长江口九段沙湿地土壤有机碳及微生物陆向分布

通过分析九段沙湿地土壤有机碳及微生物因子的陆向分布,研究了土壤有机碳的空间差异性及其与土壤微生物因子的相互关系。结果表明,九段沙土壤有机碳的陆向分布具有显著差异（P〈0．05）,随着高程上升,其含量整体呈现增大趋势,互花米草区／芦苇混合区最高（9．18g·kg^-1）;土壤微生物因子的陆向分布与土壤有机碳相似,且与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P〈0．01）,其中以土壤微生物呼吸和土壤脱氢酶最为明显;互花米草的引种及蔓延,增加了区域土壤有机碳含量,也增强了土壤微生物活性。     

石油污染物对山东省三种类型土壤微生物种群及土壤酶活性的影响

利用胜利油田开采区的含油污泥,对山东省三种主要类型的土壤混入不同含量的含油污泥后造成的微生态变化进行了试验研究,从土壤微生物种群数量和土壤酶活性的角度评价了含油污泥对土壤生态系统的影响。结果表明三种不同类型的土壤,其微生物区系和部分土壤酶活性受不同含量的石油污染物影响程度不同。其中棕壤的微生物区系受土壤总石油烃TPH(Total petroleum hydrocarbon)的变化影响较小,对石油烃造成的微生态影响的修复能力较强,可以作为植物修复石油污染土壤的首要选择土壤类型。石油烃含量对三大类微生物类群变化的影响,以放线菌最为显著,当土壤石油烃含量为500mgkg-1时,潮土、褐土和棕壤的放线菌总数分别下降了80%、85%和89%,石油烃含量对褐土和棕壤真菌数量的影响较小。三种类型土壤淀粉酶和脲酶酶活性随石油烃含量的变化表明,潮土和褐土的淀粉酶酶活性受石油烃含量影响显著,可以作为这两类土壤石油污染程度的敏感生化指标。     

黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油污染及其与理化性质的关系

基于黄河三角洲生态区内部分油田生产区石油污染土壤的调查取样,研究了土壤的石油污染特性及其与理化性质的关系。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染,溢油处油泥含油率最高达6230mg/kg。石油污染土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量与含油率呈正相关关系,研究区TOC为0.22%～1.14%,其中老油井含量大于新油井。但值得注意的是本次研究发现部分石油污染区域土壤的TOC反而低于未污染区,这可能与碱蓬的覆盖状况有关。石油污染对土壤的全氮含量没有显著影响,所研究的石油生产区土壤总氮含量为207.74～870.20mg/kg,未受石油污染的生态核心区该值为591.02～938.28mg/kg。土壤有机碳、全氮及C/N随土壤深度的增加皆呈下降趋势,土壤各层中有机碳和全氮含量的变化趋势基本一致,呈极显著线性相关。石油烃污染导致石油污染土壤中C、N比例严重失调,因此在进行石油污染土壤修复时需要添加相应的N营养元素来增强土壤中微生物的营养来增强土壤中微生物的活性,加快其对石油的分解。     

不同石油污染程度土壤细菌群落多样性及优势菌群分析

  目的  探究辽河油田不同石油污染程度土壤中理化性质及细菌群落多样性和组成的变化规律,并对石油污染土壤中的石油降解菌进行分离培养和鉴定。  方法  采集了辽河油田不同石油污染程度土壤,采用高通量测序技术和化学分析法对土壤细菌群落组成和土壤理化性质进行测定,并进一步筛选出石油降解菌株。  结果  在出油口（A）、距离出油口50 m（B）和距离出油口150 m（C）采集的三个土壤样品,其土壤总石油烃含量分别为2467.44 mg kg?1、884.99 mg kg?1和141.63 mg kg?1,三个土壤样品具有不同的石油污染程度。石油污染显著提高了土壤总有机碳含量,土壤总石油烃含量与总有机碳含量呈现正相关（P < 0.001）。土壤细菌群落多样性和丰富度指数与土壤石油烃的浓度呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。不同石油污染程度土壤具有不同的细菌群落组成和结构,土壤石油烃含量是影响细菌群落变化的主要因素。出油口石油污染土壤样品（A）中,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）为优势菌门,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、假黄单胞菌属（Pseudoxanthomonas）、博代氏杆菌属（Bordetella）和伯克氏菌属（Burkholderia）为优势菌属。从出油口石油污染土壤（A）中分离出3株石油降解菌株,通过16S rRNA基因测序分别被鉴定为Pseudomonas baetica、黄褐假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fulva）和施氏假单胞菌（Pseudomonas stutzeri）,其石油降解率分别为37.2%、46.9%和57.8%。此结果与A样品高通量测序属水平组成分析相吻合,表明石油污染能够选择性富集土壤中具有石油降解能力的假单胞菌属。  结论  石油污染提高了土壤总有机碳含量,降低了土壤细菌群落多样性,富集了具有烃类降解能力的优势菌属,是造成土壤细菌群落组成和结构改变的主要因素,并筛选出具有潜在开发应用价值的石油降解假单胞菌株。     

