮和硝态氮的响应

通过田间试验,测定了不同施氮水平下冬小麦冠层在6个典型生育期地上部分全氮和硝态氮含量以及冠层光谱,系统分析了单波段反射率、可见光和近红外波段组合而成的归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)等8种常见植被指数与相应时期地上部分全氮和硝态氮含量的相关性。结果表明,施氮量增加,全氮、硝态氮含量、冠层近红外波段反射率都随之增加,但当施氮量增加到300 kg/hm2(一次性施入)时,上述各项指标均降低;整个生长期中孕穗期在近红外区域反射率最高,与可见光波段反射率相差最大;6个生育期单波段510~1 100 nm反射率、NDVI、RVI等8种植被指数与全氮和硝态氮含量呈显著或极显著相关,植被指数的相关性较单波段高,且与全氮的相关性明显大于与硝态氮的相关性。选择NDVI(560 nm,760 nm)和NDVI(660 nm,760 nm)可以准确拟合冬小麦地上部分全氮和硝态氮含量,对前者的拟合度0.80,对后者的拟合度0.53。     

Can the riparian invader,Arundo donax,benefit from clonal integration?

Resource sharing through rhizomes of clonal plants supplements locally available nutrients to enhance recruitment and growth in resource‐limited environments. We investigated whether Arundo donax, an invasive clonal plant, can benefit from clonal integration. Sharing resources between ramets can facilitate resprouting from mowing, fire and herbicide treatments, but it is unknown whether clonal integration contributes to A. donax invasion success. Our first objective was to determine whether A. donax rhizomes transported water between ramets. Hydrogen isotopic–enriched water was applied on three 1 m diameter areas, and rhizome and soil samples were collected beyond the watering zone after 5, 24 and 48 h of the last watering. Logistic modelling indicated that water was able to move laterally at least 3.5 m. The second objective was to determine whether clonal integration enhanced growth and survival of A. donax ramets. We compared growth‐related responses in paired 1 m² plots with severed and intact rhizomes. In the first 19 days, rhizome severing nearly doubled ramet density, while by 77 days, the intact rhizomes produced 67% taller stems with 49% greater diameter and showed higher survival rate after flooding. This study provides initial evidence that physiological integration could be an important mechanism in A. donax, which can enhance its competitive abilities, accelerate rates of encroachment and strengthen its capability to recolonise disturbed areas. Our results highlight an important consideration of clonal invasive species in weed management.     

羽毛针禾（Stipagrostis pennata）克隆构型及不同环境中的分株种群特征

以古尔班通古特沙漠不同环境（沙丘不同坡位、不同伴生植物、不同流动性沙丘）中的羽毛针禾（Stipagrostis pennata）种群为研究对象,通过测定羽毛针禾分株平均高度、节间长、分蘖株数、根茎直径、地下根状茎数、平均地下根状茎长等指标,分析羽毛针禾的克隆构型及不同环境中的分株种群特征。结果表明：羽毛针禾分株强度大,分枝多,分株间的间隔物（节间长）高度缩短,表现出典型的“密集型”克隆生长构型。同时,比较半固定沙丘不同坡位羽毛针禾的分株种群特征,坡顶上的羽毛针禾在分蘖株数和平均根状茎长均显著高于坡底;分析羽毛针禾与不同伴生植物的分株种群特征表明,羽毛针禾与鹤虱的伴生群落中,其分蘖枝数显著高于羽毛针禾与白茎绢蒿的伴生群落,且有较高的分枝密度和较短的平均根状茎长;与半固定沙丘相比,生长于固定沙丘的羽毛针禾分株种群具有显著的分蘖株数、根状茎数,以及较长的根茎直径、较大的地上部分生物量和地下根状茎生物量。最后,结合克隆植物对资源的利用对策及表型的可塑性,对不同环境中的羽毛针禾分株种群特征进行了讨论。     

Establishment of Cynodon dactylon from stolon and rhizome fragments

Summary A field survey and two field experiments were carried out to compare the performance of rhizomes and stolons of Cynodon dactylon , in terms of their sprouting efficiency and the dynamics and growth characteristics of the established ramets. The survey examined the relationships between morphological characteristics of above- and below-ground structures of ramets naturally established from both types of fragments in a crop field. The first experiment compared the emergence and early growth of ramets from standardized stolon and rhizome fragments, grown under uniform field conditions without competition. It also comparatively analysed the predictive value of the maximum stolon length on dry matter partitioning. The second experiment investigated fragment type × size interactions on the establishment, dry matter accumulation and partitioning in stolon- and rhizome-originated ramets. Results showed that under normal cropping conditions, more ramets can be originated from rhizome than from equivalent stolon fragments. Higher sprouting efficiency and dry matter partitioning to aerial structures, and a higher size dependence of the effective ramet recruitment were observed for stolon than for rhizome fragments. The observed differences between fragment type are dicussed in relation to their implications for predictions of weed emergence, and the efficacy of control strategies used under different cropping tillage systems.     