石油井场附近土壤中石油类物质的分布规律研究

鉴于石油井场附近土壤中石油类物质对周围环境造成的不利影响,本文通过灵活运用MAPGIS软件和Petrel软件,主要研究并分析总结了石油井场附近土壤中石油类物质的平面分布规律、垂向分布规律、空间分布规律以及土壤中石油类物质的统计分析规律,今后油田在生产开发过程中该注意的井场附近土壤的环境保护问题具有一定的实践指导意义。     

土壤的石油污染

综述了土壤石油污染的研究方法,石油类物质进入土壤的途径、存在形态及其在土壤环境中的归宿。同时指出,在进行土壤污染研究中,首先必须正确选择研究对象;然后要对污染方式做深入的调查,以确定其在土壤中的分布方式;最后,根据石油类物质在环境中的迁移转化途径,结合不同污染现场的实际情况,制定科学合理的污染防治规则。     

退耕还湖后安庆沿江湿地土壤理化性质变化

以安庆沿江湿地不同历史利用方式(水耕和旱耕)和不同退耕还湖方式(自然水域且水产养殖-白荡湖和自然水域无水产养殖-菜子湖)的湿地土壤为研究对象,分析退耕还湖后土壤理化性质的变化。结果表明,退耕后白荡湖湿地土壤容重、粘粒含量和大多数养分含量均下降,而全磷含量有所增加;退耕后菜子湖湿地土壤粘粒含量和大多数养分含量均增加,而土壤容重和有效磷含量下降;历史水耕的菜子湖湿地土壤除有效磷含量外,土壤粘粒含量和大多数养分含量均显著高于历史旱耕湿地。退耕还湖为自然湿地相对于水产养殖更有利于湿地土壤生态恢复;相对于历史水耕土壤,历史旱耕湿地土壤生态恢复较为缓慢;土壤粘粒、有机质和全氮是评价湿地土壤生态恢复状况的良好指标。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区石油污染草地土壤抗蚀性研究

以安塞石油开采区梁峁和沟坡石油污染草地为研究对象,在测定土壤石油烃含量和土壤抗蚀性指标的基础上,采用主成分分析法综合分析评价不同石油污染草地土壤抗蚀性。结果表明:当石油污染土壤石油烃含量达1g/kg以上时,无污染土壤抗蚀性强于石油污染土壤抗蚀性;石油污染土壤石油烃含量小于1g/kg时,石油污染土壤抗蚀性强于无污染土壤抗蚀性;在相同立地条件下,无污染土壤抗蚀性强于石油烃含量在1g/kg以上的中度污染土壤,强于石油烃含量在13g/kg以上重度污染土壤;无污染土壤的抗蚀性大小排序为铁杆蒿草木樨冰草;污染土壤的抗蚀性大小排序为草木樨铁杆蒿冰草。     

路基边坡土壤重金属污染特征及评价

以盐淮高速公路沿线为研究区域,分析了路基边坡及附近土壤中Cr,Cu,Pb三种重金属的污染特征,并对污染现状进行了评价。结果表明,土壤中三种重金属含量在不同采样区均存在显著差异(P<0.05),填土来源和交通量是造成各采样区土壤重金属含量差异的主要原因;在一定区域内,土壤中各重金属元素的含量随着离路肩距离的增加总体上呈现先降后升的趋势;在所有采样区土壤中,三种重金属含量高低排序为Cr>Cu>Pb,三元素之间具有显著的相关关系(P<0.01);对重金属污染现状潜在生态风险的评价表明,研究区域的生态风险程度为轻微级。     

石油污染土壤的生态风险评价和生物修复 Ⅱ.石油污染土壤的理化性质和微生物生态变化研究

采用常规土壤理化分析、微生物培养法以及碳素利用法(Biolog)和发光细菌生物毒性测定等新兴微生态研究方法,研究了石油污染引起的土壤理化性质和微生物功能多样性等微生态的变化。结果表明,石油污染使土壤有机质含量增加,pH降低,而对全磷、全钾、速效钾、全氮和水解氮无显著影响。平板计数显示石油污染对土壤中的细菌总量没有显著影响,但由于石油污染物的刺激作用导致污染土壤中总烃降解菌数以及芳烃降解菌数增加了几个数量级。Biolog的研究也表明,石油污染导致土壤微生物Gini指数、McIn-tosh指数和McIntosh均匀度等多样性指数增加,说明石油污染刺激了土壤中微生物的生长,使土壤中微生物多样性增加。而生物毒性试验表明,石油污染土壤对发光细菌具有毒性,其EC50为1 950μg ml-1。     

植物和微生物修复石油污染土壤的研究进展

阐述了植物和微生物降解环境中石油污染物及PAHs的重要作用和最新进展。国内外大量实验室研究表明,不同植物和微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)联合修复石油污染土壤均得到了较为理想的效果,在某种程度上微生物菌群要优于单一菌株;土壤中植物根系与微生物形成根际效应对污染物的降解起到了促进作用;生物表面活性剂较合成表面活性剂具有更好的生态适宜性和石油污染土壤修复能力;土壤中多组分污染物共同修复虽处于起步阶段,其作用机理也有待进一步研究,但是,发展前景值得期待。目前该领域的研究仍存在一些问题有待解决:植物–微生物菌群降解石油污染物过程中,微生物菌群间协同和竞争机制及试验结果的可重复性尚需证实;实验室研究与大田环境条件的差异,使得目前的研究成果尚需田间试验的验证和支持;根据土壤类型和气候特点,研究极端(高含盐量;氮、磷等营养元素缺乏;低温)条件下的石油高效降解菌株/群,制备有效的便于大田应用的固体菌肥意义重大;同时在确定石油污染物对环境致害的限值的基础上,建立石油污染土壤评价体系也势在必行。     

石油污染物在土壤上的吸附/解吸实验研究进展

石油类污染物在土壤上的吸附/解吸影响到其污染特性、降解作用及对环境的毒害作用。研究者们从不同角度对石油污染物在土壤上的吸附/解吸特征、规律和机理等进行研究,为治理污染及修复已被污染的土壤提供了可靠的依据。本文综述了国内外对石油类污染物在土壤中吸附/解吸的实验研究的历史、已取得的成果以及具有代表性的实验,指出了现有实验研究中存在的问题及发展趋势。     

油田废弃核桃壳滤料的污染物分析及其对土壤的影响研究

核桃壳滤料广泛应用于油田污水处理,每年因此产生大量的废弃核桃壳滤料,由于将其露天堆砌在地面上,滤料上的污染物在降水、风力、地表径流等的作用下发生迁移,直接影响到堆砌场地周边的土壤、大气、水源的质量。采用标准方法对油田废弃核桃壳滤料上的污染物组成进行分析的结果表明,主要污染物为原油、CaCO3和Cd2＋、Pb2＋重金属离子,污染物总含量较高,与原油组成相比,废弃核桃壳滤料上的芳烃含量增加较多,饱和烃和胶质有所减少。借助一维对流-弥散方程建立了模拟石油类污染物在土壤中迁移转化规律的数学模型,通过室内土柱实验确定模型参数,同时验证模型的准确性。将实验及模拟的结果相结合可知,该模型可以用来模拟石油类污染物在土壤中的迁移规律,符合y=y0＋A1exp（-x/t1）＋A2exp（-x/t2）规律。研究结果为油田废弃滤料对土壤环境的影响及治理提供了参考。     

Effect of the initial soil water saturation on the behaviour of a mixed LNAPL and heavy metal contaminated glaciofluvial deposit

Soil contamination by mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals is common in urban and industrial localities. Interactions between these contaminants have an impact on the mobility and the management of contamination. We have characterized the modifications to the transport of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) in soil induced by residual light non‐aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) for two conditions of trapping. Experiments on the elution of tracers and heavy metals in columns of soil were performed with a glaciofluvial material as the soil. Tracer experiments were modelled with the mobile–immobile (MIM) system of partial differential equations. The experiments were designed to compare water flow and metal transport in LNAPL‐contaminated soil with a control set. Residual LNAPL was trapped in water‐saturated and dry soil to ensure preferential wettability of soil surfaces, namely either water‐wet or LNAPL‐wet. In water‐wet soil columns, LNAPL decreased water flow by two orders of magnitude and increased the fraction of immobile water. Solute residence times (SRTs) suggested that heavy metals resided mainly in mobile water where the reaction time was sufficient to reach steady‐state retention. The SRTs also indicated that a fraction of the heavy metal flux diffused to the immobile water where its retention was limited by diffusion. Retention of heavy metals was significantly greater than in the control columns. In LNAPL‐wet soil columns, the obstruction of small pores and surface coating by residual LNAPL significantly decreased the attenuation capacity of the soil by decreasing the diffusion of heavy metals to immobile water and surface sites. Evidently, the individual behaviour of heavy metals can be significantly modified by non‐miscible organic contaminants. These modifications can have important implications for risk evaluation, contamination management and in situ remediation of soil that is contaminated by mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals.     