牛角花齿蓟马为害对紫花苜蓿生长及氮代谢的影响

为了明确牛角花齿蓟马为害对紫花苜蓿生长及氮代谢的影响,测定了不同牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度下抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1、I-1的受害指数、单株生物量及氮代谢的变化。结果表明：（1）随着牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度的增加,R-1、I-1无性系各接虫处理的受害指数均升高、单株生物量均下降,在相同牛角花齿蓟马虫口密度下,R-1无性系的受害指数及产量损失率均低于I-1无性系。（2）受牛角花齿蓟马为害后,R-1无性系各接虫处理硝酸还原酶活性上升后趋于稳定,硝态氮含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,游离氨基酸含量呈持续上升的趋势; I-1无性系各接虫处理的硝酸还原酶活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,硝态氮含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,游离氨基酸含量上升后趋于稳定或下降。结果说明：硝酸还原酶活性的升高是R-1无性系对蓟马诱导抗性的一种表现,而I-1无性系氮代谢失调是其感蓟马的主要原因之一,因此R-1无性系的适应能力强,受害较轻,对牛角花齿蓟马为害的抗性和补偿生长能力高于I-1无性系。     

Genetic diversity and clonal structure of Rubia peregrina in Mediterranean vineyard and unmanaged habitats

The genetic diversity and clonal structure of weedy and non-weedy populations of a clonal perennial, Rubia peregrina L., were investi gated in a vineyard and in unmanaged habitats of Southern France. The overall genetic diversity of populations was evaluated on a large scale, whereas spatial distribution and clonal structure were studied on a small scale. Isozyme phenotypes were identified using electrophore-sis of three polymorphic enzyme systems. Most isozyme phenotypes were restricted to one population. Intra-population genetic diversity did not differ between populations, whereas clonal structure did. In the vineyard, few clones forming numerous packed ramets and with dis tinct areas were identified, whereas in the unmanaged habitats a higher number of inter mingled clones, forming few widely spaced ramets, were observed. The variability in clonal structure may be linked to different responses of clones to the contrasting environmental condi tions. These results suggest that the colonizing ability of a clonal perennial weed is not necessarily associated with low levels of genetic diversity, but may be related to the variability of the clonal structure.     

Clonal growth and fragment regeneration of Rumex obtusifolius L.

Clonal growth and fragment regeneration of Rumex obtusifolius L. were analysed in two dif ferent studies. Clonal growth system was des cribed by a morphological study of underground structure of different-aged individuals, using maximal branching order in the stem system as an age estimator. Glasshouse experiments were conducted, testing the regenerative capacity of different below-ground parts and the estab lishment of above root-collar fragments planted at different depths under contrasting water regimes. Results showed the presence of a ‘phalanx’ type clonal growth system in grassland populations of Rumex. The main structure in volved in clonal growth proved to be the stem system; the region above the root collar was also the only part able to regrow after damage. Stem fragment regeneration occurred to depths of 15 cm, but was prevented in soils maintained at waterlogging and field capacity. The significance of these results in relation to nonchemical con trol of Rumex populations in grasslands is discussed.     

氮素形态配比对全膜双垄沟播玉米干物质积累及产量的影响

为优化陇中干旱、半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米的氮肥运筹并最终提高子粒产量,通过大田试验,探索了硝态氮/铵态氮分别按1∶0(N1)、1∶1(N2)、1∶2(N3)、1∶3(N4)、2∶1(N5)、3∶1(N6)配比对旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米的光合特性、干物质积累、产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:硝态氮和铵态氮配施下玉米的叶面积、光合势相比单施硝态氮均有所提高,以硝铵比为3∶1(N6)最佳,较N1叶面积和光合势分别提高12.59%~39.85%、13.71%~25.00%。提高硝态氮的施用比例利于改善玉米的光合性能,进而促进干物质积累及产量形成。硝态氮和铵态氮两种氮素形态配施对玉米的生长发育具有明显的促进作用,较单施硝态氮的干物质量和产量分别提高了5.45%~52.74%和3.85%~9.93%。其中N6配比下玉米干物质的积累和产量最高,较其它配比分别平均提高了17.13%和4.73%,是最优配比。     

寡雄腐霉发酵液对烤烟生长的影响及对烟草黑胫病的防治作用

为了探索对烟草黑胫病高效、稳定的生防制剂,利用寡雄腐霉工程菌株制备发酵液,采用温室盆栽试验研究该发酵液对烟苗生长的影响和对烟草黑胫病的防治作用。寡雄腐霉发酵液可提高正常烟苗生物量达22.6%,促进烟苗氮、磷、钾吸收;带病烟苗的发病率和病情指数分别降低了61.6%和64.2%,相对防治效果达64.2%;施用发酵液明显降低带病烟苗的细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量,提高烟叶多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性。说明寡雄腐霉发酵液可诱导烟株的防御作用,并提高其抗病能力和促生作用。