Changes in Hydrocarbon Composition and Autochthonous Microorganism Growth of Contaminated Mining Soil During Bioremediation

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of high Tween 80 concentrations on hydrocarbon contaminants and hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms present in contaminated mining soil during a bioremediation process. The independent variables included Tween 80 concentration and process time. The elected response variables included concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), the chemical composition of contaminants, viable microbial count, and CO₂ production. These were measured at various time points during the bioremediation process, which was conducted at room temperature. Higher removal of pollutants occurred at low Tween 80 concentrations. An analysis of the normalized variables shows that the rate of TPH degradation depended on microbial growth rate, which depended on Tween 80 concentration. The addition of Tween 80 changed the concentration and type of the residual hydrocarbon contaminants present, as well as the count and genus of the hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms that grew during the bioremediation process. Higher concentrations of Tween 80 increased the levels of the chemical compounds present in the bioremediated soil while reducing the viable count and microbial diversity during the bioremediation process. Conversely, low Tween 80 concentrations produced only monoethylhexyl phthalate, which is not a petroleum hydrocarbon derivative. Overall, these results prove that the removal of TPH is dependent on the count and genus of active indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms in soil, and these conditions may be controlled by modulating the concentration of Tween 80 that is applied.     

Ecological rating of the allowable residual oil content in soils of different land uses

The problems of ecological soil rating with due account for the specificity of the contaminants (petroleum products) and the types of land use are discussed. The ways of solving these problems in Russian and foreign practices are considered. A scheme of the ecological rating of soils is suggested for different land uses; the allowable changes in the soil quality are discussed.     

Earthworms,a means to accelerate removal of hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil? A mini-review

Contamination of soil with hydrocarbons occurs frequently. Restoring contaminated soils is costly and time consuming. Earthworms accelerate the removal of hydrocarbons as they burrow through soil by rendering contaminants available for microbial degradation, by feeding on the organic matter that harbour contaminants, and by improving soil structure and aeration. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recalcitrant hydrocarbons that can contaminate the environment and can thus serve as models to study the factors that control the removal of petroleum from soil. The effect of earthworms on the removal of PAHs was reviewed. It was found that earthworms have the capacity to accelerate the removal of PAHs and their degradation products from soil. However, large numbers of earthworms are required, which might be expensive. Moreover, it may be difficult to provide sufficient organic material as feed while simultaneously maintaining high soil water content to allow burrowing.     

Testing newly introduced ornamental plants to the arid climate of Kuwait

Thirty five ornamental plants were introduced into the Ahmadi Bioremediated Soil Park to screen and closely monitor the growth performance of these new introductions under the local environmental conditions. Out of these 35 plant species, 15 were planted in both bioremediated and agricultural soils to assess their suitability for growing in bioremediated soils. Data on vegetative growth was recorded to assess the performance of newly-introduced plants, whereas, the heat stress was documented of Bauhinia blakeana, where no visible effects of petroleum pollutants on plant growth were observed. Performance of each plant group is discussed separately in the text. Overall, plant survival was 72.73% for all plant groups. Generally, plants that failed to grow in bioremediated soil also did not survive in the agricultural soil, indicating that they were sensitive to heat stress more than the presence of petroleum contaminants in the soil. New plant species that were able to establish and perform satisfactorily will be used in greenery projects after they are fully naturalized to the prevailing climatic conditions.     

石油污染土壤的偏振反射特性分析

分析了土壤石油污染偏振遥感监测机理,并以0号柴油、摩托车机油和97号汽油等三种成品油作为污染源配制成石油污染土壤样品,应用多角度光谱偏振测量仪实测了不同石油污染土壤样品的偏振反射特性数据。结果表明,与清洁土壤相比较,石油污染土壤表现出较为明显的偏振特性,并且偏振特性与观测方位角、光源入射天顶角、观测天顶角、探测波段、污染源类别以及污染程度等影响因素均有关,为土壤石油污染偏振遥感监测的研究与应用提供了一定的科学依据。     

Heritability of Phytoremediation Potential for the Alfalfa CultivarRiley in Petroleum Contaminated Soil

Petroleum contamination poses a significant threat to environmental ecosystems world-wide. Phytoremediation can be used to enhance degradation of petroleum contaminants in soil. However, selection of plants for phytoremediation has proven to be complicated. This research examines the heritability of the alfalfa cultivar Riley for phytoremediation based on parental total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation after twelve months of growth. Traits other than degradation potential, such as root and shoot yield, height, and maturity, were examined for use as selection traits. Riley showed moderate to low heritability that suggests the possibility of breeding for phytoremediation efficiency. In addition, root and shoot yield were found to correlate to TPH degradation. Crosses in which the female parent was typically associated with low TPH dissipation yielded progeny that were high efficiency TPH degraders.